Supreme Court of India
State Of Orissa vs K.Rajeshwar Rao on 14 November, 1991
Equivalent citations: 1992 AIR 240, 1991 SCR SUPL. (2) 251, AIR 1992 SUPREME COURT 240, 1992 (1) SCC 365, 1991 AIR SCW 2971, 1992 CALCRILR 48, 1991 (4) JT 309, 1992 SCC(CRI) 177, 1991 (2) FAC 65, 1992 CRIAPPR(SC) 445, (1992) SC CR R 540, (1992) 1 LS 1, 1992 CHANDLR(CIV&CRI) 514, (1992) 1 CHANDCRIC 141, (1992) 1 CURCRIR 269, (1992) 1 CRICJ 71, (1992) 1 ALLCRILR 278, (1992) EASTCRIC 125, (1992) 1 EFR 1, (1991) 2 FAC 65, (1992) 1 MAHLR 562, (1992) 1 ORISSA LR 68, (1992) 1 RECCRIR 55, (1992) 29 ALLCRIC 69, (1992) 1 BLJ 258, (1993) CRILT 107, (1991) 3 CRIMES 868, (1992) 73 CUT LT 1, (1991) 45 DLT 627
Author: K. Ramaswamy
Bench: K. Ramaswamy, Kuldip Singh
PETITIONER:
STATE OF ORISSA
Vs.
RESPONDENT:
K.RAJESHWAR RAO
DATE OF JUDGMENT14/11/1991
BENCH:
RAMASWAMY, K.
BENCH:
RAMASWAMY, K.
KULDIP SINGH (J)
CITATION:
1992 AIR 240 1991 SCR Supl. (2) 251
1992 SCC (1) 365 JT 1991 (4) 309
1991 SCALE (2)988
ACT:
Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954--Sections
16(1) (a)(i), 7(1) --Offence under---Object and purpose
oflegilation-- Proof of offence-Essential
ingredient---Prosecution's duty under indicated.
Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954--Sections
16(1)(a) (i), 7(1) ---Offences under---Sale of adulterated
ood article by son of the owner-- Prosecution--Validity of.
Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954----Section
20--SanctionImportance of---Criteria in issuing sanction.
Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954--Section
20--"Person" "himself or any person on his behalf"---Con-
strutction---Owner's son comes under.
Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954--Section
2(ia)--"Adulterated"--Construction--To be construed widely.
Prevention of Food Adulteration .4 or, 1954---Sections
16(1)(a)(i), 7(1) offence committed undet--Sentence--Lapse
of 15 years from the date of offence--Held fine of Rs. 500
sufficient.
HEADNOTE:
On 13.3.1976, it was found that the respondent sold
adulterated cumin(Jira). The Food Inspector purchased the
Jira under the provisions of the Act and on analysis the
Public Analyst found that it was adulterated.
The respondent was charged u/s.16(1)(a)(i) read with
section 7(1) of the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act,
1954.
The Trial Court acquitted the respondent on the ground
that his father was the owner of the shop and assuming that
if that fact had been brought to the notice of the sanction-
ing authority u/s. 20 of the Act, it would not have permit-
ted to prosecute the respondent, the son of the owner of the
shop and relying on the Jagannath Sahu's
252
case (1973)(2) Cuttack Weekly Reporter, 1536.
The High Court on appeal confirmed the acquittal order
of the trial court.
On the question, whether it was necessary that the
respondent should be the owner of the shop for being prose-
cuted for the offences u/s. 16(1)(a)(i) read with section
7(1) of the Act, allowing the appeal filed by the State,
this Court,
HELD: 1. The Act is a welfare legislation to prevent
health hazards by consuming adulterated food. The mens tea
is not an essential ingredient. It is a social evil and the
Act prohibits commission of the offences under the Act. The
essential ingredient is sale to the purchaser by the vendor.
It is not material to establish the capacity of the person
vis-a-vis the owner of the shop to prove his authority to
sell the adulterated food exposed for sale in the shop. It
is enough for the prosecution to establish that the person,
who sold the adulterated article of food had sold it to the
purchaser (including the Food Inspector ) and that Food
Inspector purchased the same in strict compliance with the
provisions of the Act. [256 BC]
2. The sanctioning authority has to consider the mate-
rial placed before it whether the offence of adulteration of
food was committed and punishable under the Act. Once that
satisfaction is reached and the authority is competent to
grant the sanction, the sanction is valid. It is not neces-
sary for the sanctioning authority to consider that the
person sold is the owner, servant, agent or partner or
relative of the owner or was duly authorised in this behalf.
[256 C-D]
3. Grant of sanction to prosecute for an offence under
the Act is a condition precedent. If no valid sanction was
granted by the authority, certainly the accused is entitled
to the benefit of statutory infraction, though it is techni-
cal and be acquitted of the offence. The relevant criteria
under section 20(1) is the competence of the officer to
grant the sanction for the offence. it does not postulate
whether the person sold should be the owner or a servant or
a person on behalf of the owner (son of the owner). [255 A]
4. No 'person' shall himself or any person on his
behalf manufacture for sale, or store or sell or distribute
any adulterated food etc. The phrase "himself or any person
on his behalf" obviously included any other person like
servant, son, father or agent irre-
253
spective of the relationship legal or jural etc. The person
so sold during the course of business either the owner or
the person that sold the adulterated food or article of food
or both are liable to prosecution. [255 B-C]
5. If the article sold by a vendor is not of the na-
ture, substance or quality demanded by the purchaser, who is
to purchase, the article is adulterated. If the quality or
variety of the article fall below the prescribed standard of
its constituents are present in quantities not within the
prescribed limits of variability, is also adulterated. The
food or article of food is adulterated, if it is not of the
nature, substance or quality demanded by the purchaser and
sold by the seller and is to his prejudice, or contains any
foreign substance in excess of its prescribed limit, so as
to effect injuriously, the nature, substance or quality
thereof. The word 'adulterated' was used widely. [254 F]
6. As 15 years have passed by from the date of the
offence, the ends of justice may not serve to send the
respondent to imprisonment. Suffice that he bas undergone,
all these years, the agony of the prosecution. In the cir-
cumstances a sentence of fine of a sum of Rs.500 is imposed,
in default the imprisonment for a period of one month. [256
G]
Jagannath Sahu v. Food Inspector, Jaipur Municipality,
1973(2) Cuttack Weekly Reporter 1556, overruled.
Sarjoo Prasad v. The State of U.P., [1961] 3 S.C.R.
324; Ibrahim Haji Moideen & Anr. v. Food Inspector & Ant.,
1976 (2) All India Prevention of Food Adulteration Cases 66,
referred to.
JUDGMENT:
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 323 of 1980.
From the Judgment and Order dated 1.5.1979 of the Orissa High Court in Government Appeal No. 38 of 1977. Raj Kumar Mehta for the Appellant.
S.G. Sambandhan for the Respondent.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by RAMASWAMY, J. The respoudent was found to have sold adulterated cumin (Jira) on March 13, 1976 punishable under s.16(1)(a)(i) read with s.7(1) of the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954, for short 'the Act'. Both the courts found as a fact that the adulterated cumin was 254 exposed for sale and PW-1, the Food Inspector, purchased the cumin (Jira) under the provisions of the Act and on analysis by the Public Analyst it was found that it contained 9% foreign seeds as against permissible 7.0%; inorganic (dust, stones, lumps of earth etc.) 0.2% and organic (chaff, sterm, stipules, etc.) at 1.8%. Accordingly it was found to have been adulterated. The Magistrate and the High Court acquit- ted the respondent on the sole ground that his father Appa Rao was the owner of the shop. Had that fact been brought to the notice of the sanctioning authority under s.20 of the Act, it would not have permitted to prosecute the respond- ent, the son of the owner. Accordingly placing reliance on Jagan Nath Sahu v. Food Inspector, Jaipur Municipality (1973) 2 Cuttack Weekly Reporter 1556 acquitted the accused and was confirmed by the High Court.
The sole question that emerges for consideration is whether it is necessary that the respondent should be the owner of the shop for being prosecuted for the offences under s. 16(1)(a)(i) read with s.7(1) of the Act. Sub-sec- tion (1) of s.20 of the Act reads thus:
"(1) No prosecution for an offence under this Act shall be instituted except by, or with the written consent of the Central Government or the State Government or a local authority or a person authorised in this behalf, by general or special order, by the Central Government or the State Government or a local authority".
Proviso is not necessary. Hence omitted.
Section 2 of the Act defines 'adulterated' that if the articles sold by a vendor is not of the nature, substance or quality demanded by the purchaser, who is to purchase, the article is adulterated. If the quality or variety of the articles fail below the prescribed standard or its constitu- ents are present in quantities not within the prescribed limits of variability, is also adulterated. It would, there- fore, be clear that the word 'adulterated' was used widely. If the food or article of food is adulterated, if it is not of the nature, substance or quality demanded by the purchas- er and sold by the seller and is to his prejudice , or contains any foreign substance in excess of its prescribed limit, so as to effect injuriously, the nature, substance or quality thereof. In view of the finding of the courts below that cumin (Jira) was adulterated it is a sale by the vendor to the purchaser in terms of the provisions of the Act. What s.20 envisages is that no prosecution for an offence under the Act should be instituted except by or by the written consent of the Central Government or the State Government or a local authority or a person otherwise authorised in this behalf by general or special order by the Central Government or the State Government or a 255 local authority. Therefore, grant of sanction to prosecute for an offence under the Act is a condition precedent. The relevant criteria under s.20(1) is the competence of the Officer to grant the sanction for the offence. It does not postulate whether the person sold should be the owner or a servant or a person on behalf of the owner (son of the owner). Section 7 prohibits manufacture, sale of certain articles of food. No 'person' shall himself or any person on his behalf manufacture for sale, or store or sell or dis- tribute (i) any adulterated food etc. The phrase "himself or any person on his behalf' obviously included any other person like servant, son, father, or agent irrespective of the relationship legal or jural etc. The person so sold during the course of business either the owner or the person that sold the adulterated food or article of food or both are liable to prosecution.
It is not in dispute that the officer that granted the sanction in this case is the competent officer as a delegate on behalf of the local authority. Undoubtedly, a valid sanction is a condition precedent. If no valid sanction was granted by the authority, certainly the accused is entitled to the benefit of statutory infraction, though it is techni- cal and be acquitted of the offence.
In Sarjoo Prasad v. The State of U.P., [1961] 3SCR 324, it was contended that a servant who sold food on behalf of his employer was not liable unless it was known that he has done it with knowledge that the food was adulterated. This court held that s.7 of the Act enjoins everyone whether an employer or a servant not to sell adulterated food and anyone who contravenes this provision is punishable under s. 16 without proof of mensrea. This court repelled the argu- ment that the legislature could not have intended, having regard to the fact that large majority of servants in the shops which deal in food are illiterate to penalise servants who are not aware of the true nature of the article sold. The intention of the legislature must be gathered from the words used in the statute and not by any assumption about the capacity of the offenders to appreciate the gravity of the acts done by them. There is also no warrant for the assumption that the servants employed in shops dealing in food stuff are generally illiterate. In the interest of the public health, the Act was enacted prohibiting all persons from selling adulterated food. In the absence of any provi- sion, express or necessarily implied from the context, the courts will not be justified in holding that the prohibition was only to apply to the owner of the shop and not to the agent of the owner who sells adulterated food. This view was reiterated in Ibrahim Haji Moideen & Anr. v. Food Inspector' & Anr., (1976) 2 All India Prevention of Food Adulteration Cases 66. This court held that for the purpose of conviction under charge on which A-2 was tried. it was immaterial whether he was an agent or a partner of 256 A-1. Once it is proved that he sold the adulterated arti- cles, he was liable to be convicted under s. 16(1) read with s.7 of the Act. The contention that it is only the owner of the shop that could be convicted was held to be wholly an unsustainable contention.
The Act is a welfare legislation to prevent health hazards by consuming adulterated food. The mensrea is not an essential ingredient. It is a social evil and the Act pro- hibits commission of the offences under the Act. The essen- tial ingredient is sale to the purchaser by the vendor. It is not material to establish the capacity of the person vis-a-vis the owner of the shop to prove his authority to sell the adulterated food exposed for sale in the shop. It is enough for the prosecution to establish that the person who sold the adulterated article of food had sold it to the purchaser (including the Food Inspector) and that Food Inspector purchased the same in strict compliance with the provisions of the Act. As stated earlier the sanctioning authority has to consider the material place before it whether the offence of adulteration of food was committed and punishable under the Act. Once that satisfaction is reached and the authority is competent to grant the sanc- tion, the sanction is valid. It is not necessary for the sanctioning authority to consider that the person sold is the owner, servant, agent or partner or relative of the owner or was duly authorised in this behalf.
We have, therefore, no hesitation to hold that the courts below committed manifest error of law causing miscar- riage of justice in holding that the sanctioning authority must be apprised of the status of the person that sold the adulterated food article to the Food Inspector or the pur- chaser. Consequently, the acquittal is set aside and the respondent is held liable to be conviction and accordingly convicted under s.16(1)(a)(i) read with s.7(1) of the Act. But what is the sentence to be imposed? The offence had occurred on March 13,1976 before the Amending Act has come into force. Under the unamended Act it was not mandatory to impose the minimum sentence. For reasons to be recorded the Magistrate may impose the sentence, fine or both for the first offence and it was mandatory to impose minimum sen- tence for second or subsequent offences. As stated, 15 years have passed by from the date of the offence and at this distance of time the ends of justice may not serve to send the respondent to imprisonment. Suffice that he has undergone, all these years, the agony of the prosecution. But, however, the sentence of fine of a sum of Rs. 500 is imposed upon the respondent and he shall pay the same. In default he shall undergo the imprisonment for a period of one month. The appeal is accordingly allowed.
V.P.R. Appeal
allowed.
257