Supreme Court of India
Bar Councll Of Maharashtra vs M. V. Dabholkar Etc. Etc on 13 August, 1975
Equivalent citations: 1975 AIR 2092, 1976 SCR (1) 306, AIR 1975 SUPREME COURT 2092
Author: A.N. Ray
Bench: A.N. Ray, Hans Raj Khanna, Kuttyil Kurien Mathew, M. Hameedullah Beg, V.R. Krishnaiyer, A.C. Gupta, Syed Murtaza Fazalali
PETITIONER:
BAR COUNClL OF MAHARASHTRA
Vs.
RESPONDENT:
M. V. DABHOLKAR ETC. ETC.
DATE OF JUDGMENT13/08/1975
BENCH:
RAY, A.N. (CJ)
BENCH:
RAY, A.N. (CJ)
KHANNA, HANS RAJ
MATHEW, KUTTYIL KURIEN
BEG, M. HAMEEDULLAH
KRISHNAIYER, V.R.
GUPTA, A.C.
FAZALALI, SYED MURTAZA
CITATION:
1975 AIR 2092 1976 SCR (1) 306
CITATOR INFO :
RF 1976 SC 578 (27)
RF 1976 SC2602 (20)
E 1980 SC 856 (14)
RF 1981 SC 116 (17)
R 1981 SC 344 (48)
RF 1981 SC 477 (3,5)
R 1982 SC 149 (606,963)
RF 1985 SC 28 (30)
ACT:
Advocates Act, 1961-Sections 37 and 38 Scope of-"Pelson
aggrieved" if a State Bar Council could be a "person
aggrieved".
HEADNOTE:
The State Bar Councils created by the Advocates Act,
1961 have been entrusted with the functions inter alia of
entertaining and determining cases of misconduct against
advocates on their rolls and to safeguard their rights,
privileges and interests. The Bar Council of India which is
a national body created by the Act is entrusted with the
work of laying down standards of professional conduct and
etiquette and overseeing the functioning of the State Bar
Councils. Under s. 35 of the Act, if a State Bar Council,
either on receipt of a complaint or otherwise has reason to
believe that any advocate on its roll has been guilty of
professional or other misconduct, it shall refer the case to
its Disciplinary Committee which, after due inquiry may
impose certain penalties. An appeal from the decision of the
State Bar Council lies to the Bar Council of India. Any
"person aggrieved" by an order of the Disciplinary Committee
of the Bar Council of India may, under s. 38, appeal to the
Supreme Court. In exercise of the Powers conferred by the
Act the Bar Council of India framed rules relating to
professional conduct and etiquette, r. 36 of which says that
advocates shall not solicit work or advertise themselves.
The State Bar Council, in the present case, issued
notices to the respondents suo motu alleging that they stood
at the entrance of the court house at the Presidency
Magistrate's Court, Fort Bombay and solicited work etc., and
that the said act amounted to professional and/or other
misconduct. 'the Disciplinary Committee of the State Bar
Council found the respondents guilty of conduct which
absolutely lowered the reputation of the Bar in the eyes of
the public and suspended them from practising as advocates.
The respondents' appeal to the Bar Council of India having
been allowed, the State Bar Council has come up in appeal to
this Court under s. 38. Before the Bar Council of India the
State Bar Council had not appeared. F
On the question whether the State Bar Council is a
"person aggrieved,"
Allowing the appeals, Held:
^
[By the full Court],
The State Bar Council is an "aggrieved person" to
maintain an appeal under the Act.
per Ray, C.J., Khanna, Mathew, Gupta and Murtaza Fazal Ali,
JJ):
(1) The Bar Council is a "person aggrieved" because (i)
the words "person aggrieved" in the Act are of wide import
in the context of the purpose and provisions of the statute
and should not be subjected to a restricted interpretation
of possession or denial of legal rights or burdens or
financial interests. In disciplinary proceedings before the
Disciplinary Committee there is no lis and there are no
parties. The word 'person' will embrace the Bar Council
which represents the Bar of the State; (ii) the Bar Council
represents the collective conscience of the standards of
professional conduct and etiquette. The Bar Council acts as
the protector of the purity and dignity of the profession;
(iii) the function of the Bar Council in entertaining
complaints against advocates indicates that the Bar Council
is interested in the proceedings for the vindication of
discipline. dignity and decorum of the profession; (iv) when
the Bar Council ini-
307
tiates proceedings by referring eases of misconduct to the
Disciplinary Committee, the Bar Council, in the performance
of its function under the Act, is interested in the task of
seeing that the advocates maintain proper standards and
etiquette of the profession and (v) the Bar Council is
vitally concerned with the decision, in the context of its
functions. The Bar Council will have a grievance if the
decision prejudices the maintenance of standards of
professional conduct and ethics. [315G: 316D-G]
(2) (a) The Bar Council acts as the sentinel of
professional code of conduct and is vitally interested in
the rights and privileges of the advocates as well as the
purity and dignity of the profession. [316A-B]
(b) The grievance of the Bar Council is to be looked at
purely from the point of view of standards of professional
conduct and etiquette. If any decision of the Disciplinary
Committee of the Bar Council of India is according to the
State Bar Council such as will lower the standards and
imperil the high traditions and values in the profession the
State Bar Council is an "aggrieved person" to safeguard the
interests of the public, the interests of the profession and
the interests of the Bar. [316B-C]
(3) The most significant feature in the matter of
initiation of proceedings before the Disciplinary Committee
is that no litigant and no member of the public can
straightaway commence disciplinary proceedings against an
advocate It is the Bar Council of a State which initiates
the disciplinary proceedings. There is no lis in proceedings
before the Disciplinary Committee The Bar Council, in
placing a matteu. before the Disciplinary Committee, does
not act as a prosecutor in a criminal case. A complainant
who prefers a complaint against an advocate is not like a
plaintiff in a civil suit. The Bar Council may act on its
own initiative on information which has come to its notice
in the course of its duties. There is no party to the
disciplinary proceedings because the Bar Council, the
Attorney General, the Advocate General act in protecting the
interests of advocates and the interests of' the public. In
so acting there is no conflict between the advocate and any
other person because it is professional conduct,
professional etiquette, professional ethics, professional
morality, which are to be upheld. transgression of which
results in reprimanding the advocate or suspending him from
practice or removing his name from the roll. [314B-F]
Adi Pherozshah Gandhi v. H. M. Seervai, Advocate
General of Maharashtra. Bombay [1971] I S.C.R. 863, referred
to
Beg J. (concurring):
(1) There is no objection to a participation of a State
Bar Council in its executive capacity in a disciplinary
proceeding against an advocate on its roll either at the
initial or at the appellate stages. Before it can become a
"person aggrieved" by an order against which it could
appeal, there must have been a lis or a dispute to be
decided which gives rise to the order complained of. To such
a "lis" the State Bar Council, in its executive capacity,
must be deemed to be a party. There seems to be no legal
obstacles in the way of its separate representation even
before its own Disciplinary Committee. Its right to appeal
as a "person aggrieved" is squarely covered by the
provisions of ss. 37 and 38 of the Act. In the present case
the respondents themselves treated the Bar Council as a
party interested in the lis when they impleaded the State
Bar Council as a respondent in their appeals to the Bar
Council of India. Its statutory right to appeal under s. 38
is not affected by the mere fact that it did not put in
appearance before the Bar Council of India. [319D-G]
(2) The State Bar Council operates through its
committees. Each committee has distinct and separable
functions. Each could be said to have a "persona" and an
identity of its own, which is distinguishable from that of
the Bar Council as a whole [317G]
3 (a) If the Bar Council has a separable interest as a
guardian of the rights and privileges of the members of the
Bar, specifically mentioned by s. 6(1)(d) of the Act. there
is no reason why a right to represent this interest before
its
308
own Disciplinary Committee as well as before the Bar Council
of India, on an A appeal under s. 37 of the Act, or., on
further appeal to this Court under s. 38 of the Act should
be denied to it. [318C-D]
4(a) When the State Bar Council can have locus standi
and rights of a "person aggrieved" affected by the results
of such proceedings there is no reason why it should not be
in the position of a party lo a lis or dispute' between
itself and the allegedly delinquent advocate. [318D-E]
(b) The term 'lis' is not confined to litigation by
means of a suit in a court of law. [318E]
Butler v. Mountgarret 7 H.L. Ca. 641 and B. Johnson &
Co. (Builders) v. Minister of Health [1947] 2 All. E.R. 395
399, referred to.
5. The State Bar Council in its executive capacity acts
as the prosecutor through its Executive Committee. There is
no incongruity in its Disciplinary Committee representing
its judicial wing, functioning as an impartial judge whose
decisions are binding upon the State Bar Council. It is a
"person aggrieved" within the meaning of that expression
used in ss. 37 and 38 of the Act. [318G-H]
Krishna Iyer, J. (concurring):
(1) The Bar is not a private guild, like that of
'barbers, butchers and candlestick-makers' but, a public
institution committed to public justice and pro bono publico
service. The grant of a monopoly licence to practice law is
based on three assumptions; (i) there is a socially useful
function for the lawyer to perform; (ii ) the lawyer is a
professional person who will perform that function; and
(iii) his performance as a professional person is regulated
by himself and more formally, by the profession as a whole.
The central function that the legal profession must perform
is nothing less than the administration of justice. [322G-H]
(2) In a developing country the pattern of public
oriented litigation better fulfils the rule of law if it is
to rule close to the rule of life. The Bar Council clearly
comes within this category of organisations when a lawyer is
involved.
(3) A case of professional misconduct is not a lis in
the British sense nor a case and controversy in the American
meaning. It is a public investigation about misconduct by
one belonging to a public profession where every member of
the Bar with a reputation to lose has a stake and everyone
concerned with the justice administration is interested.
'the Bar has a share in being the sentinel on the qui vive
when the legal dykes of right and justice are breached by
authoritarianism or citizen wrongdoing. [323F-Gl
(4) The possible apprehension that widening legal
standing with a public connotation may unloose a flood of
litigation which may overwhelm the judges is misplaced
because public resort to court to suppress public mischief
is a tribute to the justice system. In this case to grant an
exclusionary windfall on the respondents is to cripple the
Bar Council in its search for justice and insistence on
standards. [326B] G
A. P. Gandhi v. H. M. Seeravai, [1971] 1 S.C.R. refered
to.
JUDGMENT:
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeals Nos. 1461 to 1468 of 1 974.
From the Judgment and order dated the 14th April, 1974 of the Disciplinary Committee of the Bar Council of India, New Delhi. in C. Appeals Nos. 15 to 19, 21, 22 and 25 of 1973 respectively. H V. S. Desai, Vimal Dave and Kailash Mehta, for the appellant (in all the appeals).
309M. V. Dabolkar, for the respondent (In C. A. No. 1461/74).
Z. F. Bootwala and Urmila Sirur, for the respondent (In C. A. Nos. 1462-64/74) . V. N. Ganpule and V. H. Dixit, for the respondent (In C. A. No. 1465/74).
K. G. Mandalia, for the respondent (In C. A. No. 1466/74).
E. Udayarathallam and A. K. Doshi, for the respondent (In C.A. No. 1467/ 74).
D. K. Raisinghani, for the respondent (In C.A. No. 1468/74).
K. K. Sinha and S. K. Sinha, for the Bihar State Bar Council.
D. V. Patil and K. Hingorani, for the Bar Council of India.
The Judgment of A. N. RAY, C.J., H. R. KHANNA, K. K. MATHEW, A. C. GUPTA AND S. M. FAZAL ALl, was delivered by A. N. RAY, C.J., M. BEG and V. R. KRISHNA IYER, JJ. gave separate opinions.
RAY, C.J.-These appeals were placed before this Bench for consideration of the question whether the Bar Council of a State is "a person aggrieved" to maintain an appeal under section 38 of the Advocates Act, 1961 hereinafter called the Act.
The Bar Council of Maharashtra on 8 August, 1964 considered a complaint received from the High Court against the respondents and resolved that the complaint received from the High Court against the respondents be referred to the disciplinary committee. Another resolution was passed by the Bar Council of Maharashtra on the same day whereby Messrs Hotchand Advani, R. W. Adik and S. C. Chagla were elected as members of the disciplinary committee to enquire into the complaints.
The aforesaid disciplinary committee met on 19 March, 1965 and heard the advocates for the Bar Council of the State of Maharashtra. After considering the papers placed before the committee, it directed the Registrar to issue notices under section 35(2) of the Act to the "parties concerned including the Advocate-General". The committee also expressed the opinion that "there is a prima facie case of professional misconduct".
The Bar Council of Maharashtra on 18 May, 1965 issued notices under section 35 of the Act to the respondents. The notice was described as a suo motu inquiry against the respondents. The notice proceeded with the recital that it came to the notice of the Bar Council of Maharashtra that the respondents stood at the entrance of the Court House at the Presidency Magistrate's Court, Esplanade, Fort Bombay and solicited work and generally behaved at that place in an undignified manner and the said acts amounted to professional and/or other misconduct and the Bar Council constituted disciplinary committee and the inquiry was entrusted to the committee consisting of Messrs H. G. Advani, R. W. Adik and S. C. Chagla.
310The said disciplinary committee heard evidence upto 31 August, 1968. On 14 June, 1969, the Bar Council of Maharashtra passed a resolution requesting the aforesaid disciplinary committee to proceed with the inquiry which was pending before them prior to 31 March, 1969.
The disciplinary committee of the Bar Council of Maharashtra on 27 June, 1973 found the respondents guilty of conduct which seriously lowered the reputation of the Bar in the eyes of the public. The disciplinary committee directed that the respondents would stand suspended from practising as advocates for a period of three years. The suspension orders were to be operative from 1 August 1973.
The respondents preferred appeals before the Bar Council of India. In these appeals, the respondents impleaded the Bar Council of Maharashtra as respondents. The disciplinary committee of the Bar Council of India on 14 April, 1974 allowed the appeals and set aside the orders of the disciplinary committee of the Bar Council of Maharashtra. While setting aside the orders of the disciplinary committee of the Bar Council of Maharashtra, the disciplinary committee of the Bar Council of India stated as follows:-
"The Bar Council of Maharashtra has not appeared even though they started the proceedings suo motu and we do not pass any orders as to costs and we direct each party will bear their costs. However, we have gone through the evidence ourselves and also the same has been placed in detail by the appellants. All that we can say is that we expected the Bar Council of Maharashtra to be represented in the ap- peal because proceedings were started suo motu"
These statements of the disciplinary committee of the Bar Council of India indicate that the Bar Council of Maharashtra should have appeared before the disciplinary committee of the Bar Council of India.
The scheme of the Advocates Act in short is as follows:
There are State Bar Councils. There is Bar Council of India Every Bar Council is a body corporate.
The functions of a State Bar Council are inter alia to entertain and determine cases of misconduct against advocates on its roll and to safeguard the rights, privileges and interests of advocates on its roll.
The functions of the Bar Council of India are inter alia to lay down standards of professional conduct and etiquette, to lay down the procedure to be followed by its disciplinary committee and the disciplinary committee of State Bar Councils, to safeguard the rights, privileges and interests of advocates and to exercise general supervision and control over State Bar Councils Disciplinary committees are constituted by each Bar Council. A Bar Council is required to constitute one or more disciplinary committees each of which shall consist of three persons of whom two shall 311 be persons elected by the Council from amongst its members and the other shall be A person co-opted by the Council from amongst advocates who possesss the qualifications specified in the proviso to section 3(2) of the Act and are not members of the Council, and the senior most advocate amongst the members of a disciplinary committee shall be its Chairman.
When the Executive Committees of a State Bar Council and of the Bar- Council of India and an Enrolment Committee of a State Bar Council and the legal education committee of the Bar Council of India are to consist of members erected by the Council from amongst its members, it is noticeable that the disciplinary committees of Bar Council of State as well as of Bar Council of India shall consist of three persons of whom two shall be elected by the Council from amongst its members and the other shall be a person co-opted by the Council from advocates who are not otherwise members of the Council.
Chapter V of the Act relates to the Conduct of Advocates. Chap ter V contains sections 35 to 44. Section 35 states that where on receipt of a complaint or otherwise a State Bar Council has reason to believe that any advocate on its roll has been guilty of professional other misconduct, it shall refer the case for disposal to its disciplinary committee. The State Bar Council may, either of its own motion or on application made to it by any person interested, withdraw a proceeding pending before its disciplinary committee and direct that inquiry to be made by another disciplinary committee of the State Bar Council. The disciplinary committee of a State Bar Council shall fix a date for the hearing of the case and shall cause a notice to be given. to the advocate concerned and to the Advocate- General of the State. The disciplinary committee of the State Bar Council may make any of the following orders namely, (a) dismiss the complaint, or where the proceedings were initiated at the instance of the State Bar Council, direct that the proceedings be filed, (b) reprimand the advocate, (c) suspend the advocate for such period as it may deem fit, (d) remove the name of the advocate from the state roll of advocates.
Section 36 speaks of disciplinary powers of the Bar Council of India and provides that where on receipt of a complaint or otherwise the Bar Council of India has reason to believe that any advocate whose name is not entered on any State roll has been guilty of professional or other misconduct, it shall refer the case for disposal to its disciplinary committee. The disciplinary committee of the Bar Council of India may either of its own motion or on a report by any State Bar Council or on an application made to it by any person interested, withdraw for inquiry before itself any proceeding for disciplinary action against any advocate pending before the disciplinary committee of any State Bar Council and dispose of the same.
Section 37 speaks of appeal to the Bar Council of India. This section states that any person aggrieved by an order of the disciplinary 312 committee of a State Bar Council or the Advocate-General of the state may, within sixty days of the date of communication of the order, prefer an appeal to the Bar Council of India.
Section 38 provides for appeal to the Supreme Court. Section 38 states that any person aggrieved by an order made by the disciplinary committee of the Bar Council of India under section 36 or section 37 or the Attorney-General of India or the Advocate-General of the State, as the case may be, may prefer an appeal to the Supreme Court.
Section 49 of the Act provides that the Bar Council of India may make rules for discharging its functions under the Act and in particular such rules may prescribe inter alia the standards of professional conduct and etiquette to be observed by advocates. The Bar Council of India in exercise of the rule making power under section 49(c) of the Act on 10 and l l July, 1954, approved the rules of standards of professional conduct and etiquette. The standards of professional conduct and etiquette are described in five sections. The first section deals with duty of advocates to the Court. The second section speaks of duty of advocates to the clients. The third section consists of rules regarding duty of advocates to opponent. The fourth section prescribes duties of advocates to colleagues. The fifth section lays down restrictions on advocates on other employments.
The present appeals touch on Rule 36 of the Rules of the Bar Council of India. Rule 36 is in fourth section under the heading "duty to colleagues Rule 36 speaks that "an advocate shall not solicit work or advertise either directly or indirectly, whether by circular, advertisements, touts, personal communications, interviews not warranted by personal relations furnishing newspaper comments or procuring his photograph to be published in connection with cases in which he has been engaged or concerned.
The question for consideration is the meaning of the words any person aggrieved by an order made by the disciplinary committee of the Bar Council of India"
occurring in section 38 of the Act. It is noticeable that in section 37, the Advocate-General of the State and in section 38, the Attorney-General or the Advocate-General of the State, as the case may be, have been given specific rights of appeal. These rights were introduced into the Act by amendments made in the year 1974 by Amending Act 60 of 1973.
In Adi Pherozshah Gandhi v. H. M. Seervai, Advocate- General of Maharashtra, Bombay(1), the question which fell for consideration was whether the appeal filed by the Advocate-General of Maharashtra before the Bar Council of India was competent. The majority view was that the Advocate-General of the State was not competent to file an appeal to the Bar Council of India. In the Maharashtra case (supra), the disciplinary committee of the State Bar Council was satisfied that that there was no reason to hold Adi Pherozshah Gandhi guilty of professional misconduct or other misconduct. The Advocate-General (1) [1971] 1 S. C. R. 863.313
of Maharashtra filed an appeal before the Bar Council of India. The appellant objected to the locus standi of Advocate-General before the Bar Council of India. That objection was overruled and the appeal filed by the Advocate-General was accepted by the disciplinary committee of the Bar Council of India. The disciplinary committee of the Bar Council of India held the advocate, Adi Pherozshah Gandhi guilty of misconduct and suspended him from practice for one year. The advocate preferred an appeal under section 38 of the Act to this Court. In view or majority decision, the appeal filed by Adi Pherozshah Gandhi was accepted by this Court on the ground that the Advocate-General of Maharashtra was incompetent to file an appeal. It is in this background that amendments have been introduced into sections 37 and 38 of the Act conferring right of appeal on the Advocate-General of State and the Attorney-General of India under sections 37 and 38 respectively.
The respondents contended on the ruling of this Court in Adi Pherozshah Gandhi s case (supra) that the Bar Council of the State is not a person aggrieved to maintain an appeal against a decision of its disciplinary committee for these reasons. First, the Bar Council of a State is not an aggrieved person because Bar Council has not suffered ally legal grievance, and the decision of the Bar Council of India has not deprived the Bar Council of a State of anything. Second, the allegation that order of the disciplinary committee of the Bar Council of India is wrongfully made does not by itself give any grievance to the Bar Council of a State. The person must be aggrieved by the order and not by the consequences which ensue. Third, it is not the duty of the State Bar Council to attempt to set right any alleged error of the disciplinary committee of the Bar Council of India. The reason is that no such duty has been imposed or cast by law on the Bar Council of a State. Fourth, a person can be said to be aggrieved by an order which is to his detriment, pecuniary or otherwise or causes him some prejudice in some form or other. Fifth, the Bar Council of a State is subordinate to Bar Council of India and is, therefore, not competent to appeal against any orders of the superior body. Finally, an appeal could have been filed by the Advocate-General or the Attorney-General of India who have the right to appeal but they have chosen not to do so.
The scheme and the provisions of the Act indicates that the constitution of State Bar Councils and Bar Council of India is for one of the principal purposes to see that the standards of professional conduct and etiquette laid down by the Bar Council of India are observed and preserved. The Bar Councils therefore entertain cases of misconduct against advocates. The Bar Councils are to safeguard the rights, privilege and interests of advocates. The Bar Council is a body corporate. The disciplinary committees are constituted by the Bar Council. The Bar Council is not the same body as its disciplinary committee. One of the principal functions of the Bar Council in regard to standards of professional conduct and etiquette of advocates is to receive complaints against advocates and if the Bar Council has reason to believe that any advocate has been guilty of professional or other misconduct it shall refer the case for disposal to its disciplinary committee. The Bar Coun- 314 cil of a State may also of its own motion if it has reason to believe that any advocate has been guilty of professional or other misconduct it shall refer the case for disposal to its disciplinary committee. It is apparent that a State Bar Council not only receives a complaint but is required to apply its mind to find out whether there is any reason to believe that any advocate has ben guilty of professional or other misconduct. The Bar Council of a State acts on that reasoned belief. The Bar Council has a very important part to play first, in the reception complaints, second, in forming reasonable belief of guilt of professional or other misconduct and finally in making reference of the case to its disciplinary committee. The initiation of the proceedings before the disciplinary committee is by the Bar Council of a State. A most Significant feature is that no litigant and no member of the public can straightaway commence disciplinary proceedings against an advocate. lt is the Bar Council of a State which initiates the disciplinary proceedings.
In finding out the meaning of the words "person aggrieved by an order made by the disciplinary committee of the Bar Council of India", two features are to be kept in the fore-front. First, there is no lis in proceedings before the disciplinary committee. When the disciplinary committee exercises the power to reprimand the advocate, or suspend the advocate from practice or remove the name of the advocate, the committee does not decide a suit between the parties. The Bar Council in placing a matter before the disciplinary committee does not act as prosecutor in a criminal case. A complainant who prefers a complaint against an advocate is not like a plaintiff in a civil suit. The complaint is examined by the Bar Council in order to find out whether there is any reason to believe that any advocate has been guilty of misconduct. 'The Bar Council may act on its own initiative on information which has come to its notice in the course of its duties. Second, there is no party to the disciplinary proceedings. It is because the Bar Council, the Attorney-General, the Advocate-General, as the case may be, all act in protecting the interests of advocates, the interests of the public. In so acting there is no conflict between the advocate and another person. The reason is that it is professional conduct, professional etiquette, professional ethics, professional morality, which are to be upheld, transgression of which results in reprimanding the advocate of suspending him from practice or removing his name from the roll.
With regard to the conduct of the advocates, the State Bar Council plays an important part, vis-a-vis the disciplinary committee constituted by the State Bar Council. First, under section 35(1A) of the Act the State Bar Council may either of its own motion or on an application made to it by any person interested, withdraw a proceeding pending before its disciplinary committee and direct the inquiry to be made by ant other disciplinary committee of the State Bar Council. This indicates the watch that the State Bar Council has to keep. Its task does not cease on placing a matter before the disciplinary committee. This provision shows on one hand the abiding interest of the State Bar Council in the matter and on the other the duty of guarding the professional ethics with which it is entrusted. Second, under section 36(2) of the Act, a 'State Bar Council may make a report to the Bar Council of India to 315 withdraw before the disciplinary committee of the Bar Council of India any proceeding for disciplinary action against any advocate pending before the disciplinary committee of a State Bar Council. These provisions indicate that after the State Bar Council has placed the matter before its disciplinary committee, the Bar Council continues its check on the proceedings. These courses of action are procedural. These steps do not give the State Bar Council any power to deal with the decisions of the disciplinary committee. The reason why the State Bar Council is empowered under the Act to withdraw proceedings from one disciplinary committee and give it to another or to have the disciplinary proceedings withdrawn from the State for determination by the disciplinary committee of the Bal- Council of India is that the State Bar Council is all the time interested in the task of preserving the profession against impurities in the standards of conduct. The Bar Council is the collective representative of the lawyers, the public, in regard lo the observance of professional ethics by persons belonging to the noble profession.
The words `person aggrieved" are found in several statutes. The meaning of the words "person aggrieved" will have to be ascertained with reference to the purpose and the provisions of the statute. Some times, it is said that the words "person aggrieved" correspond to the requirement of locus standi which arises in relation to judicial remedies.
Where a right of appeal to Courts against an administrative or judicial decision is created by statute, the right is invariably confined to a person aggrieved or a person who claims to be aggrieved. The meaning of the words "a person aggrieved" may vary according to the con text of the statute. One of the meanings is that a person will be held to be aggrieved by a decision if that decision is materially adverse to him. Normally, one is required to establish that one has been 'denied or deprieved of something to which one is legally entitled in order to make one "a person aggrieved". Again a person is aggrieved if a legal burden is imposed on him. The meaning of the words a "person aggrieved" is sometimes given a restricted meaning in certain statutes which provide remedies for the protection of private legal rights. The restricted meaning requires denial or deprivation of legal rights. A more liberal approach is required in the background of statutes which do not deal with property rights but deal with professional conduct and morality. The role of the Bar Council under the Advocates Act is comparable to the role of a guardian in professional ethics. The words "persons aggrieved" in sections 37 and 38 of the Act are of wide import add should not be subjected to a restricted interpretation of possession or denial of legal rights or burdens or financial interests. The test is whether the words "person aggrieved" include "a person who has a genuine grievance because an order has been made which prejudicially affects his interests". It has therefore, to be found out whether the Bar Council has a grievance in respect of an order or decision affecting the professional conduct and etiquette.
The pre-eminent question is: what are the interests of the Bal. Council? The interests of the Bar Council are the maintenance of standards of professional conduct and etiquette. The Bar Council has 316 no personal or pecuniary interest. the Bar Council has the statutory A duty and interest to see that the rules laid down by the Bar Council of India in relation to professional conduct and etiquette are upheld and not violated. The Bar Council acts as the sentinel of professional code of conduct and is vitally interested in the rights and privileges of the advocates as well as the purity and dignity of the profession.
The interest of the Bar Council is to uphold standards of professional conduct and etiquette in the profession, which is founded upon integrity and mutual trust. The Bar Council acts as the custodian of the high traditions of the noble profession. The grievance of the Bar Council is to be looked at purely from the point of view of standards of professional conduct and etiquette. If any decision of the disciplinary committee of the Bar Council of India is according to the State Bar Council such as will lower the standards and imperil the high traditions and values in the profession, the State Bar Council is an aggrieved person to safeguard the interests of the public, the interests of the profession and the interests of the Bar The Bar Council is "a person aggrieved" for these reasons First, the words "person aggrieved" in the Act are of wide import in the context of the purpose and provisions of the statute. In disciplinary proceedings before the disciplinary committee there is no lis and there are no parties. therefore, the word "person" will embrace the Bar Council which represents the Bar of the State. Second, the Bar Council is "a person aggrieved" because it represents the collective conscience of the standards of professional conduct and etiquette. The Bar Council acts as the protector of the purity and dignity of the profession. Third, the function of the Bar Council in entertaining complaints against advocates is whn the Bar Council has reasonable belief that there is a prima facie case of misconduct that a disciplinary committee is entrusted with such inquiry. Once an inquiry starts, the Bar Council has no control over its decision. The Bar Council may entrust it to another disciplinary committee or the Bar Council may make a report to the Bar Council of India. This indicates that the Bar Council is all the time interested in the proceedings for the vindication of discipline, dignity and decorum of the profession. Fourth, a decision of a disciplinary committee can only be corrected by appeals as provided under the Act. When the Bar Council initiates proceedings by referring cases of misconduct to disciplinary committee, the Bar Council in the performance of its functions under the Act is interested in the task of seeing that the advocates maintain the proper standards an(l etiquette of the profession. Fifth, the Bar Council is vitally concerned with the decision in the context of the functions of the Bar Council. The Bar Council will have a grievance if the decision prejudices the maintenance of standards of professional conduct and ethics.
For these reasons we hold that the Bar Council is an aggrieved person to maintain an appeal under the Act.
The appeals will now be heard on merits by a Division Bench.
317BEG, J.-I not only concur with the conclusion reached by My Lord the Chief Justice and the reasons given to support it. but I think that we can and should hold that there was actually a "lis" between tho Bar Council and the allegedly delinquent Advocates who were hauled up before its Disciplinary Committee, on complaints sent by the Executive Committee of the State Bar Council, for what were said to be acts of professional misconduct, The learned Chief Justice has very clearly and succinctly set out the reasons why a State Bar Council is a "person aggrieved" entitled to appeal against orders in disciplinary proceedings against members of the Bar of the State. It represents the Bar of the State. It is the "keeper of the conscience" and the guardian of the interests of members of the Bar. It acts "as the protector of the purity and dignity of the (` profession." Its function in relation to disciplinary proceedings, is to entertain complaints against Advocates, and, when there is a prima facie case of misconduct, to initiate proceedings by sending the complaint to its Disciplinary Committee. It has an interest in seeing that correct decisions are given upon matters involving allegations of misconduct against members of the Bar of the State. My learned brother Krishna Iyer has indicated the wide range and the social significance and dimensions of this interest.
A State Bar Council is composed primarily of members elected from amongst Advocates of a State. Its statutory functions are given in Section 6 of the Advocates Act, 1961 (hereinafter referred to as 'the Act'). Amongst these, we are especially concerned here with clauses (c) and (d) of Section 6(t) of the Act, which read as follows:
(c) to entertain and determine cases of misconduct against advocates on its roll;
(d) to safeguard the rights, privileges and interests; of advocate on its roll;"
Under Section 9 of the Act, the State Bar Council constitutes its Disciplinary Committee consisting of "three persons of whom two shall be persons elected by the. Council from amongst its members and the other shall be a person elected by the Council from amongst Advocates who possess the qualifications specified....". Under Section 10 it elects an Executive Committee of five members and an Enrolment Committee of three members. Thus, the State Bar Council operates through its Committees. Each Committee has distinct and separable functions. Each could, therefore, be said to have a "persona" and an identity of its own which is distinguishable from that of the Bar Council as a whole. Each Committee, no doubt, acts for the Bar Council, but its members are likely to be different although this is not necessarily so. In any case, when the State Bar Council has sent a case to its Disciplinary Committee, under Section 35 of the Act, that Committee proceeds as an independent and impartial authority which tries a complaint and either dismisses lt or directs proceedings to be filed, or, upon finding an advocate guilty, punishes him by either reprimanding him, suspending him from practice for a specified period, or orders removal of his name 7-L 839 Sup CI/75 318 from its roll of advocates. Indeed, Section 42(1) of the Act gives the Disciplinary Committee the powers of a Civil Court under the Civil Procedure Code; and, Section 42(2) enacts that its proceedings shall be "deemed" to be judicial proceedings for the purposes mentioned there.
At the trial of a complaint, opportunities to be heard must be given to the Advocate General and to the Advocate who is tried by it. This has to be done because there are disputes and conflicting interests and points of view on which the Disciplinary Committee has to give its decisions. Tho Advocate General can appear either personally or through an Advocate representing him. He presumably represents public interest as well as the interests of the legal profession of which he is the formal head in the State. It is true that there is no provision in Section 35 of the Act for impleading the State Bar Council which, on its executive side, initiates the proceedings by sending the case to its Disciplinary Committee. But, if the Bar Council has a separable interest, as a guardian of the rights and privileges of the members of the Bar specifically mentioned by Section 6(1)(d) of the Act, there is no reason why I right to represent this interest before its on Disciplinary Committee well as before the Bar Council of India, on an appeal under Section 37 of the Act, or, on the further appeal to this Court under Section 38 of the Act, should be denied to it. Neither Section 37 nor Section 38 of the Act mention the State Bar Council as a separate entity. Nevertheless if, as we are holding, it can have the locus standi and rights of "person aggrieved", affected by the results of such proceedings, I see no reason why we should not say that in tho position of a party to a "lis" or a dispute between itself and the allegedly delinquent Advocate towards the decision of which the proceedings are directed.
The term "lis" is not confined to litigation by means of a suit in a Court of law. In Butler v. Mountgarret it was held that a "suit is not necessary to constitute lis". It was pointed out there that "a family ..controversy capable of being litigated is a lis mota'. In B. Johnson & Co. (Builders) v. Minister of Health(2), Lord Greene, M.R. said: `"Lis implies the conception of an issue joined between two parties, The decision of a lis.. is the decision of that issue".
If the State Bar Council, acting through its through it Executive Committee, has found a prima facie case to be send and tried by its Disciplinary Committee, it performs the functions of a prosecuting agency. lt does so i the discharge of its duty to safeguard '`the rights, privileges and interests' of advocates as a whole on its roll which are affected by the misconduct of an advocate. There arc, therefore, triable issues between it and the; (, individual Advocate accused of misconduct. lt seems to mc that we could and should, therefore, hold that the State Bar Council, in its executive capacity, act as the prosecutor through its Executive Committee There is no incongruity in its Disciplinary Committee, representing is judicial want"
functioning as an impartial Judge whose decisions ar.. binding upon the State Bar Council. If are were holding that Bar Council, dissatisfied with a decision of its Disciplinary Committee, can appeal against it, we her to, I think, as its logical corollary, also hold that it is (1) 7 H. L. Ca. 641. (2) [1947] 2 All.E. R. 39; At 399.319
a party to a "lis". Our` opinion that it is a 'person aggrieved", within the meaning of that expression as used in Sections 37 and 38 of the Act, necessarily implies that.
The point of view stated above rests upon the distinction between the two different capacities of the State Bar Council; an executive capacity, in which it acts as the prosecutor through its Executive Committee, and a quasi-judicial function, which it performs through s Disciplinary Committee. If we can make this distinction, as I think we can, there is no merger between the prosecutor and the Judge here. If one may illustrate from another sphere, when the State itself gets through it executive agencies to prosecute and then though its judicial wing to decide a case there is no breach of a rule of natural justice. The prosecutor and the Judge could not be said to have the some personality or approach just because both of them represents different aspects or functions of the same State.
For the reasons given above, I do not see any objection to a participation of State Bar Council in its executive capacity, in a disciplinary proceeding against an Advocate on its roll, either at the initial or the appellate stages. Before it can become a person aggrieved" by an order against which it could appeal, there must have been a "lis" or a dispute to be decided which gives rise to the order complained of. To such a "lis" the State Bar Council, in its executive capacity must be deemed to be a party. Apparently, its interests are presumed to be sufficiently represented by the Advocate General. Hence, it was not considered necessary to provide for its separate representation by a notice to be given by its Disciplinary Committee; is provided for in the case of the Advocate General But, their seems to me to be no legal obstacle in the way of its separate representation, if. it so desires, even before its own Disciplinary Committee. It certainly has notice of every complaint whenever it send it to its Disciplinary Committee. Its right to appeal in any event, as a "person aggrieved", seems squarely covered by the provisions of Sections 37 and 38 of the Act. It may be mentioned here that the respondents themselves treated the Bar Council as a party interested in a "list", so that it could become a "person" aggrieved" by the setting aside of the orders against respondents, when they impleaded the State Bar Council as a respondent in their appeals to the Bar Council India. Its statutory right to appeal to this Court under Section 38 is not affected by the mere fact that it did not put in appearance before the Bar Council of India.
KRISHNA IYER, J.- My concurrence the opinion which has been handed down by the learned Chief Justice is ordinarily dissuasive of a separated long note, save when a fresh perspective is to be presented or new frontiers are to be drawn by doing so. Partially, my supplementary has this apology.
The tow-day long arguments in this case have been devoted to a construction of two simple words in common use forming the 320 expression 'person aggrieved'. Precedential erudition and traditional approaches not withstanding, the key to tho meaning of the expression in question lies in plain English plus the social fell of the Status and the public commitment of the legal profession, the regulation on which has been achieved by the Advocates Act, 1961 (for short, the Act) wherein the above words occur. Legal scholarship, to be fruitful, must focus on the life-style of the law without getting lost in mere logomachy.
The short question is as to whether the State Bar Council is a person aggrieved' within the meaning of s. 38 so that it has locus standi to appeal to this Court against a decision of the Disciplinary Tribunal of the Bar Council of India which, it claims, is embarrassingly erroneous and, if left unchallenged, may frustrate the high obligation of maintaining standards of probity and purity and canons of correct professional conduct among the members of the Bar on its rolls.
I skip the facts as they have been 5 out in the judgment of the armed Chief Justice, except to state. that a number of advocates, who are ranged as respondents, had been found guilty by the Disciplinary Tribunal of the State Bar Council of unseemly soliciting but,. On appeal. the disciplinary body of the National Bar Council, exonerated them on certain view of 'professional conduct' which disturbed the State Bar Council and even the All-India Bar Council, with the result that the former came upto this Court in appeal and. the latter activity supported this stand.
The hackneyed phrase, 'person aggrieved is not merely of frequent occurrence m statutes and in the writ jurisdiction but has come up for judicial consideration in Anglo American and India courts in a variety of situations and legislative settings. Notwithstanding the slippery semantics of such legalese, the Indian legislative draftsmen have continued to use them, out of linguistic allegiance to the British art, and Indian Judges have frequently sought interpretative light from English authorities of ancient vintage. These 'borrowed' drafting and interpretative exercises arc sometimes inept when time and country change and the context and text of the statute vary. I stress this aspect since much of the time of the Courts in India is consumed by massive, and sometimes mechanical, reliance on exotic constructions and default in evolving legislative simplicity and avoiding interpretative complexity. At a time when our Courts are on trial for delayed disposals and mystifying processes, this desideratum becomes all the more urgent. Otherwise, why should decoding a single expression- 'person aggrieved' take two days of learned length ?
Even. in England, so well-known a Parliamentary draftsman as Francis Bennion has recently pleaded in the Manchester Guardian against incomprensible law forgetting 'that it is fundamentally important in a free society that the law should be readily ascertainable and reasonably clear, and that otherwise it is oppressive and deprives 321 the citizen of one of his basic rights'. It is also needlessly expensive and wasteful. Reed Dickerson, the famous American Draftsman. said: 'lt cost the Government and the public many millions of dollars annually'. The Renton Committee, in England, has reported on drafting reform but it is unfortunate that India is unaware of this problem and in a post-Independence statute like the Advocates Act legislators should still get entangled in these drafting mystiques and judges forced lo play a linguistic game when the country has an illiterate laity as consumers of law and the rule of law is basic to our constitutional order.
Back to the issue. Is the State Bar Council a 'person aggrieved'? No narrow. pedantic, technical or centenarian construction can be blindly applied. On the other hand, a spacious construction, functionally informed by the social conscience and the salutary purpose of the enactment must illumine the judicial effort. So viewed, the ample. import and breath of meaning of the words 'person aggrieved' will . embrace the State Bar Council,for reasons which 1 shall presently set out.
Each statute has a personality and a message. Judicial interpretation is not bloodless and sterile exercise in spinning subtle webs sometimes cobwebs, out of words and phrases otherwise simples. but to unfold the scheme of the Legislation insightfully, sense its social setting and read the plain intendment. This living approach can do justice to law, We arc here concerned with a legislative outfit for a national Bar, organising and prescribing its statutory autonomy, elective structure, public functions, internal regulation and ultimate appeal to the Supreme Court where canons of good conduct have been allegedly breached by delinquent lawyers. This conspectus will show what a vibrant and responsible role the Bar Council has to play at the State and national levels and any interpretation which will detract from this supervisory status of the Bar Council will be incongruous with the founding creed of the institution. The paramount concern of the Bar Councils is the lawyer, the public and professional responsibility. Anything that hurts the health of this system is a social trauma, a legal grievance, a special injury, for them. After all, 'lawyer- power' lasts not through peak incomes of a few and security of statutory monopoly, but by the high comport and ethics of the many, screening and weeding deviants and delinquents.
Let us get a glimpse of the great expectations about The legal profession in society. Long ago, De Toqueville trenchantly remarked that the profession of law.
"is the only aristrocratic element which can be amalgamated without violence with natural elements of democracy.... I cannot believe that a Republic could subsist if the influence of lawyers in public business did not increase in proportion to the power of the people.
" He rightly stressed that 'lawyers belong to the people by birth an. interest, to the aristocracy by habit and taste'. Thus the profession is 322 the connecting link between the community and the Administration given an enlightened, goal-oriented group outgrowing its elitist mores indeed today lawyers are recruited also from the lower brackets. India has huge number of law men who can be a force. What Prof. Brabanti observed about the Pakistan Bar has some, only some though, relevance to India, and I quote:
"The sheer size of the legal community, strongly organised into bar associations and closely allied with equally strong courts has not only been a major source for the diffusion and regeneration of norms generally, but by weight of numbers has enabled the courts to remain strong and has prevented the rise of administrative lawlessness. There is s curious anomaly here. The legal community, while often antagonistic to government and constraining executive action, is nevertheless closely identified normatively and culturally with the bureaucratic elite. This identification curiously coupled with health antagonism actually enhances the strength of the legal community. It derives popular support from its ostensible opposition to Government and at the same time elicits bureaucratic support in the community at large. It has a net work of relationships in rural areas and the cities.. In short, the legal community is a force to be, reckoned with. It has challenged the executive during and after martial law, it has defined efforts to restrict court jurisdiction, it has compelled justiciability of fundamental rights, it has forced abrogation of several restrictive enactments. Is this law as an impendiment to political development ? Is this misallocation of scarce resources in the system? Is this unproductive use of non productive man-power ? On the contrary, it seems to us that this is the Very genius of political development."
Michael Hager, after quoting Prof. Brabanti, comments (in his article in the American Bar Association Journal, January 1972, Vol. 58, on .The Role of Lawyers in Developing Countries') "The legal profession has a unique opportunity to effect change from within the political elite, to exert pressure from without and to win over the general public to development policies. And as Mihaly and Nelson observed with respect to legal education, 'law graduates usually fan out not only into legal practice but also into responsible positions in business, government and politics'."
The Bar is not a private guild, like that of 'barbers butchers and candlestick-makers' but, by bold contrast, a public institution committed to public justice and pro bono publico service. The grant of monoply licence to practice law is based on three assumptions There is a socially useful function for The lawyer to perform. (2) The lawyer is a professional person who will perform that function, and (3) His performance as a professional person is regulated by himself and more normally, by the profession as a whole. The central function 323 That the legal profession must perform is nothing less than the administration of justice ('The Practice of Law is, a Public Utility' `The Lawyer, The Public and Professional Responsibility' by F. Raymond Marks et al-Chicago American Bar Foundation, 1972, p.288-289). A glance at The functions of the Bar Council, and it will be apparent that a rainbow of public utility duties, including legal aid to the pour, is cast on these bodies in the national hope that the members of this monopoly will serve society and keep to canons of ethics befitting an honourable order. If pathological cases of member misbehaviour occur, the reputation and credibility of the Bar suffer a mayhem and who, out the Bar Council, is more concerned with and sensitive to this potential disrepute The few black sheep bring about? The official heads of the Bar i.e., the Attorney General and the Advocates-General too are distressed if a lawyer 'stoops to conquer' by resort to soliciting, touting and other corrupt practices.
I may now refer to A. P. Gandhi v. H. M. Seervai (1) where diver gent opinions were delivered but all concurred in treating the Bar Council as an 'aggrieved person'. The earlier decision in Bhataraju (2) strikes a note in consonance with this view. No hesitancy inhibits me from hazarding the opinion that the social canvas must be spread wide when making out the profile of a statute like the Advocates Act for the good reason that the Bar has a share in being the sentinel on the qui vive when the legal dykes of Right and justice are breached by authoritarianism or citizen-wrong- doing. Nor do I conceal my halfhorror at any professional tribunal glossing over 'snatching briefs' and 'dragging clients'-provided they are proved-as less than gross misconduct. If the salt lose their savour, wherewith shall they be salted ? However, I hasten to make it plain, to avoid prejudice to the parties. that I totally desist from pronouncing on the merits of tho evidence in this case.
One more point. A case of professional misconduct is not a lis in the British sense nor a case and controversy in the American meaning. It is a public investigation about misconduct by one belonging to public profession where every member of the Bar with a reputation to lose has a stake and every one concerned with the justice administration is interested. Traditionally used to the adversary system, we search for individual persons aggrieved. But a new class of litigation public interest litigation-where a section or whole of the community is involved (such as consumers' organisations or NAACP-National Association for Advancement of Coloured People-in America), emerges. In a developing country like ours, this pattern of public-oriented litigation better fulfils the rule of law if it is to run close to the rule of life. The Bar Council clearly comes within this category of organisations When a lawyer is involved.
I derive support for this philosophy of approach from academic and judicial opinion in England and America. A question arose whether a railroad company-BAR (Bangor and Aroostook Railroad)-could bring an action against the stockholders for having drained BAR (1) [197] I S C. R. 863. (2) [1955] 1 S. C. R. 1055,1064.
324improperly. Although an academic critic took the view that the District Court was incorrect in its view that BAR was the 'sole beneficiary', he went on to state that the public's interest in the financial health of BAR provided a separate interest in bringing the action. The learned author wrote:
"It would seem to be incontestable that the public has a very n real interest in rail roads. Railroads have been found vital to a healthy national economy; any such factor must. a priori, be deemed a potent component of the public welfare. As such, it is evident that a financially healthy railroad is of concern not only to its stockholders, but to the public as well Finding that the management of a railroad has obligations running to the public as well as fiduciary duties owing to the corporation's stockholders, the Court concluded that, of these two responsibilities, tho public interest is paramount. "It must be remembered," the Court cautioned, "that railways are public corporations organized for public purposes....They all primarily owe duties to the public of a higher nature even than that of earning large dividends for their shareholders."
(Review by James 1;. Simon of Bangor & Aroostook R. R v. Bangor Punta operations, Inc (Bangor & Aroostook), 482 F.2d 865 (Ist Cir. 1973), cert. granted, 94 S.Ct. 863 (1974) Columbia Law Review Vol. 74 No. 3, April 197 p. 528 at pp. 531-532).
Similarly, the American Supreme Court relaxed from the restrictive attitude towards 'standing' in public action in Baker v. Carr (369 U.S. 186 (1962), vide Maryland Law Review, Vol. XXXIII 1973 p.506:
"In Baker, voters challenged the failure of the Tennessee legislature to reapportion itself since 1901; the plaintiffs lived l. in countries which had become under-represented under the old law. The Supreme Court held that these voters had the requisite standing to challenge the inaction of the legislature The Court expanded the notion cf direct injury to include mere 'debasement' of a vote, rather than the total deprivation which had previously been required."
American jurisprudence has recognised, for instance, the expanding importance of consumer protection in the economic system and permitted consumer organisations to initiate or intervene in actions, although by the narrow rule of 'locus standi', such a course could not have been justified (see p. 807-New York University Law Review. Vol.
46. 1971). In fact, citizen organisations have recently been Campaigning for using legal actions for protection of community interest, broadening the scope of 'standing' in legal proceedings (see p.403-Boston University Law Review, Vol. 51, 1971).
325In the well-known case of Attorney,General of the Gambia v. Pierr sarr N.'Jie(l), Lord Denning observed about the Attorney-General's standing thus:
"...The words 'person aggrieved' are of wide import and should not be subjected to a restrictive interpretation. They do not include, of course, a mere busy body who is interfering. in things which do not concern him; but they do include a person who has a genuine grievance because an order has been made which prejudicially affects his interests. Has the Attorney- General a sufficient interest for this purpose ? Their Lordships think that he has. The Attorney General in a colony represents the Crown as the guardian of the public interest. It is his duty to bring before the judge any mis conduct of a barrister or solicitor which is of sufficient gravity to warrant disciplinary action."
Ray, J (as he then was) crystallised this ratio in A.P. Gandhi (supra) thus:
"The Judicial Committee construed the words 'person aggrieved' to include the Attorney General of Gambia as representing the public interest."
(p.927) "The profession touches the public on the one hand and the courts on the other. On no other basis could the presence of J., the Advocate General be explained."
(p.928) Although not strictly confined to 'standing' with reference to suits jurists have thrown some light on this subject. Professor S.A de Smith has observed:
"All developed legal systems have had to face the problem of adjusting conflicts between two aspects of the public interest-the desirability of encouraging individual citizens to participate actively in the enforcement of the law, and the undesirability of encouraging the professional litigant and the meddlesome interloper to invoke the jurisdiction of the courts in matters that do not concern him."
(Quoted ill 'Standing Justifiability' by V. S. Deshpande- Journal of the Indian Law Institute-April- June 1971- Vol. 13, No. 2, p. 174) Professor H.W.R. Wade has observed:
"In other words, certiorari is not confined by a narrow conception of locus standi. It contains an element of the actio (1) [1961] A, C. 617.326
popularis.This is because it looks beyond the personal rights A of tho applicant; it is designed to keep the machinery of justice in proper working order by presenting inferior tribunals and public authorities from abusing their powers."
(Standing and Justiciability bid, p. 175) The possible apprehension that widening legal standing With a public connotation may unloose a flood of litigation which may overwhelm the judges is misplaced because public resort to court to suppress public mischief is a tribute to the justice system. In this very case, to grant an exclusionary windfall on the respondents is to cripple the Bar Council in its search for justice and insistence on standards.
I have been long on a short point, but brevity, where there is some thing to speak, is not the soul of wit but a sign of something different.
P.B.R. 327