Calcutta High Court (Appellete Side)
Sri Biswanath Bhakta & Ors vs The State Of West Bengal & Anr on 22 February, 2010
Author: Ashim Kumar Roy
Bench: Ashim Kumar Roy
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Form No. J (1)
IN THE HIGH COURT AT CALCUTTA
Criminal Revisional Jurisdiction
Appellate Side
Present:
The Hon'ble Justice Ashim Kumar Roy
C.R.R. No. 59 of 2010
With
CRAN No. 538 of 2010
Sri Biswanath Bhakta & Ors.
versus
The State of West Bengal & Anr.
For Petitioners : Mr. Joy Sengupta
Mr. Rohan Ghosh
For State : Mr. Swapan Kumar Mullick
Heard On : February 15th, 2010.
Judgment On : 22-02-2010.
A charge-sheet under Sections 191/192/196/198/199/209/210/468/471
of the Indian Penal Code and the order of taking cognizance of such offences on a
police report is under challenge in this criminal revision on the ground of
prohibition contained in Section 195 (1)(b)(ii) of the Code of Criminal Procedure.
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2. Heard the Learned Counsels appearing on behalf of the parties.
Considered their respective submissions as well as the materials on record.
3. This is a case where charge-sheet has been submitted under
Sections 191/192/196/198/199/209/210/468/471 of the Indian Penal Code.
Out of which Sections 191 and 192 of the Indian Penal Code are not penal
sections and the same only define the offences of giving false evidence and
fabricating false evidence. The same are read as follows;
Giving false evidence.
S. 191. Whoever, being legally bound by an oath or by an
express provision of law to state the truth, or being bound by
law to make a declaration upon any subject, makes any
statement which is false, and which he either knows or
believes to be false or does not believe to be true, is said to give
false evidence.
Explanation 1 : A statement is within the meaning of this
section, whether it is made verbally or otherwise.
Explanation 2 : A false statement as to the belief of the person
attesting is within the meaning of this section, and a person
may be guilty of giving false evidence by stating that he
believes a thing which he does not believe, as well as by stating
that he knows a thing which he does not know.
Fabricating false evidence.
S. 192. Whoever causes any circumstance to exist or makes
any false entry in any book or record, or makes any document
containing a false statement, intending that such
circumstance, false entry or false statement may appear in
evidence in a judicial proceeding, or in a proceeding taken by
law before a public servant as such, or before an arbitrator,
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and that such circumstance, false entry or false statement, so
appearing in evidence, may cause any person who in such
proceeding is to form an opinion upon the evidence, to
entertain an erroneous opinion touching any point material to
the result of such proceeding, is said "to fabricate false
evidence".
Whereas, Section 196 of the Indian Penal Code prescribe the
punishment for using or attempting to use as true or genuine evidence, any
evidence which is knowing to be false and fabricated and Section 198 of the
Indian Penal Code prescribes punishment for using or attempting to use any
certificate as a true certificate knowing to be false. For both the said offences
punishment prescribed are same as in case of giving false evidence in any stage
of judicial proceeding or for fabricating false evidence for the purpose of being
used in any stage of judicial proceeding under Section 193 of the Indian Penal
Code. Similarly, Section 209 of the Indian Penal Code prescribe the punishment
for making any false claim in a Court fraudulently or dishonestly with intend to
injure or annoy any person and Section 210 of the Indian Penal Code prescribe
punishment for fraudulently obtaining decree for sum not due.
The Section 468 of the Indian Penal Code prescribe punishment for
forgery and for using forged document for the purpose of cheating and Section
471 of the Indian Penal Code prescribe punishment for using as genuine a forged
document. So far as Section 471 of the Indian Penal Code is concerned any
person guilty of such offence shall be punished in the same manner as if he had
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forged such document, i.e., punishment prescribed under Section 465 of the
Indian Penal Code for forgery.
While the offences punishable under Section 468/471 of the Indian
Penal Code are cognizable offences, the rests are non-cognizable offences.
4. The restriction prescribed under Section 195 of the Code of Criminal
Procedure comes into operation at the stage when the Court intends to take
cognizance of an offence under Section 190 of the Code and the statutory power
of the police to investigate into a FIR which discloses a cognizable offence as well
as non-cognizable offence is not trammeled by the said provisions, even if the
offence is alleged to have been committed in or in relation to, any proceeding in
Court. The statutory power of police to investigate under the Code is no way
restricted by the provisions of Section 195 of the Code. In the case of State of
Punjab Vs. Raj Singh & Anr., reported in 1998 SCC (Cri) 642, the Apex Court
held although the statutory power of the police to investigate under the Code is
not in any way control or circumscribe by Section 195 Cr.P.C., it is of course true
that upon charge-sheet (Challan), if any, filed on completion of investigation into
such offence, the Court would not be competent to take cognizance thereof in
view of embargo of Section 195 (1)(b) Cr.P.C., but nothing therein deters Court
from filing a complaint for the offence on the basis of FIR (filed by the aggrieved
party) and the materials collected during investigation provided it forms the
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requisite opinion and follows the procedure laid down in Section 340 of the Code
of Criminal Procedure.
5. Now, having considered the evidentiary materials collected by the
police during investigation relating to the case at hand which was instituted on
the basis of a First Information Report lodged by the Senior Divisional Manager,
National Insurance Corporation, I find it is the case of the prosecution that on
29th May, 2003 at Shyampore Police Station a FIR was lodged by the accused
Biswanath Bhakta as regards to an alleged road accident and further alleging in
the said accident the other accused persons were injured and suffered
permanent partial disability. Subsequently, the accused persons filed motor
accident claim cases before the tribunal at Calcutta and 24-Parganas. In
connection with the said motor accident claim cases it was claimed by the
accused persons that they were treated at Uluberia S.D. Hospial and the accused
Asish Chandra, the petitioner no. 3, Kalpana Mondal, the petitioner no. 2 and
Alok Pal, the petitioner no. 4 herein submitted partial disability certificates.
However, during the investigation by the National Insurance Company Limited it
came into light that the said FIR relating to the road accident was lodged one
month after the case and only the accused Asish Chandra was treated at
Uluberia S.D. Hospital and not the others. The disability certificate produced by
the accused persons before the tribunal are all forged and fake and was never
issued by the Superintendent, District Hospital, Howrah. It was also found the
accused persons in their application before the tribunal gave false address. All
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the medical documents, viz., injury reports and discharge certificates produced
before the tribunal by the accused persons were forged and fake. The accused
persons dishonestly made false claim before the tribunal and fraudulently
obtained decree for sum not due. Thus, this is a case where the accused persons
maintained their false claim before the motor accident claim tribunal by
production of forged, false and fictitious documents, viz., the injury reports,
disability certificates and by lodging a false FIR. This is a case where the
aforesaid false and forged medical documents and the disability certificates, were
manufactured before the same were produced and given in evidence in
connection with a proceeding before the motor accident claim tribunal as well as
the First Information Report was falsely lodged before the institution of the said
claim case. Therefore, the fact remains the accused persons first fabricated false
evidence by creating false documents for the purpose of using the same in a
judicial proceeding and then used the same. They also manufactured false
certificates beforehand for using such certificates as true certificates in a judicial
proceeding and made false declaration and statement in their applications filed
before the motor accident claim tribunal. Therefore, the aforesaid false
documents were manufactured and forgery in respect thereof was committed long
before the same were filed and produced before the Court, here the motor
accident claim tribunal and such forgery was committed of course outside the
Court. In the case of Iqbal Singh Marwah & Anr. Vs. Meenakshi Marwah & Anr.,
reported in 2005 SCC (Cri) 1101, a Constitutional Bench of the Hon'ble Apex
Court held as follows;
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"The scheme of the statutory provision may now be examined.
Broadly, Section 195 CrPC deals with three distinct categories
of offences which have been described in clauses (a), (b)(i) and
(b)(ii) and they relate to (1) contempt of lawful authority of
public servants, (2) offences against public justice, and (3)
offences relating to documents given in evidence. Clause (a)
deals with offences punishable under Section 172 to 188 IPC
which occur in Chapter X IPC and the heading of the Chapter
is - "Of Contempts of the Lawful Authority of Public Servants".
These are offences which directly affect the functioning of or
discharge of lawful duties of a public servant. Clause (b)(i)
refers to offences in Chapter XI IPC which is headed as - "Of
False Evidence and Offences Against Public Justice". The
offences mentioned in this clause clearly relate to giving or
fabricating false evidence or making a false declaration in any
judicial proceeding or before a court of justice or before a
public servant who is bound or authorized by law to receive
such declaration, and also to some other offences which have a
direct correlation with the proceedings in a court of justice
(Sections 205 and 211 IPC). This being the scheme of two
provisions or clauses of Section 195 viz. that the offence
should be such which has direct bearing or affects the
functioning or discharge of lawful duties of a public servant or
has a direct correlation with the proceedings in a court of
justice, the expression "when such offence is alleged to have
been committed in respect of a document produced or given in
evidence in a proceeding in any court" occurring in clause
(b)(ii) should normally mean commission of such an offence
after the document has actually been produced or given in
evidence in the court. The situation or contingency where an
offence as enumerated in this clause has already been
committed earlier and later on the document is produced or is
given in evidence in court, does not appear to be in tune with
clauses (a)(ii) and (b)(i) and consequently with the scheme of
Section 195 CrPC. This indicates that clause (b)(ii)
contemplates a situation where the offences enumerated
therein are committed with respect to a document subsequent
to its production or giving in evidence in a proceeding in any
court. (Para 10)
Section 195 (1) mandates a complaint in writing to the court
for taking cognizance of the offences enumerated in clauses
(b)(i) and (b)(ii) thereof. Sections 340 and 341 CrPC which
occur in Chapter XXVI give the procedure for filing of the
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complaint and other matters connected therewith. The
heading of this Chapter is - "Provisions as to Offences Affecting
the Administration of Justice". Though, as a general rule, the
language employed in a heading cannot be used to give a
different effect to clear words of the section where there cannot
be any doubt as to their ordinary meaning, but they are not to
be treated as if they were marginal notes or were introduced
into the Act merely for the purpose of classifying the
enactments. They constitute an important part of the Act
itself, and may be read not only as explaining the sections
which immediately follow them, as preamble to a statute may
be looked to explain its enactments, but as affording a better
key to the constructions of the sections which follow them
than might be afforded by a mere preamble. (see Craies on
Statute Law, 7th Edn., pp. 207, 209.) The fact that the
procedure for filing a complaint by court has been provided in
Chapter XXVI dealing with offences affecting administration of
justice, is a clear pointer to the legislative intent that the
offence committed should be of such type which directly affects
the administration of justice viz. Which is committed after the
document is produced or given in evidence in court. Any
offence committed with respect to a document at a time prior
to its production or giving in evidence in court cannot, strictly
speaking, be said to be an offence affecting the administration
of justice. (Para 11)
An enlarged interpretation to Section 195 (1)(b)(ii), whereby the
bar created by the said provision would also operate where
after commission of an act of forgery the document is
subsequently produced in court, is capable of great misuse.
As pointed out in Sachida Nand Singh after preparing a forged
document or committing an act of forgery, a person may
manage to get a proceeding instituted in any civil, criminal or
revenue court, either by himself or through someone set up by
him and simply file the document in the said proceeding. He
would thus be protected from prosecution, either at the
instance of a private party or the police until the court, where
the document has been filed, itself chooses to file a complaint.
The litigation may be prolonged one due to which the actual
trial of such a person may be delayed indefinitely. Such an
interpretation would be highly detrimental to the interest of the
society at large. (Para 25)
In the present case, the Will has been produced in the court
subsequently. It is nobody's case that any offence as
enumerated in Section 195 (1)(b)(ii) was committed in respect
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to the said Will after it had been produced or filed in the Court
of District Judge. Therefore, the bar created by Section 195
(I)(b)(ii) CrPC would not come into play and there is no
embargo on the power of the court to take cognizance of the
offence on the basis of the complaint filed by the respondents.
The view taken by the learned Additional Sessions Judge and the High Court is perfectly correct and calls for no interference." (Para 34)
6. Therefore, in this case the prohibition contained in Section 195 (1)(b)(ii) of the Code of Criminal Procedure will not operate as a bar for a court to take cognizance of offences punishable under Sections 196/198/199/468/471 of the Indian Penal Code upon a charge-sheet filed by the police. Thus, both the charge-sheet as well as the order of taking cognizance by the Court below in respect of the aforesaid offences cannot be said to be without jurisdiction and illegal and accordingly the same stands sustained.
7. The offences punishable under Sections 209 and 210 of the Indian Penal Code, viz., dishonestly making false claim in Court and fraudulently obtained decree for sum not due are the offences have a direct connection with a proceeding in a court of law and in this case before the motor accident claim tribunal, a civil court for the purposes of Section 195 of the Code of Criminal Procedure as provided under the provisions of Section 169 (2) of the Motor Vehicles Act and as such for the said offences no cognizance can be taken except on a complaint of the Court concerned. Accordingly, the impugned order of taking cognizance of the said two offences are set aside. However, this order will not deter the concerned Court, i.e., the motor accident claim tribunal from filing 10 a complaint for the said offences on the basis of the FIR and the materials collected during investigation following the procedure laid down in Section 340 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. This application accordingly stands disposed of.
The office is directed to communicate this order to the Senior Divisional Manager, National Insurance Company Limited, Howrah Divisional Office, the complainant of Shyampore Police Station Case No. 123/2008 as well as the Motor Accident Claim Tribunal, Kolkata and the Motor Accident Claim Tribunal, 24-Parganas for their information and necessary action. This order shall also be communicated to the Court below at once.
In view of the disposal of main criminal revisional application, an application for extension of interim orders being CRAN No. 538 of 2010 accordingly stands disposed of.
Criminal Section is directed to deliver urgent Photostat certified copy of this Judgement to the parties, if applied for, as early as possible.
( Ashim Kumar Roy, J. )