Delhi District Court
Ashraf Khan vs Joam Khan on 8 February, 2010
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IN THE COURT OF SHRI AJAY KUMAR KUHAR
ADDL. SESSIONS JUDGE: SOUTH EAST-02
PATIALA HOUSE COURTS
NEW DELHI
IN RE: Criminal Appeal No. 100/09
Ashraf Khan
S/o Sh Yasin
R/o Badkali Chowk, Post Nagina
Distt. Nuh, Haryana
... Appellant
Versus
Joam Khan
S/o Sh Gafoora
R/o Village Chandanhola,
Post Mehrauli, New Delhi
... Respondent
Date of Institution : 18.11.2008
(received by transfer on 02.09.2009)
Date when the arguments
were heard : 23.01.2010
Date of judgment : 08.02.2010
JUDGMENT
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v)=zav) {<u=x+yPKu=x ¾+~=x0 x v)y K}a¿ 4À=¨ ¦ § Qz v {.x zZ 9 ¦d.+y_v@=~ PW 1/E) K%¤f¨ 9+¨ 9 A©ªFz+y5v= FÂ+b¹ y x+,{5v fPv Á0KjX+ *x)y.,x u x (Ex. PW 1/C) y.x = +=z x+A{9©<,+ v Kv)A{Z jv Ãv ,=~ y.x z ,Ä{#u x¸v) x v ,{ ©v ,K~ 7x zÅ{#uKv={b{#u x 7x Ku x ¾+~=x F x u ) +~ y.x z + y¢x 7x+,{5v { + 5)y x) v =u *x+,{< u x y.x = +=z x+A{9©<,+ v Kv)A{ y\!{- y.x 7x),{.x z {#u x]Ku x ¾)~ x %u SKu¥ v Æ.+y)v Ex. PW 1/E =~ %¤fZ-bSv = u qKu=x ¾+~=x¶ jv u ¥xKw x+y<£z) =u + )~ y.x z)Tv ,,)~ ,{hK v z v py.xK{#~ y#=x za F {#uV{#u xT*x)*qz v {.x z¼ Ç ¦ Insufficiency of funds Ex.
u x¼y.x ==+ z x),{ ©<,+ v Kv ,{ y.x 7x+,{.x zJ{#u x¼7x ,) zKu x ¾)~ x PW 1/F Ex. PW 5)y_v@=~ ´K^¤f]¨ 9)¨ A©ª_)O 9 9 ¦)lu ¥xKw x+y<) {) v *z) =u=+ +~ y.x z;+ 1/C !§- 9 ¦+ v } v %5)y) v ,{ *{<u=x]v ,,+~ A{ u hKu x ¾+~=x v sufficient funds v } v p y.x 7x+A{5x zp+V7È4 Ç ¦pv z v %v } v z) =u + )~ y.x zi+d 4 Ç ¦ h {#u {<u=x y.x+ v)y#Á7 w z x *x)* u x insufficient funds Ex. PW 1/D y.x = +=z x+A{9©<,+ v Kv)A{ {#u x) ,=~=x zdv legal notice demanding the payment of u ¶ { S,xÆ v ¶7x),{ the cheque amount on 28.03.2008 (Ex. PW 1/G) {<u y.+~K} u]¤ x } !{5x)y.x z* ÉÂv £ jx 7v Ê£ËcTv) z v ¥z+~ 7x+yRw x zi~ =+%{#u x v) x v ,{< ¿o¶y.x+ Q v qy.x ,x) w x zZ{.T{#u xÆ K{ S,xÆ +y£v),¶ v *x+A{f jv qy.x ,x) w x z4³Ì x+ ,x+ -:3:- Í Î Ï Ð Ï ÑKÒ Ó)ÍXÔ+Ð Õ Ó Ò Ï Ñ,Ö£× Ñ=Ø Ù+Î Ú7Ù Û2Ö ÏSÔ+Ñ0Ü ÝKÞJÔKßXà Ù á ÔKÖ ÏSÒ)â ÓSÙTã[Ñ Ú!Ö#Î#× Ð*Ù+ÑAÖ Ú|ä^Û2ÖcåÒ Ú]ß Ï ÓSÙ Ø4æ ½ ç è Ù]Ò)Õ Õ=Ù)Ó ÓSÒ)Ñ,Ö åÒ ÚjÛ,Ô+ÑAé ÏSÛ2Ö.Ù Øiâ,êhÖ è Ù ç Î Ï Ò ÓAÍXÔ+× ÎRÖ ß.Ô+Î Ö è Ù ÔKßRß.Ù+Ñ=Û,Ùi× Ñ Ø Ù)Î4Ú7Ù Û2Ö ÏSÔ+ÑpÜ=Ý Þ ÔKß°à Ù á Ô Ö#ÏSÒ)â Ó Ù ã[Ñ Ú!Ö#Î#×KÚ=Ð*Ù+Ñ,Ö\Ú®ä^Û2ÖæÆë Ô åjÙ é Ù+Î<ìQß5Ù Ù)Ó Ï ÑKá Ò á á)Î ÏSÙ é Ù Ø â,êíÖ è Ù ÚAÒ ÏSØ î × Ø á)Ð*Ù+Ñ,ÖPÒ)Ñ ØdÖ è ÙOÔ+Î.Ø Ù+Î-Ô+Ñ@Ú7Ù+Ñ,Ö.Ù+Ñ Û,ÙïÖ è Ù;Ò)Õ Õ Ù Ó Ó Ò Ñ,Ö è Ò ÚiÕ Î.ÙKß.Ù+Î#΢٠ØdÖ è Ï Ú]Ò)Õ Õ Ù Ò Ó Ô)Ñ Ö è Ù]á)Î.Ô+× Ñ Ø ÚFÏ ÑAÖ5Ù)Î5ð#Ò Ó ÏSÒ4ñ ð ò ÏSó That the Trial Court has guided itself by assumptions in ignorance of the legal position that presumptions and assumptions cannot take place of proof.
(ii) That the Trial Court has not correctly interpreted and applied the provisions of sections 118, 138 and 139 of Negotiable Instruments Act.
(iii) That the Trial Court has failed to consider that the respondent/complainant was not able to prove that he had given a loan of Rs 26,25,000/- to the appellant. Neither any written documents like receipts was produced by the respondent nor any civil suit was filed to recover the alleged loan. The loan was not to bear any interest which in the present circumstances is not probable and natural and the Trial Court ignored the contradictions which were found in the statement of the witnesses in this regard.
(iv) That the Trial Court has also failed to appreciate the fact that the respondent herein admitted his income between Rs 2-3 thousand per month and, therefore, he was not having sufficient resource to advance loan of Rs 26,25,000/-. The Trial Court ignored the fact that as per the case of the respondent, he had sold the land on 11.06.2007 worth Rs 55.50 lacs. This fact was ignored that out of this amount the respondent herein had spend Rs 36,17,000/- in purchase of land vide sale deed dated -:4:- 25.07.2007, 23.08.2007 and 24.10.2007 copy of which were placed on the file. thus, the major portion of the amount received by sale of land dated 11.06.2007 was consumed in purchasing the land.
(v) That the Trial Court also failed to appreciate the facts and events regarding the sale transaction dated 08.11.2006. The appellant had given a loan of Rs 37 lacs approximately to the respondent herein which was to be repaid in February 2008 and when the respondent had again approached for a loan, the two cheques in question were given but when the respondent had failed to commence the repayment of loan of Rs 37 lacs the appellant herein had asked the respondent not to present these two cheques. The Trial Court had also ignored the fact that a suit for recovery of Rs 37 lacs has been filed by the appellant herein which is pending.
(vi) That the Trial Court had failed to appreciate the fact that the cash loan transaction of such a huge amount of Rs 26,25,000/- should be by way of account payee cheque only under Section 269 SS of the Income Tax Act and, therefore, any transaction in violation of this will be prohibited by law and thus, any liability on this transaction would not constitute a legally recoverable debt or liability.
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In this appeal a very short question arise for consideration
whether the appellant/accused was successful in rebutting the presumption
b 139 of the Negotiable Instruments Act?
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beyond reasonable doubt but only with the yardstick of ò óFú ô ùTõ ü ô Fô û ýZô + e "preponderance of probabilities"
û ü ú û ýZô ô "õ7õ ö ýZýZô"õZõ ö 6ù û ü ú ù1û YõUú!ù ø H @ #" > ' "beyond reasonable "õ Fú ógø ônóFô"õ ò ú û ü ô ûZø HýZú ÷aò ù1û ûZø{øFúnò ó3ú ô ù#õý "õUô f^ * $ $ ? * ; +d 0 g#h doubt" K. Prakashan )ù#õ>óFô 1ù û ýZôù#õMò ýZô üö ò ú û ø ô Fú ú {ù1û ö ü ÷;ô ûZøzõ Vs. P.K. Surenderan (2008) 2 SCC 258, John K. John Vs. Tom Varghese & Anr AIR 2008 Supreme Court 278, M.S. Narayana Memon Vs. State of Kerala and Anr. AIR 2006 SC 3366 and Krishna Janardhan Bhat Vs. Dattatraya G. Hegde JT 2008 (1) SC 485.
-:8:-i'jWkmlonBp q rts*uwvxnBy.z { s|yxs r7} n*q j s*q%z#~<%n*.} u 0#q *q!z+{7n s sBy m%nBp q%zxsByxs j z { rP*y p msBq%z*q7jNr7p z`zxs j?z { 7z(z {7s rez z p%zxnBy`?} yxs r7p }%z$nBq)p q7j sByrts z nBq77 n v5s0 n z * u$sq rez y p msBq!zr z ' q q n zM sFyxsB p%z`zxs jr'#.} u >nBq[z { s r' rn v } u p r'# u$sGs } u *q z$nBqy 7z {7sByLz { s*yxs{ rzxn srtnBms|s $j s*q %sz nyxs* p%zKz { s } yxs r7p .}%z$nBq k 8sByxs*u 6z *¡!#q @} u$s 0r4= u;uWq n z¢yxsB p%zz { s } y£s r7p .}%z nBq p q7j sByrts z nBq 7 ¤n v(Xs0 n z $* u s)q rez y p msBq%z]r\ z<k¤¥ { sPj s vxsBq %s8{ $ {z { sP } } s u;u q%z { 0rHz *¡¦s*q H0r q n zr7p } } nBy`zxs j % q% j n p msBq!z] y` } yxn n v< 9%nBq!z y *y` zxn 8{ { z { s yxs r7} n*q j s*q%z#~<%n*.} u 0#q *q!zL{ 0r§} u %s j¨z { sj n p msBq%z]r©nBqyxs %nByxjfzxn|r7{ n z { s z y *q r! z nBqL*q7jZ{ rKyxs rtn*p yx%s r+r7{7n =;q @{ r5'*} z`+zxnZ} 7?u n0*q *mnBp q%z n v«ªr ¬ ¬B® 2¯ ¯ ¯!~<°±k Wk ²{ sL%nBq r' j sByxs jLz { s,³±p7j0*ms*q%z]r+nBq48{ $ {6z { s i7jBkVlonBp q rts*u*vxnBy(z { s *} }7s*u;u$*q%z{ 0r6yxs*u; s jK*q jN#qKq p!z]r7{ s*u;uW n*p u$jKr! 6z { zVz {7s? p yxj sBq5n v} y£n n v n v(z { s z y *q r! z nBq´8{ {_ s0rµy rts¶zxn u * ;u; z` p q7j sBy·rts z$nBq 7 ¸ n vXs0 n z $* u s q rez y p msBq!zr+ z< o7s nBq7jyxs00rtnBq * u sj n*p %z «nBp u$j·r7{ v¹z¢zxnZ%nB.} u$ #q *q%z«nBq u Z v % p rts j¶ rr7p %%s r%rev p uc#q´yxs* p%z`z#q Gz { s¶} y£s r7p .}%z nBq´p q j s*yCrts z$n*qµ7 ºn v s0 n z * u$s»q rez y p msBq!zrP z k ¼Z{ za r6z { sCrez *q7j0*yxjZn vos $j sBq %sT!?={ $ {Kz { s % p rts jZ rNyxs ½Bp #yxs j?zxnZyxs* p%zOz { sZ} yxs0r7p .}%z$n*q5 nBp u$jTj sB} s*q j nBqLz { s?v z]rL*q7j #yx p Qrez] q %s r8n vBs {4' rtsWk+¾Xn s sBy z {7s6rez] q j0*y£jcn v } yxn n vB= u;u q n zV sz { 7z²n v p%z«z { 7z n v kX¥ { r beyond reasonable doubt "preponderance of probabilities"
} yxnB}7n r' z$n*qfn v+u$7 r#q§%nBq rtnBq *q %s= z {y 7z n:n vm³Ip j0*ms*q%z]rnBq§={ $ {Fi'jWk lonBp q rts*utvxnBy²*} } s u;u q%z yxs*u $s jBkP¿Vs vxnByxs5} yxn %s s j*#q cv p y`z { sBy*zxn¤j* rt p r%r=z { s¤s $j sBq %s *q j z { s v z]r8n vWz {7s¤'0rts ! nBp u$jK} yxs v s*y*z nKQ ¡¦s5yxs v s*yxsBq %sczxn4%sBy`z #qa³Ip j0*ms*q%z]r nBq\z { r8u s0 u0r7} s z zxn. u *y v`=z { s4u s0 0u'} n r' z nBq0k t¯Wk rts s*¡=*p j0*q7%s,v yxnB©z { s vxn*u;u n =;q P} *y cn v0z { s ³±p7j0*ms*q%zBn vWÀp } yxs*ms lonBp y`zÁ;q M/s Kumar Exports Vs. M/s Sharma Carpets JT 2009 (1) SC 20 :-
"In order to determine the question whether the offence punishable under section 138 of Negotiable Instruments Act is made out against the appellant it -:9:- will be necessary to examine the scope and ambit of presumptions raised as envisaged by the provisions of sections 118, 138 and 139 of Negotiable Instruments Act."
It was further observed that:-
"In a significant departure from the general rule applicable to the contracts, Section 118 of the Act provides certain presumptions to be raised. This section lays down some special rules of evidence relating to presumptions. The reason for these presumptions is that negotiable instrument passes from hand to hand on endorsement and it would make trading very difficult and negotiablility of the Instrument impossible, unless certain presumptions are made. The presumption, therefore, is a matter of principle to facilitate negotiability as well as trade. Section 118 of the Act provides presumptions to be raised until the contrary is proved (i) as to consideration, (ii) as to date of instrument, (iii)as to time of acceptance, (iv) as to time of transfer, (v) as to order of endorsements, (vi) as to appropriate stamp and (vii) as to holder being a holder in due course. Section 139 of the Act provides that it shall be presumed, unless the contrary is proved, that the holder of a cheque received the cheque of the nature referred to in Section 138 for the discharge, in whole or in part of any debt or other liability. Presumptions are devices by use of which the courts -:10:- are enabled and entitled to pronounce on an issue notwithstanding that there is no evidence or insufficient evidence".
It is further observed:-
" 10. ..... Applying the definition of the word 'proved' in Section 3 of the Evidence Act to the provisions of Section 118 and 139 of the Act, it becomes evident that in a trial under Section 138 of the Act a presumption will have to be made that every negotiable instrument was made or drawn for consideration and that it was executed for discharge of debt or liability once the execution of negotiable instrument is either proved or admitted."
  . Ã Ä ÅFÆBÇ7Å ÈeÉÊ$ËBÌ|Ì Ë7Í Î*ÏÊ ÈtÅ0ÈÎ*Ð7ËBÇ%É+É Ä ÅÈeÉ Î*Ì Ñ0Î ÏxÑGË ÒLÓ ÏxË Ë Ò+Í8Ä Ê$Ô ÄFÊ È ÏxÅ ÆBÇ Ê;ÏxÅ ÑTËBÌLÉ Ä Å9Ó Î Ï`É¢Ë Ò\Î*Ì Î Ô%Ô Ç ÈtÅ ÑCÉxËÕÏxÅ*Ð Ç%ÉwÉ Ä Ê È?Ó ÏxÅ È7Ç Ö.Ó%ÉÊ$ËBÌ?Í8Ä Ê Ô Ä@Î*ÏÊ ÈtÅ0È Ê;Ì Ò Î × Ë*Ç ÏVË ÒSÔ%ËBÖÓ Ø Î Ê;Ì Î*Ì!É<ÙLÚ7ÑWÙ*ÛËBÇ Ì ÈtÅ*ØtÒxËBÏSÉ Ä ÅPÎ Ó Ó Å Ø;Ø Î Ì%É Î Ï Ü*Ç Å Ñ É Ä Î ÉVÎ Ì6Î Ô%Ô Ç ÈtÅ ÑMÊ È Ì7Ë ÉÏxÅ ÆBÇ Ê#ÏxÅ Ñ ÉxË Ó ÏxË × Å Ä Ê È Ô'Î0ÈtÅ Ð Å Ý ËBÌ7Ñ ÏxÅ Î0ÈtËBÌ Î*Ð Ø$Å Ñ Ë*Ç Ð%É9ÉxË ÏxÅ*Ð Ç%É9É Ä Å Â'Þ ß Ó ÏxÅ È7Ç Ö.Ó!É Ê ËBÌ+Ç Ì Ñ Å*ÏÈtÅ ÔÉÊ$ËBÌ Ë ÒoàÅ0Ü Ë ÉÊ Î*Ð Ø Å áÌ ÈeÉ Ï Ç ÖmÅBÌ!ÉÈ.â ÔÉ ÙCãXÅNÎ*ÏxÜ*Ç Å Ñ+É Ä Î É É Ä ÅÈeÉ Î*Ì Ñ0Î ÏxÑ¨Ë Ò?Ó ÏxË Ë Ò ÉxË´Ó Ï£Ë × Å:É Ä Å¨Ñ Å Ò Å*Ì Ô%ÅËBÌäÉ Ä ÅÓ Î Ï`ÉMË ÒMΠ̧ΠÔ%Ô Ç ÈtÅ Ñ´Ê È "preponderance of probabilities". ãXÅÎ*Ï Ü*Ç7Å ÑfÉ Ä Î É+É Ä ÅÑ Å ÒxÅBÌ Ô%ŨÍ=Ä Ê$Ô Ä9É Ä Å Î Ó Ó Å Ø;Ø Î Ì%ÉwÄ Å*ÏxÅ*Ê#Ì@Ä Î Ñ?É]Î å¦ÅBÌ?Ñ*Ç ÏÊ#Ì ÜLÉ Ä Å?É ÏÊ Î Ø Ì Ë ÉOËBÌ Ø ÝCÖQÎ*å¦ÅZÄ Ê ÈMÑ Å ÒxÅBÌ Ô%Å Î Ì ÑCÄ Ê È × Å*Ï]È'Ê$ËBÌ Ë ÒµÉ Ï Î*Ì È!Î ÔÉÊ$ËBÌ Ó Ï£ËBÐ Î*Ð Ø$Å Ð Ç%É Î0Ø ÈtË Ñ Å*ÖmË*Ø;Ê È7Ä É Ä Å Ô'Î0ÈtÅ Ë Ò É Ä Å Ô%Ë*Ö.Ó Ø Î0Ê#Ì Î Ì%É#æçÏxÅ0È7Ó ËBÌ7Ñ ÅBÌ%É Ù ãÅ5Î*ÏxÜ*Ç Å Ñ+É Ä Î ÉXÈ'Ê;Ì Ô%Å4É Ä Å)Î*Ó Ó7Å*Ø;Ø$Î*Ì%ÉÁÍHÎ0È4È7Ç Ô%Ô%Å0È%ÈeÒ Ç Ø Ê#Ì ÏxÅ*Ð Ç%É`ÉÊ#Ì Ü.É Ä ÅPÓ ÏxÅ È7Ç Ö.Ó%ÉÊ$ËBÌ Ë*ÌQÉ Ä ÅMÐ Î È'Ê È8Ë ÒWÉ Ä Å6ÖQÎ7É Å*ÏÊ Î Ø7ËB̤ÏxÅ Ô%ËBÏxÑ.É Ä7ÅMÐ Ç ÏxÑ Å*Ì6Ä Î Ñ È7Ä Ê Ò`ÉxÅ ÑfË*Ì»É Ä7ÅÔ%ËBÖ.Ó Ø$Î Ê#Ì Î*Ì%É#æèÏxÅ È7Ó Ë*Ì Ñ ÅBÌ!É.ÉxË:Ó ÏxË × Å¨Ä Ê È»É Ï Î*Ì È!Î ÔÉÊ$ËBÌ©Ê#ÌÍ8Ä Ê$Ô ÄäÄ7Å Î0Ø;Ø$Å Ü Å Ñ É Ë+Ä Î × ÅPÜ Ê × ÅBÌPØ$Ë0Î Ì.Ë Ò éÈQê ëWì2êBí ì2î î î!æ<ïVÉxË4É Ä ÅPÎ*Ó Ó Å*Ø;Ø$Î*Ì%É ÙMãÅ6Î*Ï Ü*Ç7Å Ñ4É Ä Î ÉðÊ É Í Î0ÈZÉ Ä Å¨ÑBÇ%É`Ý9Ë ÒÉ Ä Å¨Ô%ËBÖ.Ó Ø$Î Ê#Ì Î Ì%É#æèÏxÅ È7Ó ËBÌ7Ñ ÅBÌ!ÉQÉ Ë:Ó ÏxË × ÅÊ É+Ð Å Ý ËBÌ7ÑFÏxÅ0Î0ÈtË*Ì Î*Ð Ø$Å Ñ ËBÇ Ð!É É Ä Î ÉÁÄ Å¤Ä Î Ñ4Ø$ÅBÌ7ÑQÉ Ä Ê È8Ö.Ç Ô ÄmË ÒBÎ*ÖmË*Ç Ì%É ÉxËQÉ Ä7Å Î*Ó Ó Å Ø;Ø Î Ì%É Ù -:11:- ñ!ò*ó ô'õWó ö÷Bø ù útû*ü0ýx÷Bþ ÿ û û*ü;ü *ù%ÿaþxû*ü û õCø 7÷Bù+ÿ 7û ±ø õ mûBù%ÿ ;ù Krishna ù\ÿ ú útûQÿ 7û Janardhan Bhat Vs. Dattatraya G. Hegde JT 2008 (1) SC 485.
÷Bù ü$û ø þxû mû·öo÷Bø þ`ÿ õTõ û 0ü ÿ ! ÿ ?ÿ û" þx÷ # ú $÷*ù ú ø ù7õ ûBþ útû ÿ$ ÷Bùñ ñ&%('wñ*) % ù õ[ñ ) +÷ ý-,û ÷ ÿ$ . ü$û ù úeÿ þ ø mûBù%ÿ]ú0/1 ÿ ó 23 û ÷Bù ü$û ø þxû mû·öo÷Bø þ`ÿ #ù ÿ ú Iø õ 4 mûBù%ÿ5 0ú ÷( útûBþ6# û õQÿ 7ÿ87:9 "Furthermore, whereas prosecution must prove the guilt of an accused beyond all reasonable doubt, the standard of proof so as to prove a defence on the part of an accused is 'preponderance of probabilities'. Inference of preponderance of probabilities can be drawn not only from the materials brought on records by the parties but also by reference to the circumstances upon which he relies."
ñ*) ó ùZÿ ; ú< 0útûÕÿ û ÷Bù ü$û= ø þxû mû§öo÷*ø þ`ÿ> 0ú? 0ü út÷@ %÷Bù ú $õ û*þxû õÕÿ û û *þü ûBþ> ±ø õ mûBù%ÿ ÷ ýA ø þxû( mû_öo÷Bø þ`ÿB ;ù Hiten P. Dalal Vs. Bratindranath Banerjee JT 2001 (5) SC 386 (AIR 2001 SC 3897 (1)) and also K. N. Beena 2C7û Vs. Muniyappan and another JT 2001 (9) SC 228 (AIR 2001 SC 2895).
÷Bù ü$û ø þxû mû·öo÷Bø þ`ÿD ý`ÿxûBþwõ û ü #ù E ! ÿ ?ÿ û0útûF ±ø õ mûBù!ÿú5÷( útûBþ6# û õ@ÿ ÿoÿ û ü * äü 4 $õ4õ ÷* 8ùQÿ û*þxû #ùG ú! %÷Bþþxû ÿH *ù õÿ ûI# $û* J - =ÿ û ÷Bù ü$ûK ø þxû mû4öo÷*ø þ`ÿ 0úÿL M¦ûBù0 #ùPÿ 7ûN þxû útû*ù%ÿ1 útûO 2ó#û Krishna Janardhan Bhat Vs. Dattatraya G. ú·ù ÷ ÿ ;ù %÷Bù ú úeÿxûBù%ÿmÿ û*þxû ! ÿ 0ó ù Hegde Hiten P. Dalal Vs. Bratindranath ÿ û ÷Bù ü$ûP ø þxû( mû§ö÷Bø þ`ÿQ - ü$û§õ û ü #ù R ÿ Õÿ û Banerjee's case (supra) þxû ú7ø S !ÿ ÷Bù4ø ù õ û*þðútû ÿ$ $÷Bù5ñ*)*+¤÷ ý*ÿ ûT,û ÷ ÿ$ . ü$û ù úeÿ þ ø mûBù!ÿú /1 ÿ²÷( útû*þ6# û õ4ÿ ÿ ÿ5 úQ þxû ú7ø S !ÿ ÷Bùm÷ ýWü. * 8ó "21. Because both Sections 138 and 139 require that the Court "shall presume" the liability of the drawer of the cheques for the amounts for -:12:- which the cheques are drawn, as noted in State of Madras Vs. A. Vaidyanatha Iyer, AIR 1958 SC 61, it is obligatory on the Court to raise this presumption in every case where the factual basis for the raising of the presumption had been established. "It introduced an exception to the general rule as to the burden of proof in criminal cases and shifts the onus onto the accused" (ibid). Such a presumption is a presumption of law, as distinguished from a presumption of fact which describes provisions by which the Court "may presume" a certain state of affairs. Presumptions are rules of evidence and do not conflict with the presumption of innocence, because by the latter all that is meant is that the prosecution is obliged to prove the case against the accused beyond reasonable doubt. The obligation on the prosecution may be discharged with the help of presumptions of law or fact unless the accused adduces evidence showing the reasonable possibility of the non-existence of the presumed fact." It was further observed that:-
"22. In other words provides the facts required to form the basis of a presumption of law exists, no discretion is left with the Court but to draw the statutory conclusion, but this does not preclude the person against whom the presumption is drawn from rebutting it and proving the contrary. A fact is said to be proved when, "after considering the matters before it the Court either believes it to exist -:13:- or considers its existence so probable that a prudent man ought, under the circumstances of the particular case, to act upon the supposition that it exists." Section 3: Evidence Act. Therefore, the rebuttal does not have to be conclusively established but such evidence must be adduced before the Court in support of the defence that the Court must either believe the defence to exist or consider its existence to be reasonably probable, the standard of reasonability being that of the 'prudent man.' U3V W.X Y W Z [R\L] ^_Z(`>acbQ\ V Zedgf(`*h a i Z>jgk l mnZ oQZ0p f(k m6\qW:` Hiten P. Dalal Vs. [ ] X ]4i.X&f@r W.X&s k;XcX&Z rt[!W \ Vu]4l l mnf Y ]4i Bratindranath Banerjee's case in K. N. Beena Vs. Muniyappan and another's case.
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. y Krishna Janardhan Bhat Vs. Dattatraya G. Hegde's case
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Z>[ W \ VI\ V ZFY W Z*[u\L] ^_Z `FW:` Hiten P. Dalal Vs. Bratindranath Banerjee's case and K. N. Beena Vs. Muniyappan and a kc\ ] r r Z rI]~r W oQZ(`;X W f(` \nf\ V Z>X|] oQZGacbQf a;X&Z(m6Y W:` }Q\ V ] \: another's case " ...... The Courts must be on guard to see that merely on the application for presumption as contemplated under section 139 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, the same may not lead to injustice or mistaken conviction."
And further observed in para 34 of the judgment that:-
"principles of legal jurisprudence, namely presumption of innocence as human rights and the -:14:- doctrine of reverse burden introduced by Section 139 should be delicately balanced. Such balancing acts, indisputably would largely depend upon the factual matrix of each case, the materials brought on record and having regard to legal principles governing the same".
M/s Kumar Exports Vs. M/s Sharma Carpets case (supra) g * ?g n(Q" 6 4 ! z *A| QB * &(6 ( :¡ "To rebut the statutory presumptions an accused is not expected to prove his defence beyond reasonable doubt as is expected of the complainant in a criminal trial".
However, the Hon'ble Supreme Court further observed that:-
"At the same time, it is clear that bare denial of the passing of the consideration and existence of debt apparently would not serve the purpose of the accused. Something which is probable has to be brought on record for getting the burden of proof shifted to the complainant. To disprove the presumptions, the accused should bring on record such facts and circumstances, upon consideration of which, the court may either believe that the consideration and debt did not exist or their non- existence was so probable that a prudent man would under the circumstances of the case, act upon -:15:- the plea that they did not exist."
¢&£¥¤ ¦¨§(©~ª « ¬ L§ ®*¯A°L± ²³µ´§ °¶ ®*¯t² ± ´&¯¥· the entire controversy hovers over the issue whether the cheques in question Ex. PW 1/C and Ex. PW 1/E were issued by the appellant in discharge of his debt or liability arising out of the loan advance to him by the respondent/complainant or these cheques were issued to advance a loan by him to the respondent/complainant ¸ ¹Cº*»T¼ »(½µ¾ ¿ À Á0À Âgà º »eÄcÀ(ÅSÆ Ç È4¿:Á È4ÁcÃ:Éʽn»4¾*Æ À(Á*Ë »(Á|ÿ ¾Sà º È Ã¨º » º È;ËO¾&À4Ç ËzÃ6ÌDÀ Æ ½nÀ(Æ » ½6Ã$¿ »4¾P¼ ¿ Ë »ÍÃÎÌÏÀ ¾&» Æ È ½LÈ*ÃL»Ð¾|È4Ç »ÐË » » Ë4¾ÑË È Ãn» Ë Ò Ò È Á ËÍà º »Ð¾|È4Ç » ¸:Ó Ô¥¸ÖÕ Ó Ó4× ÄcÀ(Á;¾ ¿ Ë »(½LÈ Ã$¿ À(ÁEÌÏÈ ¾EØ ¾ ÉÞQÈ4Á ËßØ ¾ ÉÞ ¹3º »<È4Æ Æ »4Ç Ç.È4ÁcÃQº » ½n» ¿:Á Õ Ù(Ú.ÛÝÜ ÚÖÓ Ó Ó Õ4×4Ú: Ú:Ó Ó Ó ¸ Ì È ¾ÈIÌ!¿ à Á*»4¾c¾!ÃnÀFÀ(Á »FÀ Â5à º »0¾|È4Ç »FË » » ËKË È Ãn» ËeÒ Ò ¹3º »(½n»GÌ È ¾-Èe½n» à á »4¾xà ¸:Ó Ô¥¸ÖÕ;Ó Ó ×4¸ âcã à º »RÈ Æ Æ*» Ç Ç È Ácà ÂLÀ ½~ÈuÇ À È4Á ¹3º »=½n» ¾*Æ À(Á*Ë »(ÁcÃ:É ÄcÀ(ÅSÆ;Ç.È4¿ Á È ÁcÃ Ì È ¾"º È*¼ ¿:Á ä à º » ¸ ÅQ» È Á;¾RÈ4Á Ëå ¿ Á È Á*Äc»4¾tÃLÀæÈ Ë ¼ È Á Äc»æà º ¿ ¾=Ç À È Á@È Á*Ëçº*»PÈ Ë ¼ È4Á Äc» ËèÈP¾*á Å À ÂeØ ¾ ÉÞgÃnÀeà º »zÈ Æ Æ » Ç Ç.È Á|èÀ(ÁEÒ ÁzêC» Äc»(Å â » ½ º » º È ËzÈ ¾*ë_» Ë Õ Ô¥ÚÖÕ(Ü Ú:Ó Ó Ó Ü ¸:Ó Ô¥¸ÖÕ Ó Ó ×4¸ßé Õ Ó Ó4× ÂLÀ ½1½n»  á Á Ë0À ÂÝà º ¿ ¾SÈ ÅQÀ á ÁcÃCÈ Á*ËFÃLÀ0Ë ¿.¾&Ä º È ½Lä;»Nº;¿ ¾GÇ ¿.È â ¿ Ç ¿ à ã à º »KÈ Æ Æ » Ç Ç È ÁcÃ1º È Ëz¿.¾c¾*á » Ë Ã º*»4¾&» Ã6ÌDÀ Ä º » à(á » ¾ ¿ Á à(á »4¾xÃ$¿ À(Á Ì!º ¿ Ä º ÌD»(½n» ä À ÃìË4¿ ¾*º À Á À(á ½n» Ë ¹3º » ¸ È Æ Æ »4Ç Ç.È4ÁcÃ:ÉÈ ÄcÄ á;¾&» Ëæº È;Ëèº À*ÌÏ» ¼ »(½ ÃLÈ ë_» ÁRÈßË ¿ Â6Ân»(½n»(Á|Ã>¾xÃLÈ Á ËJà º È ÃKº »íº È Ë=¿ ¾c¾*á » Ë Ú Ã º*»4¾&» ÃÎÌÏÀ Ä º » à á »4¾ ÃnÀ È Ë ¼ È Á Äc» È Ç À È4Á À Â Ø ¾ ÉÞ ÃnÀ à º » Õ Ô¥ÚÖÕ(Ü ÚÖÓ Ó Ó ½n»4¾*Æ À(Á*Ë »(Á|ÃÖÉ ÄcÀ(ÅSÆ;Ç.È4¿ Á È Á|à À*ÌÏ» ¼ » ½ à º*»4¾&» Ä º » à(á »4¾èÌÏ»(½n» ä À ÃBË ¿ ¾*º*À(Á À á ½n» Ë ¸ î Ú â » Ä È á ¾&»ïà º »ð½n»4¾*Æ À Á Ë » ÁcÃ:ÉÄcÀ ÅSÆ Ç.È ¿:Á È Á|Ã4ÄcÀ(á;Ç ËFÁ*À ÃÝÆ È ã à º »>Ç À È4ÁïÀ ÂÝØ ¾-ñ Ç È Ä*¾¶Ì!º ¿ Ä º × Ì È ¾ È Ë ¼ È Á Äc» Ë â|ã º;¿:Åå¿:ÁIòCÀ ¼ »(Å â »(½ ÃLÀà º »SÄcÀ ÅSÆ Ç.È ¿:Á È4ÁcÃ:Éó½n» ¾*Æ À(Á*Ë »(ÁcÃ Õ Ó Ó Ô ¸ Ò Ë À á Á;¾&» Ç ÂnÀ(½öà º »?½n»4¾*Æ*À(Á Ë » Ácöº È ËE¾*á â Å~¿ Ã6Ãn» Ë÷à º È Ãöà º »?Æ È ã ÅQ»(ÁcÃgÀ  ×4¸ ô ¸qõ Ø ¾=ñ Ç.È Ä*¾uÃnÀèà º »ì½n»4¾*Æ À Á Ë » ÁcÃ:ÉÄcÀ ÅSÆ Ç.È ¿:Á È Á|à âcã Ì È ã À ÂTË » ÅÈ Á ËÑË(½LÈ Â6Ã0Ë È Ãn» Ë × Ò Ò Ì È ¾KÁ À Ãöà º »eÇ À È4ÁTÈ4ÅQÀ(á Á|è½LÈ*à º*»(½1¿ ÃÝÌ È ¾ïà º »zÈ ÅQÀ(á Á|ÃHÌ-º ¿ Ä º â » Ç À(Á ä » Ë Ó Ù(¸ ¸ÖÕ;Ó Ó Ô ÃLÀà º »t½n»4¾*Æ À(Á*Ë »(Á|ÃÖÉ ÄcÀ(ÅSÆ;Ç.È4¿ Á È Á|ÃÏÀ(ÁÈ;ÄcÄcÀ(á Á|à À ¾|È4Ç »BÀ º;¿ ¾zÇ È Á Ë?À(Á Ò Ò Ó Ù(¸ ¸ÖÕ Ó Ó Ô¥¸ Ë À(á Á;¾&»4ÇeÂnÀ(½Bà º » È Æ Æ » Ç Ç È ÁcÃJÀ(ÁÐà º » À à º*»(½=º È Á Ë º È Ë È4½Lä á » Ë Ã º È ÃBà º » ô ¸Aõ ½n»4¾*Æ À(Á*Ë »(Á|ÃÖÉ ÄcÀ(ÅSÆ;Ç.È4¿ Á È Á|ÃÏ¿:Á÷à º*»A¾xõÈ*ÃL» ÅQ»(Ácà À(ÁJÒ º È Ë È Ë(Å~¿ ÃøÃn» Ëzà º È Ã º » Ù ¸ÖÓ ÛݸÖÕ Ó Ó Ù º È Ë÷½n» Äc» ¿ ¼ » ËTÈF¾*á ÅùÀ Â3Ø ¾ ñ Ç.È;Ä*¾Q ½nÀ Åíà º »0È;ÄcÄ á;¾&» Ë÷¿ ÁTògÀ ¼ » Å â »(½ â|ã Ì È ã × Õ Ó Ó Ô -:16:- ú ûü ý(þÿ ü@ü Lÿ*û þ ú ÿ ÿ ?ÿ ü þ ú Jú ý ÿ ûïú û! ý "cú(þ$# ÿ % ÿ & ný ' ÿ nü ()'* ý+ ný "cý (# ú û ,- /. 0 .ÿ " 1"cú cû2 % þ3 ÿ ý4 ný "cý 5 ý ü6 ý ú ÿ 7 8 gú Dý)5 ý 9 :&ûLÿ7 (; nú< ü ý = > Lÿ ü< *ú ?"cú " % @ ú A" ÿ $ *ýSü ý 2 5 ý üû nú(þB ý > µÿ Lý þQý 5ú ûDCFE GH I :ýJ"cú(þ$# ÿ % ÿ - $ > µÿ Lý þQý K ÿ7 L núM ýN ný ÿ üO (P nú) Lÿ ( RQ>ÿ *ü ú) - (N# ý "cýþQý ÿ7I :S1 @ O > Lÿ ný(þQý 9K (O ý1") nú >ý)T ÿ þ ( ÿ 2 ú CUE GV ú ý ý |ÿ Q@ 1 ÿ W *ýX ÿ üY Lÿ Z_ý [ @ ÿ þQú ú ûL,- \. 0] ÿ " Nû nú(þ ýBÿ " ") @ &ý üB I :ý+ ý # # ý (.ÿ ^ (\_Cú)5 ý(þ$ *ý a` b b cAÿ7 Tÿ+ ú ÿ 79d Lÿ ý e ý+ ÿ üEý)T # ÿ %*ý ü/ ÿ f ý\ ÿ ü ÿ ' 5 ý @ ÿ þQú A LúX ýRÿ # #*ý ( ÿ %gÿ " ") @ &ý ü=ÿ *üh %X ný) X ýd ÿ;üi' 5 ý @ ÿ þQú j 7 núJ @ :þk jQA Ïÿ Qú û5ü ý þÿ üIü nÿ ûR l V gý ü ý # ú &ý üL ÿ D ýM ÿ ü< &ú üO.ÿ *ü~ûnú ¥ÿ "cú @ ü ý Lÿ 2 ú ?ú û ,- Ym m].ÿ " Oÿ # # nú)T þÿ ný Q7 nEY *ý [ ýho*ü fpgý ûLý "cýBC¨ú @ &ý 7 Z_ý ü~ûnú ü ú ") þQý (ú ûq |ÿ ý 9 *ýr") nú ý T ÿ þ % ÿ 2 ú ú ûsCUE Gt ÿ ü ý ûný ný üGÿ ü>ú ÿ ý)T (ü ÿ LýJ ýV# nú ü "cý üP ýP"cú # Qú ûD |ÿ7 ýIü ý ý üðü ÿ ný ü$b7u vG G I`@b b cq wF @ |ÿ ýFü ý ý ü # ý R Lÿ (@ [ nú4 *ýx |ÿ ý@ú ûW ÿ üuÿ !5 (( ÿ ' ý yD ú # 2 %9 p- > 2 z"{ r|-ý Ïÿ Cýh ÿ ü # 7 %+ ýx") nú "ý T ÿ þ % ÿ 2 ú ÿ r ýh ÿ ü} ný "cý 5 ý üB ýd# ÿ Q þQý ú û<,-
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ãsänå æ ç.æ è$é ç.æ`ê ëì éí é î~ïzæ æ°ð íVñpç.æGð ïzé í î.é°ò(íVâ î.æ çè$æ ç.æòrí îXå æ ïzæ íVî.æ í óVæpð ôPð ç.ì æ ì¦î$é îXå æ4ð õ õ æ:örölð:íVîLð í ìî å æ4é çì æ çQìGð î.æ ì ÷ ø`ã ø ãù÷)ø øGúò]ï¬ð:ö]ïzé£û õ å æ ösìôvò îXåð ü é ý æ á þ é ì:ò èyòsó1ð îyòsé í ÷ ããcänå æbÿõ õ æGðGö ïî$ð í ì:ïYì:ò]ï þ ò]ïVïzæ ì`ãpäNçyòsð:ö ~é û çgî æ óVé ç.ìð:ösé í bôvò îXå îXå æpóVé õ2ñdé è û ì þ æ íVîü æLïzæ íVî9ü ð ó 1ãPÿõ õ æGðGö èyòrösæ ü æ óVé í)ï1ò í æ ìuî$é Næ óVé ç.ì Né é þ ã Announced in the open court (AJAY KUMAR KUHAR) on 08th February 2010 Addl. Sessions Judge: South East-02 Patiala House Court: New Delhi