Section 12 in The Indian Forest Service (Probationers' Final Examination) Regulations, 1968
12. Engineering II
Roads - Introduction - necessity of roads, classification, cross-section, systems of metalling, road gradients; alignment-reconnaissance, obligatory points, alignment of a plain road, alignment of a hill road, preliminary survey, paper location, demarcation; design - road and land width, the shoulders, camber, section on hill sides, gradients, earth work, drainage of plain and hill roads, road curves; superelevation, widening and sighting distance, retaining walls and breast walls-necessity, materials used, forces acting, conditions of stability and thumb rules for design of brick-work, masonry and timber - crib retaining walls; estimating - principles, earthwork by trapezoidal and prismoidal rules, the slope template,the abstract of cost; setting out - use of the field level and boning set for setting out gradients, instrument - levelling instrument, dumpy level, adjustments, difference of levels - back sight, intermediate sight, fore - sight, height of instrument and change part - axes of telescope and line of collineation, negative readings, reduction of levels, rise and fall system and the collineation or HI system, their relative merits, arithmetical checks, the level book, classification of levelling - simple, compound or differential, profile, cross-sectioning, reciprocal levelling; setting out buttings and embankments, setting out of simple circular curves by the method of ordinates from the long chord, vertical curves; construction, organisation of labour, tools, clearing, economical digging, load and lift, construction of earth stabilized and water-bound macadam roads, cordurcy roads, use of camber template; maintenance - general wear of roads, surface maintenance, improvement of existing roads, renewal of surface, road water-tables and pole drains, road signs., notice boards and guard stones.Bridges - Introduction - Types of forest bridges, the ford, Irish bridge, causeway, road syphon, culverts, timber bridges, cantilever bridges, suspension bridges; selection of site and waterway - selection of site - factors affecting afflux and free board, provision of waterway - factors affecting waterway for culverts and small bridges, scour and its prevention; masonry arched culverts - names of parts, economical spans, thumb rules for design, principles of construction - centering; simple wooden bridges - a typical small wooden bridge, the abutment and piers, the timber bank seat, timber post, pile and masonry abutments and piers - single and double trestle piers-timber crib piers, construction of the super - structures, the through and deck span timber girder bridges, common suspension bridges - parts, stability, principles of construction - towers and anchorages, the roadway.Water supply - Introduction - Sources of supply, springs, streams and rivers, ponds and lakes, dams and reservoirs and wells, types of wells-shallow wells, deep wells and artisan wells, bore wells and tube wells; sinking of wells - selection of site for shallow and deep wells, staining, sinking of masonry lined wells; yield calculations - springs, streams and rivers, ponds lakes and dams, wells, spacing of well; purification of water - principles, clarification and sterilization, cleaning and protection of wells.Design of timber structure - Simple elastic theory of bending - bending and shear stresses in simply supported beams and cantilevers carrying concentrated and uniformly distributed loads, direct and bending stresses; stress diagrams - stress diagrams for roof trusses with and without wind loads; design - timber beams, short timber columns - ties and struts of a framed structure.Practicals - Road design - cross-section of a road in the plains/hills and retaining walls; preparation of road estimate - earthwork calculations; setting out road curves by ordinates; a masonry arch culvert; a simple timber girder bridge; a cantilever bridge; a suspension bridge; stress diagrams for timber trusses - with and without wind load; design of ties and struts of a timber frame.A masonry arch culvert.A simple timber bridge.A cantilever bridge.A suspension bridge.Stress diagrams for timber trusses with and without wind load.Design of ties and struts of a timber frame.
