Supreme Court of India
Nand Lal Bajaj vs The State Of Punjab And Anr on 15 September, 1981
Equivalent citations: 1981 AIR 2041, 1982 SCR (1) 718, AIR 1981 SUPREME COURT 2041, 1981 (4) SCC 327
Author: A.P. Sen
Bench: A.P. Sen, Baharul Islam
PETITIONER:
NAND LAL BAJAJ
Vs.
RESPONDENT:
THE STATE OF PUNJAB AND ANR.
DATE OF JUDGMENT15/09/1981
BENCH:
SEN, A.P. (J)
BENCH:
SEN, A.P. (J)
ISLAM, BAHARUL (J)
CITATION:
1981 AIR 2041 1982 SCR (1) 718
1981 SCC (4) 327 1981 SCALE (3)1393
CITATOR INFO :
D 1983 SC 181 (5)
D 1985 SC 511 (6)
F 1985 SC1082 (14)
F 1987 SC 217 (15)
RF 1988 SC 109 (5)
F 1988 SC 481 (6)
RF 1989 SC 389 (8)
ACT:
Right to be defended by a lawyer-Advisory Board
assisted by Public Prosecutor, two attorneys, District Legal
Advisor and one Legal Assistant, but the detenu though
prayed for assistance of a legal counsel in writing refused
the same- Whether the refusal amounts to arbitrariness and
unreasonableness offending Articles 14 and 21 of the
Constitution-Prevention of Black-marketing and Maintenance
of Supplies of Essential Commodities Act, 1980, section
11(4), scope of-Confirmation of the detention order under
section 12 of the Act without the entire report of the
Advisory Board before them vitiates the detention.
HEADNOTE:
Inderjit alias Billa has been detained by an order
dated June 1, 1981 passed by the District Magistrate under
sub-section (2) of section 3 of the Prevention of Black-
marketing and Maintenance of Supplies of Essential
Commodities Act, 1980 (PBMSECA). The detenu submitted his
representation challenging the order of detention on various
grounds. He had also made a request in writing that he be
allowed the assistance of counsel during the hearing before
the Advisory Board, but the Government did not accede to his
request in view of section 11 of the Act. On the contrary.
at the time of hearing before the Advisory Board the State
was assisted by Public Prosecutor, two attorneys, a District
Legal Advisor and a Legal Assistant. Even at this stage, the
detenu requested in writing for aid of a counsel but the
same was rejected. The State Government confirmed the
detention under section 12 of the Act. The father of the
detenu, therefore, challenges the order of confirmation of
the detention by the State.
Allowing the writ petition, the Court.
^
HELD 1:1. Under Article 22(3)(b) of the Constitution,
the right to consult and be defended by a legal practitioner
of his choice is denied to any person who is arrested or
detained under any law providing for preventive detention.
Subsection (3) of section 11 of the Prevention of Black-
marketing and Maintenance of Supplies of Essential
Commodities Act, 1980 is undoubtedly in conformity with
Article 22(3) (b) of the Constitution. Normally, lawyers
have no place in the proceedings before the Advisory Board.
[723 D]
1:2. Upon the terms of sub-section (4) of section 11 of
the Act the detenu had no right to legal assistance in the
proceedings before the Advisory Board but it did not
preclude the Board to allow such assistance to the detenu
when it allowed the State to be represented by an array of
lawyers. Smt. Kavita v. The State of Maharashtra & Ors.,
[1982] 1 SCR p. 138 is an authority for the proposition that
while there is no right under section 8(e) of the COFEPOSA
Act to legal
719
assistance to a detenu in the proceedings before the
Advisory Board is entitled to make such a request to the
Board and the Board is bound to consider such a request when
so made. [727 G-H, 728 A-B]
Smt. Kavita v. The State of Maharashtra & Ors., [1982]
1 SCR p. 138 distinguished.
2. The Advisory Board is entitled to devise its own
procedure. The functions of the Advisory Board are purely
consultative. It is an independent body constituted under
section 9 of the Act consisting of a sitting judge as the
Chairman and not less than two other members, who may be
sitting or retired judges of the High Court. It is expected
that the Advisory Board would set in a fair and impartial
manner in making a report whether or not there is, in its
opinion, sufficient cause for the detention of person. In
coming to that conclusion, the Board has to make an
objective determination on the question as to whether there
was sufficient material on which the subjective satisfaction
of the detaining authority could be based. Under sub-section
(1) of section 11 of the Act, the Advisory Board may also
call for such further information as it may deem necessary
for the appropriate Govt. Or from the person 'concerned and
if, in any particular case, it considers essential to do so
or if the person concerned desires to be heard, shall hear
him in person. Arbitrariness is the very antithesis of
Article 14. The principle of reasonableness is an essential
element of equality and the procedure contemplated by
Article 21 must answer the test of reasonableness in order
to be in conformity with Article 14. The history of personal
liberty is largely the history of procedural safeguards. The
need for observance of procedural safeguards, particularly
in cases of deprivation of life and liberty is, therefore,
of prime importance to the body politic. In the context of
'deprivation of life and liberty' under Article 21, the
'procedure established by law' carried with it the inherent
right to legal assistance. The right to be heard before the
Advisory Board would be, in many cases, of little avail it
did not comprehend the right to be heard by the counsel.
[723 D-G, 725 C-D, F, 726 B-C]
E.P. Royappa v. Tamil Nadu, [ 1971] 2 SCR 348, Maneka
Gandhi v. Union of India. [1978] 2 SCR 621; Francis Coralie
Mullin v. The Administrator, Union Territory of Delhi and
Ors. [1981] 2 SCR 516 at 531; reiterated.
3. The State Government while confirming the detention-
order under section 12 of the Act has not only to peruse the
report of the Advisory Board, but also to apply its mind to
the material on record. If the record itself was not before
the State Government as is evident from there turns filed in
reply to the writ petition before this Court, it follows
that the order passed by the State Government under section
12 of the Act was without due application of mind, which is
a serious infirmity in the case which makes the continued
detention of the detenu illegal. [728 B-D]
OBlTER:- It is expected that Parliament while making a
law regulate the procedure before an Advisory Board under
Article 22(7) (c) of the Constitution should provide the
right to consult and be defended by a legal practitioner of
his choice. It is incomprehensible that a person committing
a crime should
720
have under Article 22(1) of the Constitution the right to
consult and be defended by a legal practitioner of his
choice, but a person under preventive detention more often
than not for his political beliefs should be deprived of
this valuable right. It cannot be denied that preventive
detention is an anachronism in a democratic society like
ours. The detention of individuals without trial for any
length of time, however short, is wholly inconsistent with
the basic ideals of a parliamentary system of government. In
the nature of things, under the law as it exists, a person
under preventive detention is not entitled to legal
assistance. The matter is essentially political and as such
it is the concern of the statesmen and, therefore, within
the domain of the Legislature, and not Judiciary. [726 C-F]
JUDGMENT:
ORIGINAL JURISDICTION: Writ Petition (Criminal) No. 4975 of 1981.
(Under Article 32 of the Constitution) Kapil Sibal, Ramesh C. Pathak, Subhash Sharma. R. K Khinria and R.K. Handa for the Petitioner.
O.P. Sharma and M. S. Dhillon for the Respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by SEN, J. This is a petition under Art. 32 of the Constitution by one Nand Lal Bajaj for the issuance of a writ of habeas corpus for the release of his son, Inderjit @ Billa, who has been detained by an order of detention passed by the District Magistrate, Ropar, under s. 3 of the Prevention of Blackmarketing and Maintenance of Supplies of Essential Commodities Act, 1980 (hereinafter called 'the Act'), on being satisfied that his detention was necessary with a view to preventing him from acting in any manner prejudicial to the maintenance of supplies of commodities essential to the life of the community.
Various grounds have been taken challenging the validity of the order of detention, but it is not necessary for us to deal with them all as the view that we take on one of them is sufficient to dispose of the petition. The main contention is that the procedure adopted by the Advisory Board in allowing legal assistance to the State and denying such assistance to the detenu was both arbitrary and unreasonable and thus violative of Art. 21 read with Art. 14 of the Constitution.
First as to the facts. On June 1, 1981, the District Magistrate passed an order of detention under sub-s. (2) of s. 3 of the Act on 721 being satisfied that detention of Inderjit was necessary with a view to preventing him from acting in any manner prejudicial to the maintenance of supplies of commodities essential to the community, and as required by sub-s. (3) thereof, made a report forthwith to the State Government together with the grounds on which the order of detention had been made and the State Government approved of the same. The detenu was apprehended on June 11, 1981 and served with the order of detention together with the grounds and, in due course, the detenu submitted his representation challenging the order of detention to the State Government. He made a request in writing that he be allowed the assistance of counsel during the hearing before the Advisory Board, but the Government did not accede to his request. However. it appears that the detaining authority was represented by the State counsel at the hearing. The detenu thereupon asked the Advisory Board that he may also be afforded an opportunity for legal assistance. What transpired before the Advisory Board can best be stated in the words of the petitioner. The relevant averment in para 17 of the petition is as follows:
Before the commencement of these proceedings the detenu requested the State Government in writing that he be allowed assistance of counsel during the course of the proceedings before the Advisory Board. The said request was denied. The detenu to his utter surprise found that there he had to place his case before the Advisory Board without assistance of Counsel, the order of detention was defended by State Counsel. The lawyers representing the State, during the course of the proceedings before the Advisory Board included the District Attorney and the Additional District Attorney who were assisted by the District Legal Advisor and one legal assistant. The detenu had also requested to Advisory Board verbally that he be allowed the assistance of counsel during the course of the proceedings.. (emphasis added) In answer to the rule nisi, the District Magistrate Ropar who is the detaining authority, has filed a counter affidavit by which he ex- plained the circumstances which led to the issue of the detention order. In reply to para 17 of the petition, it is averred:
In reply to para 17 of the petition it is stated that section 11(4) of the Prevention of Blackmarketing and Maintenance of Supplies of Essential Commodities Act, 722 1980 prohibited the assistance of a lawyer to the detenu before the proceedings of Advisory Board, which are confidential. However the Advisory Board is competent to call any information from the appropriate Govt. as laid in section 11(1) of the Act.
It is thus manifest that there was no traverse of the specific allegation made by the petitioner that while the Advisory Board allowed legal assistance to the detaining authority, there was denial of such an opportunity to the detenu. In substance, the District Magistrate does not deal with the facts but states the law.
Despite the order of this Court for the production of the file containing the proceedings of the Advisory Board, all that was shown to us was the report of the Advisory Board. We were in formed that the record was not with the State Government but with the Board. It was represented that the Advisory Board does not forward its records because they are confidential. In the absence of ) the record, there is no other alternative but to proceed on the allegations made by the petitioner. The report of the Board does indicate that the Public Prosecutor who was present was questioned on one of the aspects of the matter. It also records the presence of two Additional District Attorneys.
It is argued on behalf of the State that under sub-s. (4) of s. 11 of the Act the detenu was not entitled to any legal assistance before the Advisory Board. The submission is that the proceedings of the Board and its report except that part of the report in which the opinion of the Board is expressed, are confidential. Therefore, lawyers have no place in the proceedings before the Advisory Board.
It is further argued that the Advisory Board is entitled to devise its own procedure. Our attention was drawn to sub-s. (I) of s. 11 of the Act, and it is urged that the Advisory Board is entitled not only to look into the record and see whether there was any material on which the order of detention could be passed under s. 3 of the Act, but may also call for any such further information as it may deem necessary. Sub-ss. (I) of the Act on which reliance has been placed by the State are as follows:
11. (1) The Advisory Board shall, after considering the materials placed before it and, after calling for such further information as it may deem necessary from the appropriate 723 Government or from any person called for the purpose through the appropriate Government or from the person concerned, and if, in any particular case, it considers it essential so to do or if the person concerned desires to be heard, after hearing him in person, submit its report to the appropriate Government within seven weeks from the date of detention of the person concerned.
(4) Nothing in this section shall entitle any person against whom a detention order has been made to appear by any legal practitioner in any matter connected with the reference to the Advisory Board, and the proceeding of the Advisory Board, and its report, excepting that part of the report in which the opinion of the Advisory Board is specified, shall be confidential.
Under Art. 22(3) (b) of the Constitution, the right to consult and be defended by a legal practitioner of his choice is denied to any person who is arrested or detained under any law providing for preventive detention. Sub-s. (4) of s. 11 of the Act is undoubtedly in conformity with Art. 22(3) (b) of the Constitution. Normally, lawyers have no place in the proceedings before the Advisory Board. The functions of the Advisory Board are purely consultative. It is an independent body constituted under s. 9 of the Act consisting of a silting Judge as the Chairman and not less than two other members who may be sitting or retired judges of the High Court. It is expected that the Advisory Board would act in a fair and impartial manner in making a report whether or not there is, in its opinion, sufficient cause for the detention of a person. In coming to that conclusion, the Board has to make an objective determination on the question as to whether there was sufficient material on which the subjective satisfaction of the detaining authority could be based. Under sub-s. (I) of s. 11 of the Act, the Board is not only entitled to look into the record and see whether there was any material on which the order of detention could be passed under s. 3 of the Act, but may also call for such further information as it may deem necessary from the appropriate Government or from the person concerned and if, in any particular case, it considers essential to do so or if the person concerned desires to be heard, shall hear him in person. The Board is entitled to devise its own procedure.
It is the arbitrariness of the procedure adopted by the Advisory Board that vitiates the impugned order of detention. There is no 724 denying the fact that while the Advisory Board disallowed the detenu's request for legal assistance, it allowed the detaining authority to be represented by counsel. It appears that the Advisory Board blindly applied the provisions of sub s. (4) of s. 11 of the Act to the case of the detenu failing lo appreciate that it could not allow legal assistance to the detaining authority and deny the same to the detenu. The Advisory Board is expected to act in a manner which is just and fair to both the parties. The report of the Board placed before us shows that the detenu exercised his right to recall some of the witnesses for the purpose of cross-examination We are informed that the hearing before the Advisory Board went on for 4 to 5 days and there were as many as 11 witnesses cross-examined by the detenu. It cannot be, as is suggested by the counsel for the State, that the lawyers representing the State Government did not participate in the proceedings. On the contrary, the report itself shows that the Public Prosecutor was called upon to explain some aspects of the case. If the matter was so intricate, the Advisory Board should have ensured that both the parties had equal opportunity to place their respective cases. It appears that the dice was loaded against the detenu in that whereas he had to go without legal assistance, the State Government had the benefit of an array of lawyers.
The expression 'procedure established by law' in the context of deprivation of life and liberty under Art. 21 was interpreted in Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India(l) and the interpretation so put has been treated as involving an enlargement of the right conferred by Art. 21 of the Constitution. As limited to the procedure, the judges were agreed that the procedure must be reasonable and fair and not arbitrary or capricious. For, if the procedure was arbitrary, it would violate Art. 14 since Art. 14 is not consistent with any arbitrary power.(2) In interpreting the expression 'procedure established by law' in Art. 21 with reference to Art. 14 of the Constitution, Bhagwati, J., observed(3):
We must reiterate here what was pointed out by the majority in E.P. Royappa v T.N.(4) namely, that 'from a positivistic point of view, equality is antithetic to the rule of law in a republic, while the other, to the whim and caprice 725 of an absolute monarch. Where an act is arbitrary, it is implicit in it that it is unequal both according to political logic and constitutional law and is therefore violative of Art. 14'. Article 14 strikes at arbitrariness in State action and ensures fairness and equality of treatment. The principle of reasonableness, which legally as well as philosophically, is an essential element of equality or non-arbitrariness pervades Article '4 like a brooding omnipresence and the procedure contemplated by Article 21 must answer the test of reasonableness in order to be in conformity with Article 14. It must be 'right and just and fair' and not arbitrary, fanciful or oppressive, otherwise, it would be no procedure at all and the requirement of Article 21 would not be satisfied.
Arbitrariness is the very antithesis of Art. 14. The principle of reasonableness is an essential element of equality and the procedure contemplated by Art. 21 must answer the test of reasonableness in order to be in conformity with Art. 14.
Among the concurring opinions, Krishna Iyer, J., although he generally agreed with Bhagwati, J., goes a step forward by observing(l):
Procedural safeguards are the indispensable essence of liberty. In fact, the history of procedural safeguards and the right to a hearing has a human-right ring. In India, because of poverty and illiteracy, the people are unable to protect and defend their rights: observance of fundamental rights is not regarded as good politics and their transgression as bad politics. In short, the history of personal liberty is largely the history of procedural safeguards. The need for observance of procedural safeguards, particularly in cases of deprivation of life and liberty is, therefore, of prime importance to the body politic. In Francis Coralie Mullin v. The Administrator, Union Territory of Delhi and ors.(2) the inter-relation between Arts. 21 and 14 of the Constitution was brought out by Bhagwati, J. in these words : The right of detenu to consult a legal adviser of his choice for any purpose not necessarily limited to defence 726 in a criminal proceeding but also for securing release from preventive detention or filing a writ petition or prosecuting any claim or proceeding, civil or criminal is obviously included in the right to live with human dignity and is also part of personal liberty and the detenu cannot be deprived of this right nor can this right of the detenu be interfered with except in accordance with reasonable, fair and just procedure established by a valid law.
It is increasingly felt that in the context of 'deprivation of life and liberty' under Art. 21, the 'procedure established by law' carried with it the inherent right to legal assistance. Apart from authority it is easy to appreciate that in overwhelming majority of cases a detenu can do nothing to help himself before the Advisory Board. The right to be heard before the Advisory Board would be, in many cases, of little avail if it did not comprehend the right to be heard by counsel. It is expected that Parliament while making a law to regulate the procedure before an Advisory Board under Art. 22 (7) (c) of the Constitution should provide the right to consult and be defended by a legal practitioner of his choice. It is incomprehensible that a person committing a crime should have under Art. 22(1) of the Constitution the right to consult and be defended by a legal practitioner of his choice, but a person under preventive detention, more often than not for his political beliefs, should be deprived of this valuable right. It cannot be denied that preventive detention is an anachronism in a democratic society like ours. The detention of individuals without trial for any length of time, however short, is wholly inconsistent with the basic ideals of a parliamentary system of government. In the nature of things, under the law as it exists, a person under preventive detention is not entitled to legal assistance. However, we think it is futile for us to attempt to project our personal views in a matter which lies in the realm of decision-making of Parliament. The matter is essentially political and as such it is the concern of the statesman and, therefore, within the domain of the Legislature, and not the Judiciary.
In Smt. Kavita v. The State of Maharashtra and Ors (1) the Court recently had an occasion to deal with s. 8 of the Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act, 1974, which is in pari materia with sub-s. (4) of s. 11 of Act. The Court speaking through Chinnappa Reddy, J. Observed:727
It is true that while s. 8 (e) disentitles a detenu from claiming as of right to be represented by a lawyer, it does not disentitle him from making a request for the services of a lawyer.
The learned Judge emphasised that "as often than not adequate legal assistance may be essential for the protection of the Fundamental to Right to life and personal liberty guaranteed by Article 21 of the Constitution and the right to be heard given to a detenu by s. 8 (e), COFEPOSA Act" and observed that this valuable right may be jeopardized and reduced to mere nothing with adequate legal assistance, in the light of the intricacies of the problems involved and other relevant factors. He then went on to say whether or not legal assistance should be afforded by the Advisory Board must necessarily depend on the facts and circumstances of each individual case and observed:
Therefore, where a detenu makes a request for legal assistance, his request would have to be considered on its own merit in each individual case. In the present case, the Government merely informed the detenu that he had no statutory right to be represented by a lawyer before the Advisory Board. Since it was for the Advisory Board and not for the Government to afford legal assistance to the detenu the latter, when he was produced before the Advisory Board, could have, if he was so minded, made a request to the Advisory Board for permission to be represented by a lawyer.
In that case, there was no denial of procedural fairness which is a part of the fundamental right guaranteed under Art. 21 of the Constitution, since no such request was made by the detenu before the Advisory Board. The decision in Kavita's case (supra) is, however, an authority for the proposition that while there is no right under s. 8 (e) of the COFEPOSA Act to legal assistance to a detenu in the proceedings before the Advisory Board, he is entitled to make such a request to the Board and the Board is bound to consider such a request when so made. In the present case, the detenu made such a request, but in the absence of the record of the Advisory Board, it is not possible to infer whether the request was considered. Even if it was denied, as the petitioner himself alleges, there was no rational basis for a differential treatment. There is no denial of the fact that while the detenu was not afforded legal assis-728
tance, the detaining authority was allowed to be represented by counsel. It is quite clear upon the terms of sub-s. (4) of s. l l of the Act that the detenu had no right to legal assistance in the proceedings before the Advisory Board, but it did not preclude the Board to allow such assistance to detenu, when it allowed the State to be represented by an array of lawyers.
The matter can be viewed from another angle. We were informed that the Advisory Board did not forward the record of its proceeding to the State Government. If that be so, then procedure adopted was not in consonance with the procedure established by law. The State Government while confirming the detention order under s. 12 of the Act has not only to peruse the report of the Advisory Board, but also to apply its mind to the material on record itself was not before the State Government, it follows that the order passed by the State Government under s. 12 of the Act was without due application of mind. This is a serious infirmity in the case which makes the continued detention of the detenu illegal.
We refrain from expressing any opinion on the other grounds raised. It appears to us prima facie that the grounds for detention set out the facts with sufficient degree of particularity and that they did furnish sufficient nexus for forming the subjective satisfaction of the detaining authority. It seems to us that the order of detention cannot also be challenged that the grounds furnished were vague or indefinite or lacking in particulars or were not adequate or sufficient for the satisfaction of the detaining authority, or, for that matter, for the making of an effective representation.
For the reasons stated above, the order of detention passed by the District Magistrate, Ropar dated June 1, 1981 is quashed and we direct that the detenu Inderjit alias Billa be set at liberty forthwith.
V. D. K. Petition allowed.
729