Section 31(1) in The Central Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989

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Union of India - Subsection

Section 31(1) in The Central Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989

(1)The syllabus for imparting instructions in driving of motor vehicles of the schools or establishments shall be as follows (see tables below):A. Driving Theory-I

1.	Know your vehicle	Simple introduction to automobile engines and their working.
2.	Vehicle control
	Foot controls	Foot brake, accelerator, clutch-dipper (not in present models)
	Hand controls	Steering wheel, hand brake, horn, light, wipers, ignition switch, starter, dipper and indicators
	Other controls	Rear-view mirror (right and left side), instrument cluster, gauges, dials, windscreen-their purpose
3.	Pre-driving checks	(i)Before sitting on driver's seat and(ii)After sitting on driver's seat.
4.	Beginning to drive	Precautions just before moving,While moving Bitting point,Moving, Steering control, Changing of gear, Stopping, Braking, Accelerator(gradual, sudden)Traffic sense, road sense, judgment, parking and positioning according to road users, Reversing.
5.	Driving on the road	Anticipation, judgment and road positioning according to other road users.
6.	Driving at inter-sections	Mirror Signal and Manoeuvre (MSM) and Position Speed and Look (PSL)
7.	Manoeuvres	Merging and diverging manoeuvres-turning manoeuvres to left, right, about, 3-point turn, 5-point turn and U-turn, overtaking stationary vehicle, moving vehicle in left side and right side
8.	Reversing	Locating reverse gear in sitting position, speed control, steering in reverse gear, weaving the 'S' bend and common errors.
9.	Parking	Parallel, angular, perpendicular, parking facing uphill, parking facing downhill, common errors.
10.	Driver's responsibility on the road	Driving behaviour, consideration for other road-users, courtesy and competitiveness, over-confidence, impatience and defensive driving.Distance between cars while driving at Railway crossing.
11.	Priority for certain vehicles	Emergency vehicles Fire engines, and Ambulance

B. Traffic Education-I

1.	Driving regulations	Road use regulations made under section 118 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988
2.	Hand signals
3.	Traffic signals	Schedule to the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988
4.	Hand signals of Traffic constables/Traffic warden
5.	Introduction to automatic light signals
6.	Introduction to road markings
7.	Speed regulations on highways and city roads
8.	Parking at objectionable places
9.	Some important provisions of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988- Sections 122, 123, 125, 126 and 128 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988.
10.	Test of competence to drive	Sub-rule (3) of rule 15 of the Central Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989

C. Light Vehicles Driving Practice

1.	Identification of various parts of the vehicles
2.	Pre-driving checks	(i)Before sitting on driver's seat, and(ii)After sitting on driver's seat.
3.	Steering practice	Push and pull method
4.	Bitting point
5.	Moving and gear changing
6.	Stopping	Normal stopping
		Emergency stopping
7.	Developing judgment and anticipation to drive on road
8.	Reversing	In straight
		In 'S' bends.
9.	Turning about and parking
10.	Licensing

D. Vehicle Mechanism And Repairs

1.	Layout of vehicle
2.	Function of diesel and petrol engines
3.	Fuel system	Fuel lines
		Fuel injection pump
		Automiser
		Air lock
		Oil block
4.	Cooling system	Purpose
		Radiator
		Water pump
		Fan leaf/fan belt
		Radiator water boiling
		Rectification
5.	Lubrication system	Purpose
		Engine lubrication
		Chassis lubrication
		Oil grade number unit wise.
6.	Transmission system	(a)Clutch:	Function
			Slip
			Rising
			Linkages
		(b)Gear box:	Function
			Purpose
			Parts
		(c)Propeller shaft:	Function/purpose
			Yoke joint
			C.J.bearing slip
			"U" joint
			Lubrication
		(d)Differential:	Purpose
			Function/Noise.
7.	Suspension system	Purpose
		Springs
		Shackle, shackle pin bushes
		Shock absorber and its bushes.
8.	Steering system	Purpose
		Steering geometry
		Steering linkages
		Steering box
9.	Brake system	Purpose
		Hydraulic brake and its know-how
		Air assisted hydraulic brake and its know-how
		Air brake and its know-how
		Brake adjustment of the entire system
10.	Electrical system	Battery and its condition
		Dynamo/Alternator
		Self-motor-Starter motor regulators
		Lights-Knowledge to read the charging rate in the Ampere meter.
11.	Tyres	Study of tyres
		Maintenance
		Effect of defective tyres and wheel alignment.
12.	Instruments cluster, dash board meters and their purposes and functions.

E. Medium And Heavy Vehicle Driving:Driving Theory-II

1.	Qualities of a good driver	Patience, responsibility, self-confidence, anticipation, concentration, courtesy, defensive driving, knowledge of road rules/regulations, knowledge of vehicle controls, maintenance and simple mechanism.
2.	Knowledge of vehicle controls	Major controls
		Minor controls
3.	Response to controls	Accelerator
		Brake-Gradual/Sudden/Sudden fierce
		Clutch
		Steering
4.	Pre-driving checks	(i)Before sitting on driver's seat, and(ii)After sitting on driver's seat.
5.	Holding steering wheel	Push and pull method practice
		On the move
		While gear changing
		While turning
		While sounding horn
		While operating dash board switches
		While signaling
		On emergency
6.	Gear changing	Double de-clutching, importance and procedure single clutching.
		Gear up procedure, shifting to lower gears
		Gear down procedure, shifting to higher gears.
7.	Beginning to drive	I gear
		II gear
		III gear
		IV gear
		V gear
		Reverse gear
		Over drive/optional.
8.	M.S.M and P.S.L Routines
9.	Manoeuvres	Passing
		Merging
		Diverging
		Overtaking
		Crossing
		Turning
		Cornering
		Reversing
		Parking
10.	Stopping	Normal stopping
		Emergency stopping
		Use of engine brake/exhaust brake.
11.	Stopping distance	Reaction distance
		Braking distance
12.	Following distance	Meaning
		Distance method
		Car length method
		2 seconds time rule method
13.	Identification, prediction, decision and execution (IPDE) principle
14.	Defensive driving techniques	Judgment
		Anticipation
		Escape route
15.	Night driving	Location of head light switch
		Procedure
		Obligation to light the lamps, restriction on lighting the lamps.
16.	Hill driving	Starting in hill using the parking brake method
		Slipping the clutch method
		Driving uphill
		Driving downhill.
17.	Emergency manoeuvres	Prevention is better than cure in case of skidding, horn struck
		Fire, wheels coming out
		Brake failure
		Broken stub axle
		Burst of front tyre
		Sterring wobbling
		Snapping of steering linkages
		Jamming of accelerator pedal
		Snapping of clutch rod
		Under special circumstances like chances of collision with a disabled vehicle
		Brake failure during downhill
		Sudden obstruction in front of the vehicle
18.	Driving under special conditions	In wet weather
		In dawn, dusk and misty roads
		In dense traffic.
19.	Towing (trailer driving)	Procedure
		On tow board
		Speed of towing
		Reversing and positioning the vehicle with trailers.
20.	Fuel saving methods
21.	Reports-Discussions.

F. Traffic Education-II

1.	Know your road	Functional classification
		Design speeds
		Road geometrics
		Surface types and characteristics
		Slopes and elevation
2.	Slight distance	At bends
		At intersections.
3.	Road junctions	Principles and types
		T junctions
		Y junctions
		4-Arm junctions
		Staggered junctions
		Controlled junctions
		Uncontrolled junctions
4.	Traffic islands	Types of roundabouts
		Channelisers, median
5.	Bye-pass, subway, over-bridge and fly-overs	Driving procedures.
6.	Bus stop, bus terminus, bus stand	Ingress
		Egress
		Method
7.	Road markings	White line: continuous and broken
		Yellow line
		Land marking
		Zebra crossing
		Stop line
		Parking markings
		Sense of road signals.
8.	Lane selection and lane discipline
9.	Automatic light signals
10.	Road users characteristics	Pedestrian, drunkards, children and blind, deaf and dumb
		Youth, aged women with children
		Slow-moving vehicles
		Mopeds and motor cycles
		Autos, tempos, vans
		Buses and trucks
		VIP, ambulance, fire engine
		Animals.
11.	Accidents	Types of accidents
		Causes of accidents
		Preventive methods
		Driver's duties and responsibilities on the occurrence of accident.
12.	Important provisions in Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (59 of 1988), Central Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989, and the State Motor Vehicles Rules	Certain definitionsDriving license and its renewalCarrying driving license, certificates of registration, fitness and insurance, permit taxation card or tax token and production of such document on demand by checking officers.
		Traffic offences and penalities stipulated under the Act and Rules
		Relevant Extracts of Petroleum Act, 1934
		City Police Act
		Indian Penal Code, 1860

.G. Public Relations For DriversSome basic aspects about ethical and courteous behaviour with other road usersH. Heavy Vehicle Driving Practice

1.	Introduction of various instruments	Dial gauges and controls.
2.	Pre-driving checks	(i)Before sitting on driver's seat, and(ii)After sitting on driver's seat.
3.	Beginning to drive	Bitting point, moving, changing gear including double de-clutch steering, stopping, hand signals.
4.	Rural road driving	Application of IBDE-principle
5.	Development of judgment	Passing, overtaking, merging, diverging, M.S.M and P.S.L. routine method of practice, defensive driving technique, proper following.
6.	Development of anticipation	Turning, meeting, entering and emerging in junctions, lane selection and lane discipline, intersection, observation.
7.	Developing skill to drive in crowded streets
8.	Night driving
9.	Cross country practice and hill driving
10.	Internal-trade test.
11.	Reversing and parking practice
12.	Licensing

I. Fire HazardsFire-fighting and prevention methods on vehicleJ. Vehicle Maintenance

1.	Factors affecting the vehicle parts due to bad and negligent driving
2.	General day-to-day maintenance and periodical maintenance.
3.	Battery maintenance
4.	Tyre maintenance and tube vulcanizing
5.	Engine tune up
6.	Checking wheel alignment
7.	Brake adjustment
8.	Accelerator, brake, clutch-pedal adjustment
9.	Fan belt adjustments.
10.	Observation of dash-board meters.
11.	Lubrication.
12.	Removal of air lock and oil block.

K. First-Aid

1.	Introduction to first-aid
2.	Outline of first-aid
3.	Structure and functions of the body.
4.	Dressings and bandages
5.	The circulation of the blood.
6.	Wounds and haemorrhage
7.	Haemorrhage from special regions.
8.	Shock.
9.	Respiration
10.	Injuries to bones
11.	Burning scales
12.	Unconsciousness (insensibility)
13.	Poisons

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Union of India - Subsection

Section 31(1) in The Central Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989