Gujarat High Court
Poonam Manharlal Bhagat vs Dineshbhai Bhuraji Mali on 10 July, 2018
Author: N.V.Anjaria
Bench: N.V.Anjaria
C/SCA/9192/2017 CAV JUDGMENT
IN THE HIGH COURT OF GUJARAT AT AHMEDABAD
R/SPECIAL CIVIL APPLICATION NO. 9192 of 2017
With
R/SPECIAL CIVIL APPLICATION NO. 9193 of 2017
With
R/SPECIAL CIVIL APPLICATION NO. 9194 of 2017
With
R/SPECIAL CIVIL APPLICATION NO. 9195 of 2017
With
R/SPECIAL CIVIL APPLICATION NO. 9197 of 2017
With
R/SPECIAL CIVIL APPLICATION NO. 9198 of 2017
With
R/SPECIAL CIVIL APPLICATION NO. 9199 of 2017
With
R/SPECIAL CIVIL APPLICATION NO. 9200 of 2017
With
R/SPECIAL CIVIL APPLICATION NO. 9201 of 2017
With
R/SPECIAL CIVIL APPLICATION NO. 9202 of 2017
With
R/SPECIAL CIVIL APPLICATION NO. 9203 of 2017
With
R/SPECIAL CIVIL APPLICATION NO. 9204 of 2017
With
R/SPECIAL CIVIL APPLICATION NO. 9205 of 2017
With
R/SPECIAL CIVIL APPLICATION NO. 9206 of 2017
With
R/SPECIAL CIVIL APPLICATION NO. 9207 of 2017
FOR APPROVAL AND SIGNATURE:
HONOURABLE MR.JUSTICE N.V.ANJARIA
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1 Whether Reporters of Local Papers may be allowed to
see the judgment ? Yes
2 To be referred to the Reporter or not ?
Yes
3 Whether their Lordships wish to see the fair copy of the
Page 1 of 12
C/SCA/9192/2017 CAV JUDGMENT
judgment ? No
4 Whether this case involves a substantial question of law
as to the interpretation of the Constitution of India or any No
order made thereunder ?
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POONAM MANHARLAL BHAGAT
Versus
DINESHBHAI BHURAJI MALI
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Appearance:
MR PM DAVE(263) for the PETITIONER(s) No. 1,2,3
MR PS CHAMPANERI(214) for the RESPONDENT(s) No. 1
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CORAM: HONOURABLE MR.JUSTICE N.V.ANJARIA
Date : 10/07/2018
CAV JUDGMENT
Impugned in all these petitions are the similar orders passed by the trial court in different suits whereby application of the petitioners - original defendant under Order VII Rule 11 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 came to be dismissed. The order in the first captioned petition, for instance, is the order below Exh.26 in Regular Civil Suit No.48 of 2015 passed by learned Principal Civil Judge, Amirgadh, District Banaskantha.
2. Since learned advocate for the respondent Mr.P.S. Champaneri raised a preliminary objection that the remedy to challenge the impugned orders would be Civil Revision Application under Section 115, CPC and not the petition under Article 227 of the Constitution, adverting to the factual merits was not necessary as the said preliminary aspect is being Page 2 of 12 C/SCA/9192/2017 CAV JUDGMENT considered at the outset.
3. Section 115, CPC, reads as under.
"115 Revision - (1) The High Court may call for the record of any case, which has been decided by any Court subordinate to such High Court and in which no appeal lies thereto, and if such Subordinate Court appears-
(a) to have exercised a jurisdiction not vested in it by law, or
(b) to have failed to exercise a jurisdiction so vested, or
(c) to have acted in the exercise of its jurisdiction illegally or with material irregularity, the High Court may make such order in the case as it thinks fit:
Provided that the High Court shall not, under this section, vary or reverse any order made, or any order deciding an issue, in the course of a suit or other proceeding, except where the order, if it had been made in favour of the party applying for revision, would have finally disposed of the suit or other proceedings.
(2) The High Court shall not, under this section, vary or reverse any decree or order against which an appeal lies either to the High Court or to any Court subordinate thereto.
(3) A revision shall not operate as a stay of suit or other proceeding before the Court except where such suit or other proceeding is stayed by the High Court."
3.1 This provision was amended with effect from 01st July, 2002 by Act 46 of 1999, whereby the Proviso to sub-section (1) of Section 115 came to be substituted as quoted above. The Proviso as existed prior to the amendment was as under.
"Provided that the High Court shall not, under this section, vary or reverse any order made, or any order deciding any issue, in the course of a suit or other proceeding, except where -
(a) the order, if it had been made in favour of the Page 3 of 12 C/SCA/9192/2017 CAV JUDGMENT party applying for revision, would have finally disposed of the suit or other proceeding, or
(b) the order, if allowed to stand, would occasion a failure of justice or cause irreparable injury to the party against whom it was made."
3.1.1 Thus the category of cases which could be brought under the revisional jurisdiction of the High Court is defined and delimited. The substituted Proviso permits filing of Revision Application in respect of orders of such nature passed by the civil court which if they had been passed in favour of the party applying for revision, that is revisionist, would have finally disposed of the suit or other proceedings. In all other cases, the exercise of revisional powers is barred. The grounds on which the revisional powers under Section 115, CPC, could be exercised remained same which grounds are manifested from sub-clauses (a), (b) and (c) of Section 115(1).
3.1.2 The Proviso substituted by amendment contemplate that the High Court shall not, while exercising powers under Section 115, vary or reverse the order except the order if it had been made in favour of the party applying would have finally disposed of the suit or other proceedings. The order whereby civil court rejects application of the defendant in Order VII Rule 11, CPC, would squarely fall within this defined ambit, for, if the order by the court would have allowed the application under Order VII Rule 11, it would have the effect of finally terminating the proceedings of the suit.
3.2 The Code of Civil Procedure is a self- contained Code. It deals with the procedure to be Page 4 of 12 C/SCA/9192/2017 CAV JUDGMENT followed in the proceedings before the civil court. The provisions contain remedial avenues which could be resorted to by the party to carry forward the challenge to the various orders of the civil courts before the higher civil courts in the hierarchy. Depending upon the class and category of the orders, they could be subjected to challenge either in appellate or revisional jurisdiction under the relevant provisions of the Code. First Appeal is provided under Section 96, CPC against the original decrees and orders. Under Section 100, CPC, Second Appeal would lie. The provision of Appeal from Order contained in Order XLIII Rule 1 permits Appeal against certain orders. Also contemplated is the review jurisdiction. Amongst the above jurisdictions, Section 115 is a revisional jurisdiction conferring power of revision on the High Court.
3.3 On the other hand, the constitutional jurisdiction of the High Court under Article 227 of the Constitution is supervisory jurisdiction whereunder the High Court exercises powers of superintendence in respect of the orders and proceedings of all the courts and forums which are subordinate to the High Court. It is incorrect that after amendment in Section 115, CPC, the jurisdiction under Article 227 stands expanded or it has an easier access. In Shalini Shyam Shetty v. Rajendra Shankar Patil [(2010) 8 SCC 329], it was stated, "We may also observe that in some High Courts there is a tendency of entertaining petitions under Article 227 of the Constitution by terming them as writ petitions. This is sought to be justified on an erroneous Page 5 of 12 C/SCA/9192/2017 CAV JUDGMENT appreciation of the ratio in Surya Dev Rai v. Ram Chander Rai (2003) 6 SCC 675 and in view of the recent amendment to Section 115 of the Civil Procedure Code by the Civil Procedure Code (Amendment) Act, 1999. It is urged that as a result of the amendment, scope of Section 115 CPC has been curtailed. In our view, even if the scope of Section 115 CPC is curtailed that has not resulted in expanding the High Court's power of superintendence. It is too well known to be reiterated that in exercising its jurisdiction, High Court must follow the regime of law." (Para 66) (emphasis supplied) 3.3.1 It was observed in Shalini Shyam Shetty (supra) that parameters set down in respect of jurisdictional ambit of Article 227 is a regime of law to be adhered to and it was further observed that High Court would follow the time-honoured principles for exercising jurisdiction under Article 227 of the Constitution.
3.3.2 It is well settled that only wrong decision may not be a ground for exercise of jurisdiction under this Article unless the wrong is referable to grave dereliction of duty and flagrant abuse of powers by subordinate courts. In Waryam Singh v. Amarnath [AIR 1954 SC 215], the Five Judge Bench of the Apex Court observed that, "this power of superintendence conferred by Article 227 is, as pointed out by Haiiresh, C.J., in Dalmia Jain Airways Limited v. Sukumar Mukharjee [AIR 1951 Calcutta 1953], to be exercised most sparingly and only in appropriate cases in order to keep the subordinate courts within the bounds of their authority and not for correcting mere errors".
4. Decisions were relied on by learned advocate for the petitioners to press home the point that Page 6 of 12 C/SCA/9192/2017 CAV JUDGMENT petition under Article 227 of the Constitution may be entertained. In Municipal Corporation of Delhi v. R.P. Khaitan [2004 (2) GLR 1060 (SC)] was relied on wherein the Supreme Court held in the context of jurisdictional powers of the High Court under Articles 226 and 227 of the Constitution vis-a-vis presence of regular remedy available under Section 115, CPC, that the existence of alternative remedy would by itself be a ground for the High Court to refuse to exercise the jurisdiction but it was not as if the jurisdiction of the High Court was ousted by such existence. What was essentially observed in the said judgment was that the jurisdiction under Article 227 was not ousted.
4.1 the other decisions of the Division Bench in Chidanand Ashram (Swamiji Vadi) v. Mafatlal Fatechand Shah [2012 (5) GLR 4168] as well as in Thakkar Raghuram Ranchhodbhai v. Gohil Shivaji Gamarsinh being Special Civil Application No.11649 of 2012 decided on 25th September, 2012, relied on to submit that petitions were entertained against rejection of application under Order VII Rule 11, CPC. Those judgments did not delve into in detail to deal with the comparative question of exercise of jurisdiction under Article 227 of the Constitution vis-a-vis revisional jurisdiction under Section 115, CPC. Also pressed into service another decision of this Court in Vishnubhai Naranbhai Patel v. Sureshkumar Kundanlal Lalchandani being Special Civil Application No.5739 of 2011 decided on 22nd June, 2011, which was a special civil application filed against order Page 7 of 12 C/SCA/9192/2017 CAV JUDGMENT allowing application under Order VII Rule 11, CPC. Therefrom observations of the Court was pressed into service that there was a distinction between entertainability and maintainability of the petition in view of availability of alternative statutory remedy. It was observed that it may be different question whether in view of other statutory remedy available, petition under Article 227 can be entertained or not.
4.2 An attempt was also made to submit that the jurisdiction under Article 227 as well as the jurisdiction under Section 115, CPC, both are conferred on the High Court and since both are exercisable by the High Court, there should be no restriction to invoke the either. Here it is to be observed that it is not the question of one forum, but the question is of identity of jurisdictions.
4.3 It was also a submission canvassed that the litigant has right to choose between the two remedies. It is to be held that such right cannot assert against discretionary power of the constitutional court. The doctrine of choice of the remedy has no application where the remedy chosen is before the constitutional court under Article 226 or 227 of the exercise of which depends upon a discretion of the court. The discretion of the court has to override and dominate the doctrine of right to choose remedy.
5. The supervisory jurisdiction under Article Page 8 of 12 C/SCA/9192/2017 CAV JUDGMENT 227 of the Constitution has its defined parameters though the scope of power of supervision may have its own width. The jurisdiction of Article 227 of the Constitution juxtaposed with the revisional jurisdiction under Section 115, CPC, is not an alternative jurisdiction, nor it is an alternative recourse. Article 227 of the Constitution cannot be viewed as as an extension of statutory appeal or revision. It is not a jurisdiction in substitute to be so treated or to be so allowed to be invoked. The question is not one of maintainability, for, the constitutional jurisdiction under Article 227 cannot be displaced and it does hold good for not negating the submission that the petition under Article 227 could be maintained. However, the more emphatic principle is that this jurisdiction is not to be made a routine or regular exercise and it would not be extended when appellate or revisional jurisdiction is available to challenge thereunder any judgment and order.
5.1 When it comes to the challenging of orders passed by the subordinate civil courts in suit or other proceedings, invocability of Article 227 would have to be further disciplined. In Shalini Shyam Shetty (supra), the Supreme Court felt alarmed with growing trend to entertain writ petitions in cases of pure property disputes, partition suits, cases relating to execution of decree, disputes between landlord and tenant, or cases in respect of money decree and like. These disputes are civil disputes and they involved disputed questions of property Page 9 of 12 C/SCA/9192/2017 CAV JUDGMENT rights. It was observed by the Apex Court that in some cases, the High Courts in a routine manner, entertained the writ petitions under Article 227 of the Constitution over such disputes and such petitions were treated as writ petitions. In Babhutmal Raichand Oswal v. Laxmibai R. Tarte [(1975) 1 SCC 858], the Supreme Court held that the High Court could not, in the guise of exercising its jurisdiction under Article 227, convert itself in the court of appeal when the Legislature has not conferred a right to appeal. In Laxmikant Revchand Bhojwani v. Pratapsing Mohansingh Pardeshi [(1995) 6 SCC 576] it was held that High Court was not justified in extending its jurisdiction under Article 227 of the Constitution in a dispute regarding eviction of tenant under Rent Control Act which was a special legislation governing the relationship. In Ouseph Mathai v. M. Abduk Khadir [(2002) 1 SCC 319], it was held that petition under Article 227 cannot be treated like an extension of a statutory appeal or revision.
5.2 In Sadhna Lodh v. National Insurance Co. Ltd. [(2003) 3 SCC 524], the Supreme Court considered the question whether a remedy of writ will be available when remedy of appeal was on limited grounds. Following was held which is relevant for the issue under consideration.
"The right of appeal is a statutory right and where the law provides remedy by filing an appeal on limited grounds, the grounds of challenge cannot be enlarged by filing a petition under Articles 226/227 of the Constitution on the premise that the insurer has Page 10 of 12 C/SCA/9192/2017 CAV JUDGMENT limited grounds available for challenging the award given by the Tribunal. Section 149(2) of the Act limits the insurer to file an appeal on those enumerated grounds and the appeal being a product of the statute it is not open to an insurer to take any plea other than those provided under Section 149(2) of the Act (see National Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Nicolletta Rohtagi [(2002) 7 SCC 456]. This being the legal position, the petition filed under Article 227 of the Constitution by the insurer was wholly misconceived. Where a statutory right to file an appeal has been provided for, it is not open to the High Court to entertain a petition under Article 227 of the Constitution. Even if where a remedy by way of an appeal has not been provided for against the order and person is to file a revision before the High Court under Section 115 of the Code of Civil Procedure. Where remedy for filing a revision before the High Court under Section 115 CPC has been expressly barred by a State enactment, only in such case a petition under Article 227 of the Constitution would lie and not under Article 226 of the Constitution. ... ... ... "
(Para 6) (emphasis supplied)
6. It is well settled that where statutory framework is created and provided by the Legislature and that such statutory framework contains the provisions of preferring appeal or filing revision, and when such jurisdictions are available, those remedies only have to be invoked, to be only in due regard to the discipline that jurisdiction under Article 227 of the Constitution would not be resorted to. In such circumstances, non-entertainability of the petition under Article 227 of the Constitution stands to apply as a rule. While the maintainability under Article 227 is not to be doubted, the restrainability has to be trusted to be adhered to in all cases.
7. Reverting to the issue involved, the order of the civil court whereby application under Order VII Rule 11, CPC, is rejected, squarely falls within Page 11 of 12 C/SCA/9192/2017 CAV JUDGMENT the jurisdictional sweep of Section 115, CPC. The revisional jurisdiction contemplated under Section 115, CPC, has to be necessarily invoked against such order. Thus the proper remedy against the impugned orders is of filing Revision Application under Section 115, CPC, and not petition under Article 227. The present petitions are therefore dismissed.
8. At this stage, learned advocate for the petitioners requested that petitions may be permitted to be converted into Civil Revision Application. In view of what is laid down by this Court in Vajabhai Polabhai Kanjariya v. Prabhubhai Thakershibhai Kanjhariya [2018 (2) GLR 1674, the permission is declined.
9. It is, however, observed that if the learned advocate for the petitioners files application for taking back the certified copy of the impugned order, the Registry shall retain xerox copy of the certified copy and return the original certified copy to the learned advocate for the petitioners, to be produced in the appropriate proceedings which the petitioner may file to challenge the said order.
10. In view of what is held above, all the petitions stands dismissed. Notice is discharged.
(N.V.ANJARIA, J) Anup Page 12 of 12