Supreme Court of India
Miss Liza Arulanandam vs Smt. A.S. Sulochana on 11 September, 1990
Equivalent citations: 1990 AIR 2289, 1990 SCR SUPL. (1) 394, AIR 1990 SUPREME COURT 2289, 1990 (4) SCC 701, (1991) 1 ALL RENTCAS 245, (1990) 2 RENCJ 477, 1990 HRR 625, (1991) 2 RENTLR 345.1, (1991) 1 APLJ 5, (1991) 1 MAD LW 94, (1991) 5 JT 228 (SC), (1990) 2 RENCR 576
Author: K. Ramaswamy
Bench: K. Ramaswamy, M.H. Kania, K.N. Saikia
PETITIONER:
MISS LIZA ARULANANDAM
Vs.
RESPONDENT:
SMT. A.S. SULOCHANA
DATE OF JUDGMENT11/09/1990
BENCH:
RAMASWAMY, K.
BENCH:
RAMASWAMY, K.
KANIA, M.H.
SAIKIA, K.N. (J)
CITATION:
1990 AIR 2289 1990 SCR Supl. (1) 394
1990 SCC (4) 701 JT 1991 (5) 228
1990 SCALE (2)512
ACT:
Constitution of India, 1950: Article 136--Special
leave--Findings of facts--Based on consideration of evidence
Not to be interfered with.
Tamil Nadu Buildings (Lease and Rent Control) Act, 1960:
Section 4--Fixation of fair rent--Cost of
construction--Market value-Determination of--As on which
date.
HEADNOTE:
The appellant-tenant was in occupation of a double
storeyed building on a monthly rent of Rs. 170. The respond-
ent-landlady filed an application under Section 4 of the
Tamil Nadu Buildings (Lease and Rent Control) Act, 1960 for
fixation of fair rent. The Rent Controller took note of the
fact that 1/3rd portion of the building was being used for
residential purpose and the rest of the building for non-
residential purpose, namely, for running a school. He also
appointed an Engineer as Commissioner to evaluate the total
cost of the building. The Commissioner adopted the rates
prevalent in the Public Works Department and submitted his
report. On the basis of the Commissioner's report, the Rent
Controller worked out the cost at Rs.1,51,820. Accordingly,
the fair rent for the said premises was arrived at Rs.1518
per month at 12 per cent gross return. Since the
respondent-landlady had confined her claim for the enhance-
ment of fair rent to Rs.1,O00 only, the Rent Controller
fixed the fair rent at Rs.1,O00. On appeal, the order of
Rent Controller was affirmed by the Court of Small Causes.
On a revision being preferred, the High Court agreed
with the valuation adopted and determined the fair rent on
the basis that 1/3rd of the premises was used for residen-
tial purpose and 2/3rd for nonresidential purpose, and, as
per sub-sections (2) and (3) of Section 4 of the Act, worked
out the rent at 9 per cent and 12 per cent respectively on
the cost of construction arrived at. The High Court fixed
the fair rent at Rs. 1391.67 per month. It confirmed the
fair rent of Rs. 1,000 as was fixed by the Rent Controller
and as confined to by the Respondent landlady.
This appeal, by special leave, is against the High Court's
order. It
395
was contended that the cost of the building and its market
value as worked out was illegal, fallacious and untenable.
Dismissing the appeal,
HELD: 1. Section 4 of the Tamil Nadu Buildings (Lease
and Rent Control) Act, 1960 prescribes the principles on the
basis of which the fair rent is to be fixed. In the light of
those principles, the evidence adduced by the parties was
considered by the Rent Controller, the appellate court and
the High Court and they found that the fixation of the fair
rent was much in excess of the claim made by the Respondent
landlady. Since she confined her claim to Rs.1,O00 per
month, the courts below have fixed the fair rent at
Rs.1,O00. Therefore, on the findings of facts based on
consideration of the evidence, this court cannot interfere
and come to its own conclusion. The finding is neither
vitiated nor illegal warranting interference. [210B-C]
2.1 Sub-section 4 of Section 4 of the Act, clearly
indicates that the total cost of construction referred to in
sub-sections (2) and (3) shall consist of the market value
as on the date of application for fixation of the fair rent.
[209C]
2.2 It is obvious that at the time when this Court
rendered its decision in Nambiar's case there was no provi-
sion in Section 4 as to the date on which the cost of con-
struction was to be determined, and Rule 12 provided the
manner in which the fixation of the fair rent has to be
made. The subsequent amendment brought on the statute in
1973, by the Amending Act 23 of 1973, has incorporated sub-
section (4) in Section 4 which amplified the date of appli-
cation as the starting point to fix market value. As such
the fair rent has been rightly determined by the courts
below. [209D-E; HI
K.C. Nambiar v. The IV Judge of the Court of Small
Causes, Madras & Ors., [1970] 1 SCR 906, referred to.
JUDGMENT:
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 2228 of 1982.
From the Judgment and Order dated the 25.7.1980 of the Madras High Court in C.R.P. No. 1150 of 1979. Anant Palli and E.C. Agarwala for the Appellant.
396V. Balachandran and K. Vijay Kumar for the Respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by K. RAMASWAMY, J. The appellant/tenant is in occupation of a double storeyed building bearing No. 100, Aiya Mudali Street, Chintadripet, Mount Road, Madras on a monthly rent of Rs. 170. The respondent landlady filed an application under Sec. 4 of the Tamil Nadu Buildings (Lease and Rent Control) Act, 18 of 1960 as amended by Act, 23 of 1973, for short 'the Act'. The Rent Controller fixed the fair rent at Rs. 1,000 per month. On appeal, the Court of Small Causes, Madras and on further Revision under Sec. 25, the Madras High Court confirmed the order. This appeal by special leave has been at the behest 01' the tenant. The admitted facts are that 1/3rd portion of the building is being used for residential and the rest for non-residential purpose namely, for running a school. It is of 50 years' old. Section 4 of the Act provides the procedure for fixation of the fair rent, which reads thus:
"Fixation of Fair Rent (1) The Controller shall on applica- tion made by the tenant or the landlord of a building and after holding such enquiry as he thinks fit, fix the fair rent for such building in accordance with the principles set out in the following sub-sections.
(2) The fair rent for any residential building shall be nine per cent gross return per annum on the total cost of such building.
(3) The fair rent for any non-residential building shall be twelve per cent gross return per annum on the total cost of such building.
(4) The total cost referred to in sub-section (2) and sub-
section (3) shall consist of the market value of the site in which the building is constructed, the cost of construction of the building and the cost of provision of any one or more of the amenities specified in Schedule I as on the date of application for fixation of fair rent;
Provided further that the cost of provision of amenities specified in Schedule I shall not exceed--
397(i) in the case of any residential building, fifteen per- cent; and
(ii) in the case of non-residential building, twentyfive per cent, of the cost of site in which the building is con- structed and the cost of construction of the building as determined under this Section."
"5.(a) The cost of construction of the building including cost of internal water-supply, sanitary and electrical installations shall be determined with due regard to the rates adopted for the purpose of estimation by the Public Works Department of the Government for the area concerned. The Controller may, in appropriate cases, allow or disallow an amount not exceeding thirty per cent of construction having regard to the nature of the building.
(b) The Controller shall deduct from the cost of construc-
tion determined in the manner specified in clause (a) depre- ciation, calculated at the rates specified in Schedule II." A bird's eye view of Sec. 4 indicates that the Control- ler shall hold an enquiry before fixing the fair rent pre- ceded by an application made in that behalf either by the tenant or the landlord, in accordance with the principles set out in sub-sections 2 to 5 of Sec. 4. In case of a residential building the fair rent shall be 9 per cent and for nonresidential building 12 per cent gross return per annum on the total cost of the building in question. The total cost shall consist of (a) market value of the site on which the building is constructed; (b) the cost of the construction of the building; and (c) the cost of provision of any one or more of the amenities specified in Schedule I which shall not exceed: (1) in the case of residential building 15 per cent; and (2) in case of any non-residential building 25 per cent of the cost of the site in which the building was constructed as determined under Sec. 4 of the Act. The cost of the construction of the building would also include internal water supply, sanitary and electrical installations. The estimation of its ratio thereof shall be as is done by the Public Works Department of the Government for the area concerned. In addition to the above, having regard to the nature of the building, the Controller may, in appropriate cases, allow or disallow an amount not exceeding 30% of construction. The Controller shall also deduct from the cost of construction determined in the manner specified in clause (a) of sub-
398section 5 of Sec. (4) the depreciation calculated at the rates specified in Schedule II. The determination of the fair rent of the building shall be fixed as on the date of the application filed for fixation of the fair rent. Section 5 of the Act provides the right for refixation of the fair rent under the Act for the reasons adumbrated therein with which we are presently not concerned. An Engi- neer was appointed as a Commissioner to evaluate the total cost of the building, who adopted the rates of the Public Works Department and submitted his report which is Exhibit P-2. He was also examined as a witness. The rates of the construction for terraced building were (a) for the ground floor at Rs.345 per sq. metre and (b) for first floor at Rs.320 per sq. metre. As regards the tiled portion, the cost of construction is Rs.300 per sq. metre. The parties also adduced oral evidence. The Rent Controller after considera- tion thereof fixed the rates as afore-stated and he worked out the fair rent on that basis.
The entire ground floor consists of 2927.25 sq. ft. the area of two shops wherein consists of 238.00 sq. ft. The built up area of the first floor is 3330.75 sq. ft., the tiled portion consists of 237 sq. ft. The cost of construc- tion was estimated at Rs. 1,99,300. The depreciation @ 1 per cent, as is first class building, was given. He added the market value of the open site at Rs.20,000 and also annuity on the vacant portion @ 1 per cent was added. Accordingly the Rent Controller worked out the cost at Rs. 1,51,820. The fair rent as non-residential premises, at 12 per cent gross return, was fixed at Rs. 15 18 per month. Since the respond- ent, landlady confined to the enhancement of the fair rent at Rs. 1,000, it was accordingly fixed. On appeal it was affirmed. In the revision, the High Court while agreeing with the valuation adopted, determined fair rent on the basis that 1/3rd as being used for residential purpose and 2/3rd for non-residential purpose. On that basis the learned Judge worked out at the rate of 9 per cent and 12% as adum- brated in Sec. 4(2) and (3) and fixed the fair rent. While upholding the depreciation at 1 per cent it fixed the fair rent Rs.1391.67 per month, but affirmed the fair rent at Rs.1,O00 per month as was confined to, by the landlady. From this material matrix the question at issue is whether the fixation of the fair rent by the Rent Controller, ultimately affirmed by the High Court, is illegal. The contention of the learned counsel for the appellant/tenant that the cost of the building and its market value are illegal, is falla- cious and untenable. Section 4 not only provides the proce- dure but also the principles and method on the basis of which the fair rent is to be determined. The fixation of fair rent, therefore, is in consonance with Section 4. We 399 accordingly affirm its legality. Realising this stark reali- ty the counsel laid emphasis that the valuation of the cost of construction should be as on the date of the construction of the building and placed strong reliance on K.C. Nambiar v. The IV Judge of the Court of Small Causes, Madras & Ors., [1970] 1 SCR 906. Therein this Court held that the expres- sion 'cost of construction' means the cost of construction of the building as originally erected with such additions as may be required to be made for subsequent improvements. Rule 12 which prescribes the rate at which the cost of construc- tion is to be computed plainly goes beyond the terms of the section. Accordingly this Court allowed the appeal and determined the fair rent as on the basis of the cost of construction. On that premise the learned counsel for the appellant contended that calculation of the cost of con- struction to the residential as well as non-residential building should be with reference to the date of applica- tion. We find no substance in the contention. It is already seen that sub-section 4 of Sec. 4 of the Act, clearly indi- cates that the total cost of construction referred to in sub-section 2 and sub-section 3 shall consist of the market value as on the date of application for fixation of the fair rent. It is obvious that at the time when this court ren- dered the decision in Nambiar's case there was no provision in Sec. 4 as to the date on which the cost of construction was to be determined, and Rule 12 provided in the manner in which the fixation of the fair rent has to be made. But subsequently it was amended by Amending Act 23 of 1973 incorporating in sub-section (4) of Sec. 4 of the Act as the date of making an application. This is also apparent when we see Sec. 5 of the Act. Sub-section (3) of Sec. 5 clearly mentions that:
"Where the fair rent of any building has been fixed before the date of the commencement of the Tamil Nadu Building (Lease and Rent Control) Amendment Act, 1973 the Landlord or the tenant may apply to the Controller to refix the fair rent in accordance with the provisions of Section 4 and on such application, the Controller may refix the fair rent. ' ' Thus we are clearly of the view that the ratio in Nambi- ar's case no longer would apply. The subsequent amendment brought on the statute in 1973, amplified the date of appli- cation as the staring point to fix market value. On the basis of the valuation of the building estimated by the commissioner as per P.W.D. rates prevailing in the area and evidence produced by the parties, the Rent controller as modified by the High Court rightly determined the fair rent.400
It is next contended that the method adopted by the Controller and ultimately upheld by the High Court in fixing the fair rent is not correct. It is contended that the value of the building has been changing from time to time as is reflected from the evidence on record and the courts below committed the gravest error in not considering the evidence in proper perspective. It is already seen that Sec. 4 pre- scribed the principles on the basis of which the fair rent is to be fixed. In the light of those principles the evi- dence adduced by the parties was considered by the Control- ler, the appellate court and the High Court, found that the fixation of the fair rent is much in excess to the claim made by the landlady. Since the landlady confined the claim for Rs. 1,000 per month, the courts below have fixed the fair rent at Rs. 1,000. Therefore, on the findings of facts based on consideration of the evidence, this Court cannot interfere and come to its conclusion. Thereby the finding is not vitiated nor illegal warranting interference. The appeal is accordingly dismissed with costs, fixed at Rs .5,000.
G.N. Appeal dismissed. ?401