Supreme Court of India
Tumati Venkaish Etc. Etc vs State Of Andhra Pradesh on 9 May, 1980
Equivalent citations: 1980 AIR 1568, 1980 SCR (3)1143, AIR 1980 SUPREME COURT 1568, (1981) 1 APLJ 1
Author: P.N. Bhagwati
Bench: P.N. Bhagwati, Y.V. Chandrachud, V.R. Krishnaiyer, V.D. Tulzapurkar, A.P. Sen
PETITIONER:
TUMATI VENKAISH ETC. ETC.
Vs.
RESPONDENT:
STATE OF ANDHRA PRADESH
DATE OF JUDGMENT09/05/1980
BENCH:
BHAGWATI, P.N.
BENCH:
BHAGWATI, P.N.
CHANDRACHUD, Y.V. ((CJ)
KRISHNAIYER, V.R.
TULZAPURKAR, V.D.
SEN, A.P. (J)
CITATION:
1980 AIR 1568 1980 SCR (3)1143
1980 SCC (4) 295
CITATOR INFO :
RF 1981 SC 271 (36)
E 1983 SC1073 (7,10)
R 1989 SC1737 (5)
ACT:
The Andhra Pradesh Land Reforms (Ceiling on
Agricultural Holdings) Act l of 1973, as amended by the
Andhra Pradesh Land Reforms (Ceiling on Agricultural
Holdings) Amendment Act, 1977-Section 4A Constitutional
validity of-Whether, by reason of the enactment of the Urban
Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Act 1976 (Central Act), the
Andhra Pradesh Act had become void and inoperative. as being
outside the legislative competence of the Andhra Pradesh
Legislature-Resolutions dated 7th April 1972 and 8th April
1972 passed by the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council and
the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly under Art. 252 (1)
of the Constitution
HEADNOTE:
The Andhra Pradesh Land Reforms (Ceiling on
Agricultural Holdings) Act I of 1973 was enacted on 1st of
January 1973. Though a Full Bench of the High Court of
Andhra Pradesh when challenged by some of the land holders
held by its judgment dated 11th April, 1973, the Act to be
constitutionally valid; yet the said Act was not brought
into force till 1st January 1975. In ]977, the Act was
amended with retrospective effect from 1st January 1975 by
the Andhra Pradesh Land Reforms (Ceiling on Agricultural
Holdings) Amendment Act 1977. As soon ns the Amending Act
was passed, the land holders once again filed writ petitions
in the High Court, challenging the constitutional validity
of the Andhra Pradesh Act. The main ground, inter alia, was
that by reason of the enactment of the Urban Land (Ceiling &
Regulation) Central Act, 1976, the Andhra Prdesh Act had
become void and inoperative.
A Full Bench of five judges of the High Court held that
the enactment of the Central Act did not have the effect of
invalidating the whole of the Andhra Pradesh Act, but since
the provisions of the Andhra Pradesh Act were repugnant to
the provisions of the Central Act so far as concerned land
satisfying both the definition of "land" in the Andhra
Pradesh Act and the definition of "vacant land", in the
Central Act, the Andhra Pradesh Act was held not applicable
to "vacant lands" falling within the ambit of the Central
Act. ave for this limited relief, the High Court dismissed
the writ petitions in all other respects. Hence the appeals
by the land holders after obtaining special leave from this
Court. Writ Petitions were also filed directly in this Court
by some of the land holders.
Dismissing the appeals, and writ petitions, the Court
^
HELD :1. Article 246 of the Constitution of India
carves out an exception derogating from the normal
distribution of legislative powers between the Union and the
States. The effect of passing of resolutions by the Houses
of Legislature of two or more States under this
constitutional provision is that Parliament which has
otherwise no power to legislate with respect to a matter,
1144
except as provided in Articles 249 and 250, becomes entitled
to legislate with regard to such matter and the State
Legislature passing the resolutions cease to have power to
make law relating to that matter. The resolutions operate as
abdication or surrender of the powers of the State
Legislatures with respect to the matter which is the subject
of the resolutions and such matter is placed entirely in the
hands of Parliament and Parliament alone can then legislate
with respect to each. It is as if such matter is lifted out
of list II and placed in List I of the Seventh Schedule to
the Constitution. A plain natural construction of the
language of Clauses (1) and (2) of Article 252 makes this
position clear. It was in pursuance of clause (1) of Article
352 that a resolution was passed by the Andhra Pradesh
Legislative Council on 7th April, 1972 to the effect that
"the imposition of ceiling of urban immovable property and
acquisition of such property in excess of the ceiling and
all matters concerned therewith or ancillary and incidental
thereto should be regulated in the State or Andhra Pradesh
by Parliament by law" and on identical resolution in the
same terms was passed on the next day by the Andhra Pradesh
Legislative Assembly. The result was that at the date when
the Andhra Pradesh Act was enacted, Parliament alone was
competent to legislate with respect to ceiling on urban
immovable property and acquisition of such property in
excess of the ceiling and all connected, ancillary or
incidental matters, and the Andhra Pradesh Legislature stood
denuded of its power to legislate on that subject. [1149 A,
E-H, 1150 A-C]
Union of India v. V. B. Choudhary, 19791 3 SCR 802;
followed.
2. Under the powers thus transferred Parliament enacted
the Central Act with a view to imposing ceiling on vacant
land, other land mainly used for the purpose of agriculture,
in an urban. agglomeration. The Central Act imposes a
ceiling on holding of land in urban agglomeration other than
land which is mainly used for the purpose of agriculture and
agriculture in this connection includes horticulture, but
does not include raising of grass, daily farming, poultry
farming, breeding live-stock and such cultivation or the
growing of such plants as may be prescribed by the Rules,
and, moreover, in order to fall within the exclusion, the
land must be entered in the revenue cr land record before
the appointed day as for the purpose of agriculture and must
also not have been specified in the master plan for a
purpose other than agriculture. [119 C-F]
3. It is no doubt true that if the Andhra Pradesh Act
seeks to impose ceiling on land falling within an urban
agglomeration, it would be outside rh art of its legislative
competence, because it cannot provide for imposition of
ceiling on urban immovable property. But the only urban
agglomerations in the State of Andhra Pradesh recognised in
the Central Act were those referred to in Section 2(n) (A)
(i) and there can be no doubt that so far as these urban
agglomerations are concerned, it was not within the
legislative competence of the Andhra Pradesh Legislature to
provide for imposition of ceiling on land situate within
these urban agglomerations. But, the Andhra Pradesh Act is
not out side the legislative competence of the Andhra
Pradesh Legislative in so far as lands situate in the other
areas of the State of Andhra Pradesh are concerned. Any
other area in the State of Andhra Pradesh with a population
of more than one lakh could be notified as an urban
agglomeration under section 2(n) (A) (ii) of the Central Act
but until it is so notified would not be an urban
agglomeration and the Andhra Pradesh Legislature would have
legislative competence to provide for imposition of ceiling
on
1145
land situate within such area. No sooner such area is
notified to be an urban agglomeration, the Central Act would
apply in relation to land situate within such area, but
until that happens the Andhra Pradesh Act would continue to
be applicable to determine the ceiling on holding of land.
The Andhra Pradesh Act came into force on 1st January 1975
and it was with reference to this date that the surplus
holding of land in excess of the ceiling area was required
to be determined and if there was any surplus it was to be
surrendered to the State Government. Therefore, in an area
other than that comprised in the urban agglomerations
referred to in section 2(n)(A) (i), land held by a person in
excess of the ceiling area would be liable to be determined
as on 1st January 1975 under the Andhra Pradesh Act and only
land within the ceiling area will be allowed to remain with
him. It is only in respect of land remaining with a person
whether an individual or a family after the operation of the
Andhra Pradesh Act, that the Central Act would apply if and
when the area in question is notified to be an urban
agglomeration under section 2(n)(A)(ii) of the Central Act.
[1155 G-H, 1156 A-G]
Merely because an area may possibly in the future be
notified as an urban agglomeration under section 2(n) (A)
(ii) of the Central Act, the Andhra Pradesh Legislature
would not cease to have competence to legislate with respect
to ceiling on land situate in such area even though it is
not an urban agglomeration at the date of the enactment of
the Andhra Pradesh Act. Undoubtedly, when an area is
notified as an urban agglomeration under section 2(n) (A)
(ii), the Central Act would apply to land situate in such
area and the Andhra Pradesh Act would cease to have
application but by that time the Andhra Pradesh Act would
have already operated to determine the ceiling on holding of
land falling within the definition in section 3(j) of that
Act and situate within such area. Therefore, the whole of
the Andhra Pradesh Act is neither ultravires nor void as
being outside the area of legislative competence of the
Andhra Pradesh Legislature. It is only in respect of land
situate within the urban agglomerations referred to in
section 2(n) (A)(i) of the Central Act that the Andhra
Pradesh Act would not apply but it would be fully applicable
in respect of land situate in all the other areas of the
State of Andhra Pradesh. [1156 G-X 1157 A-B]
4. A divided minor cannot be excluded from the 'family
unit' as defined in section 3(f) of the Andhra Pradesh Act.
That would be flying in the face of sections 3(f) and 4 of
the Andhra Pradesh Act.
It is true that a partition affected prior to 2nd May
1972 is not invalidated by the Andhra Pradesh Act and
therefore any property which comes to the share of a divided
minor son would in law belong to him and would not be liable
to be regarded as part of joint family property. But under
the definition of family unit in section 2(f) the divided
minor son would clearly be included in the family unit and
by reason of section 4 his land whether self-acquired or
obtained on partition would be liable to be clubbed with the
land held by the other members of the family unit. The land
obtained by the divided minor son on partition would be
liable to be aggregated with the lands of other members of
the family unit not because the partition is invalid but
because the land held by him howsoever acquired is liable to
be clubbed together with the lands of others for the purpose
of applying the ceiling area to the family unit. [1157 C, F-
HI 14-610 SCI/80
1146
5. The Andhra Pradesh Act is admittedly an agrarian
reform legislation and it is protected against challenge on
the ground of infraction of Article 14, 19 and 31 by the
protective umbrella of Article 31A. [1158 B-C]
6. The definition of 'family unit' is nor violative of
Article 14 of the Constitution by including ' a minor son in
the family unit while excluding a major son from it. [1158
A]
Seth Nand Lal v. State of Haryana. [1980] 3 SCR p. 1181
followed.
JUDGMENT:
CIVIL/ORIGINAL JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal Nos. 14-32, 902, 879, 1130-32, 1121, 1172, 1215, 1201, 1127, 1128, 1222, 1224, 1223, 1275, 1129, 1523, 1539, 1280, 863, 1361, 1323, 1375, 1621, 1374, 1410, 1628, 2117, 1961, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920 & 2290 of 1978 3447 3450/79.
Appeals by Special Leave from the Judgments and order dated 13.10.1977 etc. etc. Of the Andhra Pradesh High Court in Writ Petition No. 1872/77 etc. etc. AND WRIT PETITION Nos: 3973, 3998, 3836, 4198, 4199, 4200, 4210, 4263, 4317, 4318, 4414, 4256, 4537 and 4500 of 1978.
F. S. Nariman, K. Krishna Rao and K. Rajendra Choudhary far the Appellants in CA Nos. 14 to 23, 25-29, 1223-1224 1628/78, 3447 and 3449/79.
A. Subba Rao for the Appellants in CA No. 1126 & WP Nos. 3973, 4198, 4199, 4200, 4317, 4318 4210/78.
A. V. V. Nair for the Appellants in CA Nos. 1215, 1361, 2117, 1286 and W.P. No. 1374/78.
G. S. Rama Rao for the Appellants in CA No. 1121 & Petitioners in WP Nos. 4256 and 3836/78.
Vepa Sarathi and B. Ranta Rao for the Appellants/Petitioners in CA Nos. 24, 30, 32, 1172, 1127, 1128, 1129, 1261, 1323 1275/ 78 and WP Nos. 4263, 4500 4537/78.
S. Venkata Reddy and G. Narsimulu for the Appellants in CA Nos. 31, 902, 879, 1130-32, 1410, 1621, 1917-20, 1961/78 & 1373/78.
A. K. Ganguli for the Appellants in CAs 1222 and 863/78.
R A. V. Rangam for the Petitioners in WP No. 3998/78. S. Balakrishan for the Petitioners in WP 4414/78. V.S. Desai and A. Subba Rao for the Applicant/Intervener.
1147K. K. Venugopal Addl. Sol. Genl., Ram Chandra Reddy Adv. A Genl. A. P. and B. Parthasarthy for the appearing respondents.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by.
BHAGWATI, J.-These appeals by special leave and the writ petitions represent a last but desperate attempt by the; class of land-holders in Andhra Pradesh to defeat an agrarian reform legislation enacted by the State or the benefit of the weaker sections of community. It is indeed a matter of regret that a statute intended to strike at concentration of land in the hands of a few and to act as a great equaliser by reducing inequality in holding of land between the haves and the have-nots should have practically remained unimplemented for a period of over seven years. Unfortunately, this is the common fate of much of our social welfare legislation.
We can boast of some of the finest legislative measures calculated to ameliorate the socio-economic conditions of the poor and the deprived and to reach social and economic justice to them, but regret-ably, a large part of such legislation has remained merely on paper, and the benefits of such legislation have not reached the common man to any appreciable extent. The Andhra Pradesh Land Reforms (Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings) Act 1 of 1973 (hereinafter referred to as the Andhra Pradesh Act) which is challenged in the present appeals was enacted by the Andhra Pradesh Legislature on 1st January 1973. Soon after its enactment, the constitutional validity of the Andhra Pradesh Act was challenged before the Andhra Pradesh High Court on various grounds, but a full Bench of the High Court negatived the challenge and held the Andhra Pradesh Act to be constitutionally valid. Though this judgment was delivered by the High Court as early as 11th April, 1973, no effective steps for implementation of the Andhra Pradesh Act could be taken, since the Andhra Pradesh Act merely remained on the statute book and for some inexplicable reason, it was. not brought into force until 1st January 1975. Even after the Andhra Pradesh Act was brought into force, not much enthusiasm was shown be the Government in implementing its provisions and in the mean while, it was found necessary to amend the legislation and hence the Andhra Pradesh Land Reforms (Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings) Amendment Act 1977 was enacted with retrospective effect from 1st January 1975 and by this amending Act certain amendments were made which included inter alia the introduction of section 41A. We shall presently refer to the relevant provisions of the amended Andhra Pradesh Act, but before we do so, it is necessary to point out that as soon as the amending Act was passed, another round 1148 of litigation was started by the landholders by filing writ petitions in the High Court challenging once again the constitutional validity of the Andhra Pradesh Act. There were several grounds on which the constitutional validity was challenged but the main ground was that by reason of the enactment of the Urban Land (Ceiling Regulation) Act 1976 (hereinafter referred to as the Central Act), the Andhra Pradesh Act had become void and inoperative. Certain other questions involving the interpretation of the provisions of the Andhra Pradesh Act were also raised in some of the writ petitions, but they too need not be mentioned here, because in the course of the hearing we made it clear to the parties that we would examine only the constitutional validity of the Andhra Pradesh Act and other questions could be agitated by the landholders in the appeals filed by them against the orders determining surplus land. It was pointed out to us that some of the landholders had not filed appeals within the prescribed time and grave injustice would therefore result to them if these question, were not decided by us. But the learned Additional Solicitor General appearing on behalf of the State family stated before us that if appeals have been filed beyond time or are filed within a month of disposal of these appeals, the delay in filing the appeals would be condoned. Turning to the constitutional challenge which in those days was required to be decided by a full Bench of 5 Judges of the High Court, it was held that the enactment of the Central Act did not have the effect of invalidating the whole of the Andhra Pradesh Act, but since the provisions of the Andhra Pradesh Act were repugnant to the provisions of the Central Act so far as concerned land satisfying both the definition of "land" in the Andhra Pradesh Act and the definition of "vacant land" in the Central Act, the Andhra Pradesh Act was held not applicable to "vacant land" falling within the ambit of the Central Act. The High Court accordingly granted a declaration to this effect to the landholders, but save for this limited relief, dismissed the writ petitions in all other respects, since in the opinion of the High Court there was no substance in any of the other contentions raised on behalf of the landholders. The landholders thereupon preferred the present appeals after obtaining special leave from this Court.
The principal contention urged on behalf of the landholders in support of the appeals was that the Andhra Pradesh Act was ultra vires and void as being outside the legislative competence of the Andhra Pradesh Legislature. This contention was based on two resolutions, one dated 7th April 1972 passed by the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council and the other dated 8th April 1972 passed by the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly under clause (1) of Article 1149 252 of the Constitution. This Article carves out an exception derogating from the normal distribution of legislative powers between the Union and the States under Article 246 and is in the following terms:
Art. 252(1) : If it appears to the legislatures of two or more States to be desirable that any of the matters with respect to which Parliament has no power to make laws for the States except as provided in Articles 249 and 250 should be regulated in such States by Parliament by law, and if resolutions to that effect are passed by all the Houses of the Legislatures of those States, it shall be lawful for Parliament to pass an Act for regulating that matter accordingly, and any Act so passed shall apply to such States and to any other State be which it is adopted afterwards by resolution passed in that behalf by the House or, where there are two Houses, by each of the Houses of the Legislature of that State.
(2) An Act so passed by Parliament may be amend-
ed or repealed by an Act of Parliament passed or adopted in like manner but shall not, as respects any State to which it applies, be amended or repealed by an Act of the Legislature of that State."
The effect of passing of resolutions be the Houses of Legislature of two or more States under this constitutional provision is that Parliament which has otherwise power to legislate with respect to a matter, except as provided in Articles 249 and 250, becomes entitled to legislate with respect to such matter and the State Legislatures passing the resolutions cease to have power to make law relating to. that matter. The resolutions operate as abdication or surrender of the powers of the State Legislatures with respect to the matter which is the subject of the resolutions and such matter is placed entirely in the hands of Parliament and Parliament alone can then legislate with respect to it. It is as if such matter is lifted out of List II and placed in List I of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution. This would seem to be quite clear on a plain natural construction of the language of clauses (1) and (2) of Article 252 and no authority. is necessary in support of it, but if any was wanted, it may be found in the decision of a Full Bench of five Judges of this Court in Union of India v. V. V. Chaudhary in fact the same Bench as the present one-where an identical view has been taken. It was in pursuance of clause (l) of this Article that a Resolution 1150 was passed by the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council on 7th April 1972 to the effect that "the imposition of a ceiling on urban immovable property and acquisition of such property in excess of the ceiling and all matters connected therewith or ancillary and incidental thereto should be regulated in the State of Madhya Pradesh by Parliament by law and an identical resolution in the same terms was passed on the next day by the Andhra Pradesh Legislature Assembly. Similar resolutions were also passed by the Houses of Legislature of some other States, though there is no material to show as to when they were passed. It was however common ground that at best some of these resolutions were passed prior to the enactment of the Andhra Pradesh Act. The result was that at the date when the Andhra Pradesh Act was enacted, Parliament alone was competent to legislate with respect to ceiling on urban immovable property and acquisition of such property in excess of the ceiling and all connected, ancillary or incidental matters, and the Andhra Pradesh Legislature stood denuded of its power to legislate on that subject.
Now the Andhra Pradesh Act, as its long title shows, was enacted to consolidate and damned the law relating to the fixation of ceiling on agricultural holdings and taking over of surplus land and matter connected therewith. On its plain terms, it applies to land situate in any part of Andhra Pradesh. Section 3(f) creates an artificial unit called 'family unit' by defining it as follows:
"Sec. 3(f) "family unit" means-
(i) in the case of an individual who has a spouse or spouses, such individual, the spouse or spouses and their minor sons and their unmarried minor daughters; if any;
(ii) in the case of an individual who has no spouse such individual and his or her minor sons and unmarried minor daughters;
(iii) in the case of an individual who is a divorced husband and who has not remarried, such individual and his minor sons and unmarried minor daughters, whether in his custody or not; and
(iv) where an individual and his or her spouse are both dead, their minor sons and unmarried minor daughters.
Explanation-Where a minor son is married, his wife and their offspring, if any, shall also be deemed to be members of the family unit of which the minor son is a member:
1151The term "land" is defined in section 3(j) to mean "land which A is used or is capable of being used for purposes of agriculture, or for purposes ancillary thereto, including horticulture, forest land, pasture land, waste land, plantation and tope; and includes land deemed to be agricultural land under this Act". Explanation I to this definition enacts a rebuttable presumption that land held under Ryotwari settlement shall, unless the contrary is proved, be deemed to be 'land' under the Andhra Pradesh Act. Section 3(o) defines 'person' as including inter alia an individual and a family unit. Section 10 is the key section which imposes ceiling on the holding of land by providing that if the extent of the holding of a person is in excess of the ceiling area, the person shall be liable to surrender the land held in excess. If therefore an individual or a family unit holds land in excess of the ceiling area, the excess would have to be surrendered to the State Government. But the question then arises, what is the ceiling area above which a person cannot hold land. The answer is provided by section 4 which reads as follows:-
"Sec. 4(1) The ceiling area in the case of a family unit consisting of not more than five members shall be an & extent of land equal to one standard holding.
(2) The ceiling area in the case of a family unit consisting of more than five members shall be an extent of land equal to one standard holding plus an additional extent of one-fifth of one standard holding for every such member in excess of five, so however that the ceiling area shall not exceed two standard holdings.
(3) The ceiling area in the case of every individual who is not a member of a family unit, and in the case of any other person shall be an extent of land equal to one standard holding.
Explanation:-In the case of a family unit, the ceiling area shall be applied to the aggregate of the lands held by all the members of the family unit". It will thus be seen that the ceiling area in the case of an individual who is not a member of a family unit is equivalent to one standard holding and so also in the case of a family unit with not more than five members, the ceiling area is the same, but if the family unit consists of more than five members, the ceiling area would stand increased by one-fifth of one standard holding for every additional member of the family unit, subject however to the maximum limit of 2 standard holdings. When the ceiling area is applied to the holding of a 1152 family unit, the Explanation requires that the lands held by all the members of the family unit shall be aggregated for the purpose of computing, the holding of the family unit. Where, therefore, there in a family unit consisting of father, mother and three minor sons or daughters, the lands held by all these persons would have to be clubbed together and then the ceiling area applied to the aggregate holding. There is no distinction made in the definition of 'family unit' between a divided minor son and an undivided minor son. Both stand on the same footing and a divided minor son is as much a member of the family unit as an undivided minor son, and consequently the lands held by a divided minor son would have to be included in the holding of the family unit for the purpose of application of the ceiling area. Section 7 invalidates certain transfers of land and provides for inclusion of such lands in the holding of an individual or a family unit. Then there is a provision in section 8 for furnishing a declaration in respect of his holding by every person whose land exceeds the ceiling area and the Tribunal is required by section 9 to hold an enquiry. and pass an order determining the land held in excess of the ceiling area. Such land has to be surrendered by the person holding the land and on such surrender, the Revenue Divisional officer is empowered under section 11 to take possession of the land which thereupon vests in the State Government free from all encumbrances. Section 14 provides inter alia that the land vested in the State Government shall be allotted for use as house-sites for agricultural labourers. village artisans or other poor persons owning no houses or house- sites or transferred to the weaker sections of the people dependent on agriculture for purposes of agriculture/or for purposes ancillary thereto in such manner as may be prescribed by the Rules, subject to a proviso that as far as practicable not less than one-half of the total extent of land so allotted or transferred shall be allotted or transferred to the members of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes. Section 15 enacts a provision for payment of compensation for land vested in the State Government at the rates specified in the Second Schedule. These are the only relevant provisions of the Andhra Pradesh Act which need to be referred to for the purpose of the present appeals.
We may now turn to examine the relevant provisions of the Central Act. This Act was enacted by Parliament pursuant to the authority conferred upon it by the resolutions passed by the Houses of legislature of several States including the State of Andhra Pradesh under clause (1) of Article 252. It received the assent of the President on 17th February 1 976 and as its long title and recital shows it was enacted to provide for the imposition of a ceiling on vacant 1153 land is urban agglomerations for the acquisition of such land in excess of the ceiling limit, to regulate the construction of buildings on such land and for matters connected therewith, with a view to preventing the concentration of urban land in the hands of a few persons and speculation and profiteering therein and with a view to bringing about an equitable distribution of land in urban agglomerations to sub-serve the common good. We shall refer to a few material provisions of this Act. Section 2(a) (i) defines "appointed day" to mean in relation to any State to which this Act applies in the first instance which includes the State of Andhra Pradesh the date of introduction of the Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Bill, 1976 in Parliament. This was the Bill which culminated in the Act and it was introduced in Parliament on 28th January 1976. Consequently, this date would be the 'appointed day' for the purpose of applicability of the Act to the State of Andhra Pradesh. The definition of "family" in section 2 (f) is materially in the same terms as the definition of "family unit" in the Andhra Pradesh Act. Then follow two important definitions which needed to be set out in extenso. The word "person" is defined in section 2(i) as including inter alia an 'individual' and the 'family'. Section 2(n) defines "urban agglomeration" in the following terms:
"Sec.2(n) (A) in relation to any State of Union territory specified in column (1) of Schedule 1, means-
(i) the urban agglomeration specified in the corresponding entry in column (2) thereof and includes the peripheral area specified in the corresponding entry in column (3) thereof; and
(ii) any other area which the State Government may, with the previous approval of the Central Government, having regard to its location, population (population being more than one lakh) and such other relevant factors as the circumstance of the case may require, by notification in the official Gazette, declare to be an urban agglomeration and any agglomeration so declared shall be deemed to belong to category D in that Schedule and the peripheral area there for shall be one kilometre;
(B) xx xx xx xx xx"
The term 'urban land' is defined in section 2(o) to mean:-
Sec. 2(o)(i): any land situated within the limits of an urban agglomeration and referred to as such in the master plan; or 1154
(ii) in a case where there is no master plan, or where the master plan does not refer to any land as urban land, any land within the limits of an urban agglomeration and situated in any area included within the local limits of a municipality (by whatever name called), a notified area committee, a town area committee, a city and town committee, a small town Committee, a cantonment board or a panchayat, but does not include any such land which is mainly used for the purpose of agriculture.
Explanation: For the purpose of this clause and clause
(q),-
(A) "agriculture" includes horticulture, but does not include-
(i) raising of grass,
(ii) dairy farming,
(iii) poultry farming,
(iv) breeding of live-stock, and
(v) such cultivation, or the growing of such plant, as may be prescribed.
(B) land shall not be deemed to be used mainly for the purpose of agriculture, if such land is not entered in the revenue or land records before the appointed day as for the purpose of agriculture; (C) notwithstanding anything contained in clause (B) of this Explanation, land shall not be deemed to be mainly used for the purpose of agriculture if the land has been specified in the master plan for a purpose other than agriculture; "
Section 2(q) gives a definition of "vacant land" by providing that "vacant land" means, subject to certain exceptions which are not material, land not being land mainly used for the purpose of agriculture, in an urban agglomeration. Section 3 is the rebuttal section which imposes ceiling on holding of 'vacant land' by providing that:
"Sec. 3. Except as otherwise provided in this Act, on and from the commencement of this Act, no person shall be n entitled to hold any vacant land in excess of the ceiling limit in the territories to which this Act applies under sub-section (2) of section 1."1155
Section 4 divides urban agglomeration into categories A, B, C and D lays down different ceiling limits for these different categories. Then there is a provision in section 5 invalidating in certain circumstances the transfer of vacant land made at any time during the period commencing on the appointed day and ending with the commencement of the Act. The procedure for determining "vacant land" held in excess of the ceiling limit is laid down in sections 6 to 9 and section 10 enacts a provision for acquisition of such land held in excess of such limit. Section 23 provides for disposal of vacant land acquired under the Act and it empowers the State Government to allot such vacant land to "any person for any purpose relating to or in connection with any industry or for providing residential accommodation of such type as may be approved by the State Government to the employees of any industry. It will thus be seen that the Central Act imposes a ceiling on holding of land in urban agglomeration other than land which is mainly used for the purpose of agriculture and agriculture in this connection includes horticulture, but does not include raising of grass, dairy farming, poultry farming, breeding live-stock and cultivation or the growing of such plants as may be prescribed by the Rules, and, moreover, in order to fall within the exclusion, the land must be entered in the revenue or land record before the appointed day as for the purpose of agriculture and must also not have been specified in the master plan for a purpose other than agriculture.
Now, as we have already pointed out above, the Andhra Pradesh Legislature had, at the time when the Andhra Pradesh Act was enacted, no power to legislate with respect to ceiling on urban immovable property. That power stood transferred to parliament and as a first step towards the eventual imposition of ceiling on immovable property of every other description, the Parliament enacted the Central Act with a view to imposing ceiling on vacant land, other than land mainly used for the purpose of agriculture, in an urban agglomeration. The argument of the landholders was that the Andhra Pradesh Act sought to impose ceiling on land in the whole of Andhra Pradesh including land situate in urban agglomeration and since the concept of agglomeration defined in section' 2(n) of the Central Act was an expensive concept and any area with an existing or future population of more than one lakh could be notified to be an urban agglomeration, the whole of the Andhra Pradesh Act was ultra vires and void as being outside the legislative competence of the Andhra Pradesh Legislature. This argument plausible though it may seem, in our opinion, is unsustainable. It is no doubt true that if the Andhra Pradesh Act seeks to impose ceiling on land falling within an urban agglomeration, it would be outside the area of its legislative competence, because it 1156 cannot provide for imposition of ceiling on urban immovable property. But the only urban agglomerations in the State of Andhra Pradesh recognised in the Central Act were those referred to in section 2(n) (A) (ii) and there can be no doubt that so far as these urban agglomerations are concerned, it was not within the legislative competence of the Andhra Pradesh Legislature to provide for imposition of ceiling on land situate within these urban agglomerations. It is, however, difficult to see how the Andhra Pradesh Act could be said to be outside the legislative competence of the Andhra Pradesh Legislature in so far as land situate in the other areas of the State of Andhra Pradesh is concerned. We accept that any other area in the State of Andhra Pradesh with a population of more than one lakh could be notified as an urban agglomeration under section 2(n)(A)(ii) of the Central Act but until it is so notified it would not be an urban agglomeration and the Andhra Pradesh Legislature would have legislative competence to provide for imposition of ceiling on land situate within such area. No sooner such area is notified to be an urban agglomeration, the Central Act would apply in relation to land situate within such area, but until that happens the Andhra Pradesh Act would continue to be applicable to determine the ceiling on holding of land. It may be noticed that the Andhra Pradesh Act came into force on 1st January 1975 and it was with reference to this date the surplus holding of land in excess of the ceiling area was required to be determined and if there was any surplus it was to be surrendered to the State Government It must therefore follow that in an area other than that comprised in the urban agglomerations referred to in section 2(n) (A) (i), land held by a person in excess of the ceiling area would be liable to be determined as on 1st January 1975 under the Andhra Pradesh Act and only land within the ceiling area will be allowed to remain with him. It is only in respect of land remaining with a person whether an individual or a family after the operation of the Andhra Pradesh Act, that the Central Act would apply if and when the area in question is notified to be an urban agglomeration under section 2(n)(A)(ii) of the Central Act. We fail to see how it can at all be contended that merely because an area may possibly in the future be notified as an urban agglomeration under section 2(n)(A)(ii) of the Central Act, the Andhra Pradesh Legislature would cease to have competence to legislate with respect to ceiling on land situate in such area even though it is not an urban agglomeration at the date of the enactment of the Andhra Pradesh Act. Undoubtedly, when an area is notified as an urban agglomeration under section 2(n)(A)(ii), the Central Act would apply to land situate in such area and the Andhra Pradesh Act would cease to have application but by that time the Andhra Pradesh 1157 Act would have already operated to determine the ceiling on holding of land falling within the definition in section 3(j) of that Act and situate within such area. It is therefore not possible to uphold the contention of the landholders that the whole of the Andhra Pradesh Act is ultra vires and void as being outside the area of legislative competence of the Andhra Pradesh Legislature. It is only in respect of land situate within the urban agglomerations referred to in section 2(n) (A) (i) of the Central Act that the Andhra Pradesh Act would not apply but it would be fully applicable in respect of land situate in all the other areas of the State of Andhra Pradesh.
The next contention urged on behalf of the landholders was that on a proper construction of the relevant provisions of the Andhra Pradesh Act, a divided minor son was not liable to be included in "family unit" as defined in section 3(f) of that Act. The argument was that sub-section (2) of section 7 did not invalidate all partitions of joint family property but struck only against partitions effected on or before 2nd May 1972 and thus by necessary implication recognised the validity of partitions affected prior to that date. If therefore a partition was effected prior to 2nd May 1972 and under that partition a minor son become divided from his father and mother, the divided minor son could not be included in the family unit and his property could not be clubbed with that of his father and mother, because otherwise it would amount to invalidation of the partition though section 7, sub-section (2) clearly recognised such partition as valid. This argument is clearly fallacious in that it fails to give due effect to the definition of family unit in section 3(f) and the provisions of section 4. It is undoubtedly true that a partition effected prior to 2nd May 1972 is not invalidated by the Andhra Pradesh Act and therefore any property which comes to the share of a divided minor son would in law belong to him and would not be liable to be required as part of joint family property. But under the definition of family unit in section 3(f) the divided minor son would clearly be included in the family unit and by reason of section 4 his land whether self-acquired or obtained on partition would be liable to be clubbed with the land held by the other members of the family unit. The land obtained by the divided minor son on partition would be liable to be aggregated with the lands of other members of the family unit not because the partition is invalid but because the land held by him howsoever acquired is liable to be clubbed together with the lands of others for the purpose of applying the ceiling area to the family unit. We do not therefore see how a divided minor son can be excluded from the family unit. That would be flying in the face of sections 3(f) and 4 of the Andhra Pradesh Act.
1158Then a contention was advanced on behalf of the landholders that the definition of "family unit" was violative of Article 14, of the Constitution in that it made unjust discrimination between a minor son and the major son by including minor son in the "family unit" while excluding a major son from it. This contention has already been dealt with by learned brother Tulzapurkar, J. in the judgment delivered by him today in the Haryana Land Ceiling matters and we need not repeat what he had already stated there while repelling this contention. Moreover, this contention isl no longer open to the landholders since the Andhra Pradesh Act is admittedly an agrarian reform legislation and it is protected against challenge on the ground of infraction of Articles 14, 19 and 31 by the protective umbrella of Article 31A. We do not therefore see any substance in the contentions urged on behalf of the landholders and we accordingly dismiss the appeals and the writ petitions with costs.
S.R. Appeals & Petitions dismissed.
1159