Calcutta High Court - Port Blair
The State (Ut Of Andaman And Nicobar ... vs Shri Mukesh Kumar Yadav on 23 April, 2026
IN THE HIGH COURT AT CALCUTTA
[Circuit Bench at Port Blair]
CRA (DB)/6/2024
The State (UT of Andaman and Nicobar Islands)
Vs.
Shri Mukesh Kumar Yadav
With
CRA (DB)/4/2024
Ms. X (Victim Lady)
Vs.
The State (UT of Andaman and Nicobar Islands) & Anr.
Before: The Hon'ble Justice Arijit Banerjee
&
The Hon'ble Justice Apurba Sinha Ray
For the State in CRA(DB) 6 of 2024 : Mr. Sumit Kumar Karmakar, Adv.
For the respondent in CRA(DB) 6 of : Mr. Mohammed Tabraiz, Adv.
2024
For the appellant in CRA(DB) 4 of : Mr. Deep Chaim Kabir, Sr. Adv.
2024 Mr. S. Ajith Prasad, Adv.
For the respondent no. 2 in : Mr. Mohammed Tabraiz, Adv.
CRA(DB) 4 of 2024
For the State in CRA(DB) 4 of 2024 : Mr. Sumit Kumar Karmakar, Adv.
Reserved on : 10.02.2026
Judgment on : 23.04.2026
Page 1 of 77
Apurba Sinha Ray, J.:-
Chapter-I The offence vis-à-vis the defence
1. The case in hand is stuck somewhere between two proverbs: Love is
blind, and all is fair in love and war. Ms. X, a lady police constable
alleged that Mukesh in CRA (DB) 4 of 2024, a male police constable
(hereinafter referred to as Mukesh) committed rape upon her forcibly
and also on the false promise of marriage and consequently she got
pregnant. When the matter was brought to his notice and he was
requested to marry her, he compelled her to consume pills for
termination of her pregnancy twice on the pretext that if the matter of
pregnancy was known to the society, the marriage of his sister would
not take place. Consequences of consuming termination pills on Ms. X
commenced at the very police station where both of them were posted
and ultimately bleeding started and Ms. X was taken to G.B. Pant
Hospital by the lady staff of the police station with blood stained police
uniform after wrapping parts of the victim‟s body in a curtain/table
cloth of the station. It is alleged that Mukesh took discharge of Ms. X
from the Government Hospital after taking all the medical papers from
the said Hospital and admitted her in a private Nursing Home posing
to be the husband of Ms. X. After termination of pregnancy, Mukesh
disowned her and as a result the appellant in CRA (DB) 4 of 2024
Page 2 of 77
(hereinafter referred to as the "VL") filed a criminal case which
ultimately gave rise to Sessions Trial under Sections 376/312/417 IPC
against Mukesh who claimed to be innocent of all charges since,
according to the defence, as Mukesh refused to accept the de-facto-
complainant‟s proposal of marrying her, she filed this concocted
criminal case against him. As they were colleagues and were on talking
terms, the VL misunderstood the same as a love affair.
2. Being aggrieved with the judgment of acquittal dated 24.04.2024
passed by the learned Sessions Judge Andaman and Nicobar Islands
at Port Blair in connection with Sessions case no.32 of 2015
corresponding to Sessions Trial No. 16 of October 2015, the VL has
brought the appeal being no. CRA (DB) 4 of 2024 and the State has
also filed a separate appeal no. CRA (DB) 6 of 2024 contending that the
learned trial judge did not consider the evidence brought on record and
the present law of land in its proper perspective and as a result of
which the Mukesh was able to secure a verdict of acquittal from the
learned trial Court. Both the appeals are hereby disposed of by this
common judgment for the sake of convenience and brevity.
Page 3 of 77
Chapter II Contention: Counter-Contention
3. Mr. Kabir, learned senior advocate has submitted that the prosecution
case rests in three parts. Firstly, the allegation of inducement to enter
into sexual relation with the appearance of the very inception that he
would marry the appellant. Secondly, assurance of marriage during
the continuation of appellant‟s pregnancy and thirdly, getting pills by
the accused to cause her miscarriage and abortion on the promise of
marriage to induce her consent.
4. Mr. Kabir, learned senior advocate appearing for VL has drawn our
attention to the statement of the de-facto complainant recorded on
16.01.2014 under Section 164 Cr.P.C. and also to the fact that medical
examination was done on 09.01.2014 at 9.20 a.m. at G.B. Pant
Hospital.
5. Mr. Kabir has also drawn our attention to the certificate issued by Dr.
Arun Kumar Unnithan dated 28.01.2014 which was marked as Exhibit
7, stating that the VL came to the hospital with her husband on
24.10.2013 at about 18.30 hrs. with complaint of profuse bleeding as
she had allegedly undergone abortion elsewhere and she was given
treatment to save her life due to profuse bleeding. The Register of
patients at Dr. Arun‟s Hospital has been marked as Exhibit 8. Further,
one certificate dated 10.02.2014 and entry in the register were marked
as Exhibit A collectively. The certified copies of the complaint of the VL
to the State Social Welfare Board and the enquiry report in this regard
Page 4 of 77
were forwarded to the police by the Chairperson of the Board under
cover of letter dated 20.02.2014 which was exhibited as Exhibit-13.
The duty register entries of Aberdeen PS for 22.10.2013 and
24.10.2013 were exhibited as Exhibit 14 collectively and they would
show that the VL, accused and various witnesses were very much on
duty on those dates corroborating the VL‟s version.
6. Learned Counsel also pointed out that call detail records of the VL,
accused and Shiva Kumar demonstrated the calls between the VL and
the accused at the relevant points of time, the location of the accused
at G.B. Pant Hospital on 24.10.2013 while she was taken there initially
and then removed to Arun‟s Hospital which corroborates the narration
by the VL and other witnesses as to time of different events on that day
which were marked for identification as „X‟ and „X1‟, both of which
constitute substantive evidence.
7. Mr. Kabir further submitted that there is clinching evidence to show
that the accused promised to marry the VL and obtained consent to
fraudulent promise leading to sexual relations. The PW 1 being the VL
fully supported and corroborated her story in the complaint and in the
statement recorded under Section 164 Cr.P.C and also before learned
Trial court. PW 1 specifically described that she attempted to restrain
the accused from making physical intercourse with her but the
accused assured her of marriage and inspite of such protest on several
occasions the accused established physical relation with the VL
including sexual intercourse on the promise to marry her. According to
Page 5 of 77
learned counsel the VL clearly demonstrated how deeply she was
induced as she had wanted to marry the accused. The learned Counsel
has also submitted that the administration of pills to her by the
accused caused the miscarriage/abortion at the G.B. Pant Hospital
and although the defence was attempting to make out a case that
there was no document at G.B. Pant Hospital, the evidence of Police
Personnel, VL victim‟s family members and even the Government
doctor had clearly stated that the VL was taken and treated at G.B.
Pant Hospital. The offence of causing miscarriage has been made out
not only under Section 312 but also under Section 313 since the
consent was obtained under fraudulent promises of marriage, so even
this consent to taking the pills was no consent at all. No prejudice is
caused to the accused by framing of charge only under Section 312
and not under Section 313, as he was fully aware of the nature of the
case and accusation and charges of miscarriage without her consent
and therefore, he should actually be convicted under the graver offence
of under Section 313 rather than 312 of IPC.
8. Mr. Kabir then submitted that the accused posed himself to be the
husband of the de-facto complainant and took her to private clinics for
her treatment. There are supporting evidences from the depositions of
PW 1, PW 2, PW 14 and PW 15 in that regard.
9. There is a complete absence of explanation by the accused and his sole
attempt was to deny the pregnancy at the entire stage rather than
stating that there was a consensual love affair and hence it was not
Page 6 of 77
rape, or that he did not administer pills to her for abortion to her
causing a miscarriage on the promise of marriage.
10. Mr. Kabir has stated that the judgment of the learned Sessions Judge
is perverse and illegal on the following grounds.
I. Two young persons fall in love, make promises as convenient
being overcome with passion or lust - this does not dilute an
offence under Section 376 read with 417 of the Code.
II. Continuing relationship where she knows that marriage is not
possible, i.e. he is already married, etc. - she knew no such
thing until 01.01.2014 when his family refused the marriage, till
then he was leading her on as the evidence shows corroborated
by independent witnesses and CDR details whereby it is clear
that she still believed he would marry her.
III. Differing communities where there is a prohibition or difficulty
in marriage the accused was equally aware of this situation,
from the very intention he had no intention to marry her.
IV. Breach of promise vs a false promise of marriage - this squarely
is addressed by the Hon'ble Supreme Court and in the facts was
a false promise of marriage from the very inception as he had no
intention to marry her.
V. Inconceivable that in given circumstances they were
maintaining a prolonged physical relationship in the absence of
consent on her part - complete misreading. After initially
Page 7 of 77
resisting she consented, but that consent was obtained under
fraud and hence was no consent.
VI. Absence of medical documentation - explained by the evidence
itself as no circumstance to disbelieve the VL especially when
corroborated by the other documents, witnesses and
contemporaneous materials.
VII. Delay in lodging FIR on the part of the VL- no delay
existed, as the cause of action arose when she was rebuffed
regarding marriage on or about 01.01.2014, after which she
went to the authorities resulting in the FIR ultimately being
lodged on 09.01.2014.
11. Mr. Kabir relied on the following judgments.
i) Ajit Savant Majagavi reported in AIR 1997 SC 3255 -
principles of appeal against acquittal
ii) Siju Kurian reported in AIR 2023 SC 2239- perversity by trial
court justifies interference by the High Court in appeal.
iii) Yedla Srinivasa Rao, reported in (2006) 11 SCC 615-element of
consent when under misconception or fraud in terms of Section
90.
iv) Karthi v. State, reported in AIR 2013 SC 2645 - long
relationship with assurance of marriage, and cause of action
came after the refusal to marry, no delay can be said to have
occurred, offence of rape is constituted.
v) Anurag Soni, reported in AIR 2019 SC 1857 - cogent evidence
that there was no intention to marry and Section 90 would
vitiate consent as obtained under misconception
Page 8 of 77
vi) Willie Slaney, reported in AIR 1956 SC 116 - if no prejudice
caused and accused was not misled, then omission in charges
can be rectified in the appeal with a conviction under the
appropriate provision of law.
vii) Mohan Singh, reported in AIR 2011 SC 3534 - appellate court
can convict even if charge not framed if accused was aware of
the nature of allegations, unless accused can show a failure of
justice thereby
viii) Baljinder Singh, reported in AIR 2024 SC 4810 - Law is well-
settled that in order to judge whether a failure of justice has
been occasioned, it will be relevant to examine whether the
Accused was aware of the basic ingredients of the offence for
which he is being convicted and whether the main facts sought
to be established against him were explained to him clearly and
whether he got a fair chance to defend himself.
12. Mr. Sumit Karmakar, learned Public Prosecutor appearing for the
appellant in CRA (DB) 6 of 2025 submitted that he has nothing to add
to the submission of learned senior advocate Mr. Kabir. He adopted the
submission of Mr. Kabir and submitted that the impugned judgment is
required to be set aside.
13. Learned Senior Counsel Mr. Mohammed Tabraiz appearing for
Mukesh in both the appeals argued that the de-facto complainant had
alleged that there was a love affair between herself and Mukesh and in
the month of June, 2013, Mukesh took her near the Science Centre
and made physical relationship with the assurance that he would
marry her. The Hon‟ble Supreme Court in Uday vs. State of
Karnataka reported in AIR (SC) 2003-0-1639 has been pleased to hold
Page 9 of 77
that the failure to keep promise on a future uncertain date due to
reasons not very clear on evidence may not amount to misconception of
fact from the very beginning. The relevant observation in this regard is:
"The failure to keep promise at a future uncertain
date due to reasons not very clear on evidence does
not always amount to a misconception of fact at the
inception of the act itself. In order to come within the
meaning of misconception of fact, the fact must have
an immediate relevance. The matter would have been
different if the consent was obtained by creating a
belief that they were already married. In such a case
the consent could be said to result from a
misconception of fact. But here the fact alleged is a
promise to marry, we do not know when. If a full-
grown girl consents to the act of sexual intercourse on
a promise of marriage and continuous to indulge in
such activity until she becomes pregnant it is an act
of promiscuity on her part and not an act induced by
misconception of fact. Section 90 IPC cannot be called
in aid in such a case to pardon the act of the girl and
fasten criminal liability on the other, unless the court
can be assured that from the very inception the
accused never really intended to marry her."
14. Mr. Tabraiz has further submitted that the de-facto complainant in
his examination-in-chief has admitted that she is a post graduate in
commerce and has the capacity to judge a fact to be right or wrong. She
further deposed that she basically wanted to marry Mukesh. In his
cross-examination the de-facto complainant stated that the site plan
Page 10 of 77
was not prepared in her presence. It is not understood as to how the
aforesaid site plan was conceived when the de-facto complainant had
no involvement in preparing the same. It is also not known as to how
the Investigating Officer identified the alleged place of occurrence.
According to the learned Counsel, the only conclusion that can be
drawn is that the investigating officer was colluding with the
complainant.
15. The mother of the complainant (PW 2), Mangayn Devi, had no
personal and direct knowledge about the allegation.
16. PW 3, M. Murugan was a seizure list witness in connection with the
car bearing no.AN-01- H-3131.
17. The PW 4, J. Dhanlaxmi also has no direct knowledge in relation to
the incident except to the extent that the de-facto complainant told her
that she was having a love affair with Mukesh and due to such there
was physical relation between them.
18. PW 5 Ignacius Kullu has no personal knowledge about the incident of
rape.
19. The evidence of PW 6, Solomie cannot be relied upon since the
complainant herself admitted that she had no idea regarding site plan
prepared by the I.O.
20. The deposition of PW 7, Leela Devi is identical with the deposition of
PW 6.
21. PW 8, Sunita Lakra was tendered by the prosecution. Although the
PW 9, Jeevan Lall deposed that she dropped two ladies to G.B. Pant
Page 11 of 77
Hospital but failed to indicate the names and details of the said two
ladies. The aforesaid witness was unable to produce the log book in
relation to the said vehicle which allegedly was used by him.
22. PW 10, Pawan Kumar Yadav being a witness to the search conducted
at the residence of the respondent has stated that no incriminating
material was recovered from the residence of the respondent.
23. PW 11, Rajesh Kumar deposed that he was at the Police Station when
the complainant was taken to Hospital and he had witnessed blood
stains in the trousers of the complainant.
24. The learned Counsel has further submitted that no medical evidence
was brought on record to demonstrate that the complainant was
treated at G.B. Pant Hospital or that the blood stain was a result of an
abortion. The blood stain could have been for various reasons and the
medical experts were the best persons who could have confirmed the
same, on the contrary PW 20, Dr. M.K. Saha had confirmed on record
that he did not find any evidence of abortion.
25. PW 12, Halima Bibi deposed nothing excepting that his car bearing
registration no. 3131 was seized by the police.
26. PW 13, Javed Hasmat did not support the case of the prosecution. On
the contrary the said witness denied the fact of having given the car to
the respondent.
27. PW 14, J. Kumari and PW 15, Sudha Singh are hearsay witnesses
and they have no direct knowledge in relation to the present case.
28. PW 16, Shiva Kumar did not support the prosecution case.
Page 12 of 77
29. PW 17, Shanti Seema Lakra has deposed that the complainant was
taken to G.B. Pant Hospital but the said witness did not speak about
any blood stain rather stated that the trouser was stained with urine.
During her cross examination the aforesaid witness admitted that in
the court room she was sitting beside the complainant thereby giving
an indication that the complainant was bent upon to implicate the
respondent and was available at the Court during the recording of the
evidence and was in contact with the said witness.
30. PW 18, Charan Uraon is a brother of the complainant and is an
interested witness. He had no direct knowledge about the allegations.
31. Although PW 19, Chandan Sen had stated that the police staff
prepared the medical slip at G.B. Pant Hospital and took the VL to the
doctor, no medical slip was produced during trial to indicate the nature
of the treatment, if any, that was allegedly administered to the
complainant.
32. Learned Counsel for Mukesh has further submitted that PW 20, Dr.
M. K. Saha a Gynaecologist from G.B. Pant Hospital did not support the
prosecution case. His deposition was as follows.
"The patient was already examined by the general duty
medical officer Dr. J. Hema Bindu and only opinion as
expert was sought on a particular point i.e. point No. 3
namely whether any sign of abortion in the past could be
noticed on examination of the hymen of victim.
Accordingly, after examination I found that the hymen
was ruptured and vagina was admitting two fingers
Page 13 of 77
suggesting previous sexual exposure. My opinion was
there was no obvious evidence of any recent abortion at
that point of time."
33. PW 21 Dr. Arun Kumar Unnithan, the proprietor of Arun Hospital
identified and exhibited the OPD register of his clinic for the date
24.10.2014 which was marked as Exhibit 8. On perusal of said exhibit
it is evident that the name of the complainant was inserted at serial No.
26 after renumbering the said serial no. 26 for the second time and by
striking out the name of Miss Rita Haider whose name had been
inserted at serial no. 26 before the inserted name of the complainant.
The age of the complainant was missing in the aforesaid register. If the
insertion had been in the middle of the register even by duplicating the
serial number, then the register could have been relied upon. The
insertion of the name of the complainant by duplicating the serial no.
26 at the last bottom of the page creates heavy doubt regarding
fabrication of the said register. The said Dr. Arun issued a letter on
28.01.2014 which was marked as Exhibit 7 indicating that he had
treated the complainant at his clinic on 24.10.2013. It is interesting to
note that during his cross-examination he admitted that he had no
records available with him on 28.01.2014 when he had issued the said
letter. It is surprising that a doctor could remember the nature of
treatment administered three months before without even seeing the
individual and just by seeing an inserted name in the
fabricated/manipulated register. The aforesaid witness also admitted
Page 14 of 77
about the duplication at serial no. 26 but could not offer any
clarification for the same.
34. PW 22, Dr. Ganesh Samaddar from G.B. Pant Hospital deposed after
about 6 years of having administered certain treatment in the absence
of any document or without identifying the person to whom the
treatment was administered. In his cross-examination he stated that if
a person who has been issued the OPD slips and if she loses the same,
the same will be available in the computer.
35. It is further contended by Mr. Tabraiz that no document was seized
either from the complainant or from the computer of the G.B. Pant
Hospital to prove that the complainant had gone to G.B. Pant Hospital
for some treatment or that she was treated. The said doctor in his
examination-in-chief stated that the complainant came to OPD for
bleeding per vagina but the said witness did not depose that it was a
case of abortion.
36. PWs 23 and 25 Mariam are one and the same witness. The aforesaid
witness did not have any direct knowledge. She did not collect any
blood sample either from the cloth or from the clothes of the
complainant for any medical examination.
37. PW 26, Mithun Kirtania admitted that he did not speak to the
complainant at G.B. Pant Hospital nor did he meet the doctor nor did
he derive any information directly from the hospital regarding the
illness of the complainant.
Page 15 of 77
38. PW 27, Rangaswamy was the Investigating Officer of the case and
during his cross examination he admitted that no document was
recovered from the house of the respondent and further that serial No.
26 at Exhibit 8 has been inserted twice. He did not record the
statement of Dr. Hema Bindu, Dr. Kodanda Ram and Dr. M.K. Saha.
39. PW 28, Inspector Rasheeda did not depose anything material in
relation to the case. During his cross-examination the aforesaid witness
admitted that the enclosures of Exhibit-13 were not produced. The
aforesaid enclosures of Exhibit-13 were the complaint made by the
complainant to the Social Welfare Board and the enquiry conducted by
the board. It is not understood as to why the initial complaint and the
enquiry were not brought on record. The aforesaid witness also
admitted that Exhibit-14, the duty deployment register, does not
contain the seal of the Police station.
40. Mr. Tabraiz has submitted that the allegation that the respondent on
an undated day took the de-facto complainant in a car bearing
registration No. AN-o1- H-3131 in an isolated place and made physical
relationship inside the car remains unsupported since the PW 13 being
the son of the owner of the car denied the allegation that he allowed the
respondent to use his said car. Although the allegation pertains to the
period from June 2013 to September 2013 and no complaint was ever
made by the de-facto complainant as against the respondent.
Page 16 of 77
41. So far as the allegation that the de-facto complainant conducted a
pregnancy test at Shyamla Clinic, no document was produced in
support of such allegation. It is also true that the allegation of the de-
facto complainant having visited Astha Clinic was also not proved. The
letter from the said Astha Clinic certified that there were no records of
the clinic during the period of June 2013 to October 2013.
42. Mr. Tabraiz has vehemently argued that there was an allegation from
the side of the de-facto complainant that on 22.10.2013 the respondent
gave some medicines to the de-facto complainant while she was at her
duty. Subsequently, she had a bleeding and she was taken to G.B. Pant
Hospital and was treated there. It is contended on behalf of respondent
that there is no evidence on record to demonstrate that the respondent
procured and or purchased any medicine from any pharmacy nor was
there any witness to support the statement of the de-facto complainant
to the effect that the respondent had ever given any medicine to the de-
facto complainant. It is also not the case that the respondent had
forcibly or by manipulating the de-facto complainant administered any
medicine so as to cause abortion. The fact of abortion could have been
proved only by medical documents and in the present case no medical
record was brought on record to prove that the de-facto complainant
ever had any abortion.
Page 17 of 77
43. The allegation is that on 24.10.2013 the de-facto complainant was
taken to G. B. Pant Hospital and she was kept at the casualty ward and
treated there. No records, prescription and or documents were
produced to demonstrate and or prove that the de-facto complainant
was treated for abortion. Therefore, the visit of the de-facto complainant
for any treatment is doubtful. Even if the prescription was lost or
misplaced the visit of the de-facto complainant could have been proved
by the OPD slip which ought to have been available in the computer of
G. B. Pant Hospital. The medical evidence does not support the
prosecution case.
44. The prosecution has tried to rely upon the call details record
appearing from page 117 to 152 of the paper book in an attempt to
demonstrate that the respondent was at G. B. Pant Hospital. The
aforesaid CDR was not marked as an exhibit and was only marked x for
the purpose of identification. The author of the CDR, Divisional
Engineer BSNL was also not examined to prove the aforesaid CDR.
More interestingly no certificate under section 65 B of the Evidence Act
was brought on record to prove the authenticity of the aforesaid CDR.
Section 65 B of the Evidence Act mandates that any information
contained in an electronic record which is printed on a paper shall be
deemed to be a document and the conditions mentioned in the section
are to be satisfied in relation to the information and computer in
Page 18 of 77
question. Admittedly there has been no compliance of section 65 B of
the Evidence Act.
45. The defence was not given opportunity to cross-examination the
relevant witness in support of such call details record. The allegation
that the de-facto complainant was taken to Arun‟s Hospital by the
accused was also not proved in view of the deposition of PW 21 Dr.
Arun Kumar Unnithan. It is clear for the materials on record that the
de-facto complainant was in love with the respondent and wanted to
marry him. It was only after the refusal by the parents of the
respondent, the de-facto complainant became enlightened about the
alleged misdeed of the respondent. Therefore, the admitted position on
record that transpires is that till 31.12.2013 the VL had no grievance
against the respondent and it was only when the foreseen dream of
marriage did not materialize as conceived by the de-facto complainant,
the VL turned around and raised allegations which are matters of
record. No witness was called on dock to prove as to what transpired on
03.01.2014 at the Social Welfare Board and deliberately the complaint
made therein was not brought on record. It is evident from the conduct
of the de-facto complainant that she never intended to lodge an FIR
against the respondent but only sought to marry the respondent which
proposal was not acceptable to the parents of the respondent.
Page 19 of 77
Chapter III: Analysis
A. Distressing factual matrix
B. Observations of the learned Trial Judge
C. Evidence: Substantive & corroborative
D. Precedents
-relevance of sole testimony of victim
-Consent or no consent
-Promise to marry: Misconception of fact
E. A quick glance on factual matrix
F. Further factual analysis :
-No document regarding Pregnancy and abortion
-No medico legal case: Why?
-Doctor‟s opinion: No abortion in recent times
-Site plan: not prepared in presence of the victim.
-Exhibit 8: Manipulated or not?
-Call Details records: Certificate under Section 65 B of
Evidence Act
-Memory test for doctors: Availability of OPD slip in computer
-Blood stained uniform- not due to abortion?
- No document of complaint to Social Welfare Board
Page 20 of 77
46. Whether a conviction or an acquittal is ultimately secured remains a
separate matter. However, the present case is uniquely distressing.
While the police uniform has often been stained with blood in the line of
duty--symbolizing gallantry and bravery that makes the nation proud--
this case brings collective shame to the Police Administration of the
Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Here, a lady police constable was
hospitalized with a blood-stained uniform, not because of a battle with
criminals, but due to an alleged incident entirely foreign to the values of
the force. It is alleged that she suffered an abortion within the police
station itself, after being coerced by a male colleague into consuming
pills to terminate a pregnancy for which he was responsible.
47. Mukesh/accused has denied the charges of the VL. According to him,
as the victim lady wanted to marry him, she brought this false
concocted criminal case against him only when her proposal was
refused by Mukesh and his relatives. There is no evidence to the effect
that the de-facto complainant and Mukesh were in love. Nobody
witnessed that they were in the process of love making. There is no
evidence to the effect that the petitioner was sexually assaulted by
Mukesh. There is no evidence that he made promises to marry her.
There was not a single witness who saw Mukesh to give pills for
termination of her alleged pregnancy. No document was produced to
show that it was Mukesh who procured termination pills from any
medical shop. No documents were produced to show that the petitioner
suffered an abortion at the relevant point of time. Prosecution has
Page 21 of 77
failed to bring home that the de-facto complainant was sexually
exploited in the car as referred to in the evidence. The defence has also
pointed out that there are materials on record which reveal that the de-
facto complainant colluded with the Investigating Officer and other
witnesses to frame him. To achieve her goal, the de-facto complainant
through the IO has produced a concocted and manufactured document
from Doctor Arun‟s Clinic which has been marked as Exhibit-8. There
is no explanation as to why the de-facto complainant did not lodge the
complaint soon after the incident when she was sexually abused for the
first time. It is only when the de-facto complainant came to know that
her proposal of marrying Mukesh will not fructify, the complaint was
lodged from her side. The medical evidence does not support the
prosecution case nor the deposition of PW 1 and other vital witnesses
are reliable since there are inherent infirmities in the said depositions.
The learned Trial Judge has carefully considered the evidence of the de-
facto complainant and other witnesses along with documents which
were produced in evidence and thereafter passed the considered
judgment showing how Mukesh was falsely implicated at the instance
of the de-facto complainant.
48. From the above it transpires that the defence has throughout the
proceedings denied the existence of any love affair between Mukesh and
the VL. He has also denied that any sexual act took place between
them. He has further denied administering pills for termination of the
alleged pregnancy of the VL. He has categorically stated that as the de-
Page 22 of 77
facto complainant‟s proposal for marrying her was turned down by
Mukesh and his relatives, the VL filed the false criminal case. During
cross-examination of the VL it was suggested from the side of Mukesh
that Mukesh and the VL being colleagues were on talking terms but the
same was misunderstood by the defacto complainant to be a love affair.
Observations of the Learned Trial Judge
49. Therefore, according to the defence, the allegation of love affair as
made out in the prosecution case is a false one. Let us see what the
learned Trial Judge had recorded in this regard in his judgment. At
page 19 of the said judgment the observations of the learned Trial
Judge have been recorded which are quoted herein below:-
"When I considered this evidence of PW 1, I find that in the
initial stage, she had love affairs with the accused and
when this love affairs was there at that time, there was no
promise of marriage. I also find that after the said love
affairs she went inside the jungle near Science Centre
where they had physical relation. It is the allegation of the
VLgirl that she was forcibly raped in the said jungle against
her will and without her consent. If that be so then why she
did not report this matter to police at PS or to any of her
colleague/parents or her family members as because she
stated that after the incident in question accused asked her
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he will marry her. If that be so, then it can be said that the
consent of VL for the said physical relation was not
obtained after giving promise to marry her. When I perused
the judgment referred from the side of defence reported in
(2003) 4 SCC 46, I find that the ingredient of promise to
marry must be since its inception of physical intercourse
inception and the consent of VL girl must be obtained after
giving such promise of marriage from the beginning. But in
this case, I find that they had one love affair. I also know
that both VL as well as accused were major, colleague of
the same batch and were working in the same police
station and due to that reason, the said love affair started.
Accordingly, they went in the jungle and as per version of
the VL girl, forcible sexual intercourse was done by accused
with her. If that be so, then strictly it does not come under
the purview of section 417/376 of Indian Penal Code.
Rather it could have come the definition under section 376
of Indian Penal Code if the same could have reported at
Police Station just after the incident.
In this case, I find that even after the said first incident of
intercourse, the VL voluntarily entered into further physical
relationship with the accused several times and now she is
saying that her consent was obtained all the time with a
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promise to marry by the accused person.
When I perused the cited judgment reported in (2003) 4
SCC 46, I find that the Hon'ble Court has held that if
promise to marry is lacking since its inception then it cannot
be said that the consent of VL was given under
misconception defined under section 90 of Indian Penal
Code."
50. The above observations of the learned trial judge are vital on two
counts. Firstly, the learned Trial Judge has observed that there was a
love affair with the accused from the very beginning. It appears that
such observation or finding of the learned trial judge was not
challenged by the present respondent by filing an appeal or counter
appeal. Therefore, the learned trial judge has held against Mukesh‟s
plea that there was no love affair between him and the VL, and by not
challenging the same the defence accepted the finding of the learned
trial court to the effect that there was a love affair between them.
Moreover, PW 14 J. Kumari has deposed that the VL and the
respondent are batch mates and there was a love affair between them.
The said deposition was not challenged. She has also deposed that in
September 2013 the VL told her that due to physical relation with the
accused she was pregnant. The defence challenged such testimony in
her cross. Pw15 Sudha Singh has also hinted that the relation between
the VL and the respondent was not a normal relation like colleagues
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and in April 2013, she had doubts that there was a love affair between
them. PW 25 Mariam saw the VL perplexed on 23.10.2013, that is, just
one day before her alleged abortion, and she also saw the accused
talking with the VL and doing something on the phone of the victim.
Sometime thereafter both of them left the room of PW 25 mistakenly
leaving the phone of the VL on her table. Subsequently PW 25 found
from the screen of the mobile of the VL that the accused was
continuously calling her over phone. She also hinted that there was
some sort of relation between them. Therefore, the learned Trial Judge
has rightly decided that there was a love affair between the VL and the
accused, and such finding was not challenged. Secondly, the learned
Trial Judge has categorically stated that although the de-facto
complainant and Mukesh were in love affair, there was no promise to
marry on the part of Mukesh from the very inception.
51. I have no hesitation to say at this stage that the learned trial Judge‟s
observation so far as regards the fact that there was no promise to
marry from the side of Mukesh at the very inception of the relationship,
is perverse and beyond records.
Evidence: Substantive & Corroborative
52. If we peruse the FIR we shall find that the de-facto complainant has
made the following allegation against Mukesh:-
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"I am a LPC presently posted at PS Aberdeen. I was
appointed in the year 2011 and since my appointment I am
posted at PS Aberdeen. Along with me Mukesh Kumar
Yadav was also posted at PS Aberdeen and due to the
reason that we are of the same batch and working together
we developed intimacy towards each other. That in the
month of April 2013 Mukesh Kumar has proposed me and I
too have given my consent due to the fact that he had
promised me that he will marry me. Thereafter he started
luring me for having sexual relationship with him for which
I have always resisted but he started saying that as we are
going to marry each other, what is the harm in having
physical relation prior to marriage and if anything goes
wrong he is there to marry. Thereafter in the month of June
2013 he took me for a ride and at the time when we were
sitting in an isolated place near science center he started
pressuring me to involve in physical relation and there after
even after my protest he overpowered me had made
physical relation with me. I thereafter told him that I will
commit suicide if I will conceive, at that time also he
assured me not to be afraid as he is always there with me
and will marry me................................."
53. In the VL‟s statement recorded under Section 164 Cr.P.C by the
learned Judicial Magistrate we shall find the following excerpts.......
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"Main P.C 2603 (Ms. X), Main Aberdeen P.S. main ek sall se
hoon. Mere Batch ka P.c 2717 Mukesh Kumar Yadav bhi
Aberdeen P.S mein hai. Mukesh mere ko shadi ka proposal
diya. Main proposal accept kiya. In the month of June,
2013 mera duty khatam hone ke baad Mukesh ek safed
ambassador car leke aya jis ko number hay AN-01-H-3131
aur ghar chor dunga bolke science centre ke samne leke
gaya. "car se utro kuch baat karna hai" bolke mere ko
jungle mein ley gaya. Uno ne jabardasti mere se physical
relation kiya. Uno ne apna ling jabardasti mere private part
mein ghusaya. Mero dard hua main rone lage tab Mukesh
bola ki "Main to bol diya tumse shadi karega."Yeh baat kisi
ko batane se mana kiya. Thora din baad duty khatam hone
se Mukesh phir wo same car leke aya aur mere se shadi ki
bari main kuch baat karke bolke car leke wha gari main
humko rape kiya andhakar mein. Wo humko damki diya
kisi se batane se wo hum ko shadi nahi karega. Aur do bar
Mukesh Shadi karke bolkar mere ko rape kiya aur dhamki
diya."
( Translated)
"I, P.C. 2603 (Ms. X), have been posted at the Aberdeen
Police Station for one year. P.C. 2717 Mukesh Kumar
Yadav, who is from my batch, is also posted at the
Aberdeen Police Station. Mukesh gave me a marriage
proposal, which I accepted.
In the month of June 2013, after my duty was over,
Mukesh arrived in a white Ambassador car with
registration number AN-01-H-3131. Saying that he would
drop me home, he took me to the front of the Science Centre
and then he took me to the Jungle and told me "get out of
the car- I need to talk to you." There, he forced himself upon
me and had physical relations against my will. He forcibly
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inserted his penis into my private parts. I was in pain and
began to cry; at that moment, Mukesh said, 'I have already
told you that I will marry you.' He forbade me from telling
anyone about this.
A few days later, after duty hours, Mukesh again brought
the same car. Under the pretext of discussing our marriage,
he took me in the vehicle and raped me in the dark. He
threatened me, saying that if I told anyone, he would not
marry me. On two further occasions, Mukesh raped me
under the pretence of marriage and issued threats against
me."
54. She was also examined as PW 1 wherein she has stated as
follows:
"I was appointed in the police department in the 2011 and
my first posting was at PS Aberdeen in the year 2012. I
know the accused Mukesh Kumar Yadav as we were of the
same batch and we both posted in the same PS. He is
present in the court (identified the accused on dock).
In April, 2013 the love affairs between myself and the
accused was started. Thereafter, in June, 2013 after
completion of my duty, the accused taken me at Science
Centre near Carbyn's Cove. He told me that he has some
discussion to be made. Then he took me to the hilly jungle
area opposite to Science Centre and intend to make
physical relationship with me. I wanted to restrain him but
he assured me that he will marry me. Then he started to
make physical relation with me forcibly in the Jungle. I then
also restrained him. He put his private part into my private
part and committed intercourse. Thereafter, he left me at
Carbyn's Junction. Thereafter, proceeded towards my home
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and he also left the place. After some day, after my duty
was over, he again met me and told me that he wanted to
have some discussion about marriage and then he took me
by a White Colour Car bearing registration No. H-3131 near
Carbyn's Cove in an isolated place and made physical
relationship with me inside the Car. Thereafter, he also
made physical relationship with for other two times and he
told me not to disclose the same to any other and also
promised to marry me. "
55. Therefore, from the above three materials on record it is found that
before starting the physical relationship, Mukesh had meted out a
promise to marry the VL. It was not that there was a mere love affair
and the couple sexually enjoyed each other. From the very beginning of
the physical relationship, there was a promise to marry VL from the
side of Mukesh and that was the consistent allegation in the FIR, in the
statement under Section 164 Cr.P.C of the VL and also in her
deposition. I do not see how the learned Trial Judge come to the finding
that from the very inception of their physical relationship there was no
promise to marry from the side of Mukesh.
56. Therefore, this observation, as we have already recorded, is perverse
and an instance of non-application of mind to the materials on record.
57. The learned trial judge has relied upon the decision of Uday vs. State
of Karnataka reported in (2003) 4 SCC 46 wherein the Hon‟ble
Supreme Court held that the failure to keep the promise to marry at a
future uncertain date, due to reasons not very clear on the evidence,
does not always amount to a misconception of fact at the inception of
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the act itself. In order to come within the meaning of misconception of
fact, the fact must have an immediate relevance. The matter would
have been different if the consent was obtained by creating a belief that
they were already married. In such a case, the consent could be said to
result from a misconception of fact. But when the fact alleged is a
promise to marry it is very difficult to know when such promise will be
fructified. It is also laid down in the said decision that benefit as
envisaged under Section 90 of the Indian Penal Code cannot be called
in aid in such a case to pardon the act of the girl who allowed his
partner to perform sexual act and fasten criminal liability on him alone
unless the Court can be assured that from the very inception the
accused never really intended to marry her.
58. Therefore, we find that the above case law has dealt with certain
issues including the fact that there might have been a promise to marry
but due to certain reasons such promise could not be fulfilled. In that
event it cannot be said that the promise to marry the girl was false from
the very inception. So, the above case law suggests that the prosecution
has to show that the accused actually had no intention to marry the
girl from the very inception, but to obtain sexual favour, he made false
promise to the girl concerned.
59. In this case, we find that Mukesh did not accept that there was any
love affair between the de-facto complainant and himself nor was there
any sexual intimacy or sexual act between them. Therefore, the Court
has to look into the evidence whether there was any sexual act
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performed by the respondent with the de-facto complainant with false
promise to marry her.
60. We have already discussed the portion of the deposition of PW 1
wherein she has narrated how she was induced to perform sexual acts
with Mukesh on the promise to marry. It is also alleged by the PW 1 in
her deposition that due to sexual acts she became pregnant and after
having positive pregnancy test at Shyamla Clinic, the matter was
brought to notice of Mukesh who took her to Astha Clinic for her
medical check-up and on examination the baby in the womb was found
healthy. The prescriptions of the doctor given to her were kept by the
accused who told her that if the matter of pregnancy was disclosed
there would be much difficulty in arranging marriages of his sisters. On
22nd October, 2013 when she was on duty, she felt unwell and the
matter was brought to the notice of the accused who had given some
medicines to her and after taking those medicines she felt abdomen
pain. On 24.10.2013, she also informed the same to the accused, then
at about 1.30 p.m he gave her some medicines but her pain started
increasing and became severe. She went inside a room to rest there and
then bleeding started. She informed the said fact to the lady staff of the
police station who then took her to GB Pant hospital and she was kept
at casualty ward and was treated there. Thereafter, in the evening the
accused came there and took her to Arun‟s Hospital. She was detained
in Arun‟s Hospital for two hours and thereafter, was released. The
accused thereafter dropped her at New Pahargaon wherefrom she went
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to her house in an auto. She was on leave for three days and she
reported for her duty on 28.10.2013. He even talked with the accused
and he assured her that he will marry her.
61. It is also alleged by the PW 1 that thereafter, the accused started
ignoring her and on 01.01.2014 her mother and her maternal
grandmother went to the house of the accused for negotiation of
marriage, but the mother of the accused denied such proposal and
stated that her son could not do such a thing. She also stated that one
alliance from the mainland has been fixed for the accused for marriage.
On 02.01.2014, she went to the Social Welfare Board to make a
complaint against the accused. The Chairperson of the Social Welfare
Board called both of them on 03.01.2014 and they had been there on
03.01.2014 wherein the accused denied the allegation and fact as
stated by her. Thereafter, she told the matter to the PS and on
08.01.2014 she lodged the FIR against the accused in writing. Her
statement was recorded by the learned Magistrate under Section 164
Cr.P.C.
62. In her cross examination, she has stated that she basically wanted to
marry Mukesh. He denied the suggestion that while Mukesh was in
custody she went to jail and pressurised him for marrying her with
assurance that if he would marry her she would not proceed with the
case. She has further stated that the site plan was not prepared in her
presence. She had no documents to show that she had a medical
examination at Shyamla Clinic. She has also denied the suggestion the
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accused did not give her any medicine while she was feeling unwell or
that he did not give her any medicine on 24.10.2013. She has further
stated that she had handed over the medical document of the G.B. Pant
Hospital to the IO during investigation. She has admitted that it is true
that the procedure of medico-legal cases would have been started when
she was taken to G.B. Pant Hospital on 24.10.2013 but the medico
legal case was not done in her case. She has denied the suggestion that
on that date the accused did not take her out from G.B. Pant Hospital
in the evening or that he did not take her to Arun's Hospital. She had
no document at present regarding her treatment at Arun‟s Hospital and
no such document was handed over to her on that date. She has
further denied the suggestion that the accused never assured her to
marry. She has also denied the suggestion that he refused to marry her
and for that reason she had pressurised him to marry her. For that
reason she lodged a complaint against the accused at the Social
Welfare Board.
63. The contention of the defence is that the deposition of the pw1 is not
believable since no witness was produced to support such allegation.
64. Truly no witness was produced from the side of the prosecution. But
needless to mention, even in the admitted, sacred relationship of
husband and wife, the sexual activities are performed not in the public
glare but beyond the closed doors or at least not before the eyes of
another. So it is almost certain that if there were any such sexual
activities between the de-facto complainant and the accused that took
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place not in front of any witness and therefore, the prosecution case
cannot fail merely because no witness was produced to support PW 1‟s
version. It is now well settled that in a case of sexual offence, the VL is
the best witness for the prosecution. If the evidence of the VL inspires
confidence, the accused can be convicted on the sole testimony of the
VL provided it is free from blemishes and infirmities.
Precedents: Relevance of sole testimony of VL in sexual abuse
65. In Phool Singh vs. State of Madhya Pradesh reported in (2022) 2
SCC 74, the Hon‟ble Supreme Court has discussed the law as laid
down in State of Punjab vs. Gurmit Singh reported in (1996) 2 SCC
384. The relevant paragraph 8 is quoted herein below:
"11. In State of Punjab v. Gurmit Singh, this Court held that
in cases involving sexual harassment, molestation, etc. the
court is duty-bound to deal with such cases with utmost
sensitivity. Minor contradictions or insignificant
discrepancies in the statement of a prosecutrix should not
be a ground for throwing out an otherwise reliable
prosecution case. Evidence of the victim of sexual assault is
enough for conviction and it does not require any
corroboration unless there are compelling reasons for
seeking corroboration. The court may look for some
assurances of her statement to satisfy judicial conscience.
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The statement of the prosecutrix is more reliable than that
of an injured witness as she is not an accomplice. The
Court further held that the delay in filing FIR for sexual
offence may not be even properly explained, but if found
natural, the accused cannot be given any benefit thereof.
The Court observed as under:
(SCC pp. 394-96 & 403, paras 8 & 21)
"8. The court overlooked the situation in which a poor
helpless minor girl had found herself in the company of
three desperate young men who were threatening her and
preventing her from raising any alarm. Again, if the
investigating officer did not conduct the investigation
properly or was negligent in not being able to trace out the
driver or the car, how can that become a ground to discredit
the testimony of the prosecutrix? The prosecutrix had no
control over the investigating agency and the negligence of
an investigating officer could not affect the credibility of the
statement of the prosecutrix. The courts must, while
evaluating evidence, remain alive to the fact that in a case
of rape, no self-respecting woman would come forward in a
court just to make a humiliating statement against her
honour such as is involved in the commission of rape on
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her. In cases involving sexual molestation, supposed
considerations which have no material effect on the veracity
of the prosecution case or even discrepancies in the
statement of the prosecutrix should not, unless the
discrepancies are such which are of fatal nature, be
allowed to throw out an otherwise reliable prosecution
case.... Seeking corroboration of her statement before
relying upon the same, as a rule, in such cases amounts to
adding insult to injury.... Corroboration as a condition for
judicial reliance on the testimony of the prosecutrix is not a
requirement of law but a guidance of prudence under given
circumstances.
* * *
21.... The courts should examine the broader probabilities
of a case and not get swayed by minor contradictions or
insignificant discrepancies in the statement of the
prosecutrix, which are not of a fatal nature, to throw out an
otherwise reliable prosecution case. If evidence of the
prosecutrix inspires confidence, it must be relied upon
without seeking corroboration of her statement in material
particulars. If for some reason the court finds it difficult to
place implicit reliance on her testimony, it may look for
evidence which may lend assurance to her testimony, short
of corroboration required in the case of an accomplice. The
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testimony of the prosecutrix must be appreciated in the
background of the entire case and the trial court must be
alive to its responsibility and be sensitive while dealing
with cases involving sexual molestations."
66. In State of Himachal Pradesh vs. Hukum Chand @ Monu reported
in 2026 SCC Online SC 462, the Hon‟ble Apex Court came to the
conclusion that the evidence of the prosecutrix alone is sufficient to
convict the accused. "As such, on PW-1‟s evidence alone the offence
stands established. The evidence of others only adds further credence to
the statement of the victim. We may add that animosity is a double-
edged sword and if given undue weight, may lead to injustice, in view of
the uncontroverted testimony of the victim."
67. In Rajinder @ Raju vs. State of Himachal Pradesh reported in
(2009) 16 SCC 69, the Hon‟ble Supreme Court has been pleased to
hold as follows:
"19. In the context of Indian culture, a woman-victim of
sexual aggression-would rather suffer silently than to
falsely implicate somebody. Any statement of rape is an
extremely humiliating experience for a woman and until
she is a victim of sex crime, she would not blame anyone
but the real culprit. While appreciating the evidence of the
prosecutrix, the courts must always keep in mind that no
self-respecting woman would put her honour at stake by
falsely alleging commission of rape on her and therefore,
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ordinarily a look for corroboration of her testimony is
unnecessary and uncalled for. But for high improbability
in the prosecution case, the conviction in the case of sex
crime may be based on the sole testimony of the
prosecutrix. It has been rightly said that corroborative
evidence is not an imperative component of judicial
credence in every case of rape nor the absence of injuries
on the private parts of the VL can be construed as
evidence of consent.
20. Insofar as the present case is concerned, the
circumstances referred to and pointed out by the learned
counsel are neither sufficient nor do they justify
discarding the evidence of the prosecutrix. There is
nothing on record that creates any doubt/disbelief or a
suspicion about the evidence of the prosecutrix. In a case,
such as this, where the prosecutrix was misrepresented
by the accused that he would show her to his cousin (a
doctor) as she was suffering from some throat pain and
she accompanied him but the accused took her to other
places and when it became dark, took her to a lonely
place and committed sexual intercourse, the prosecutrix
was not expected to put any resistance lest her life would
have been in danger. In the facts and circumstances, the
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absence of injuries on the person of the prosecutrix does
not lead to an inference that she consented for sexual
intercourse with the accused. The young girl became VL of
lust of the accused who was more than double her age
and yielded to sexual intercourse against her will.
21. In all, we find that the judgment of the High Court
affirming the judgment of the trial court convicting the
accused under Sections 366 and 376 IPC does not suffer
from any legal flaw. The sentence awarded to the appellant
does not call for any interference by this Court. The appeal
having no merit must fail and is dismissed. The appellant
will surrender to his bail bond and will be taken into
custody to serve out the sentence as awarded."
68. In State of Himachal Pradesh vs. Manga Singh reported in (2019)
16 SCC 759, the Hon‟ble Supreme Court has been pleased to hold that,
"10. The conviction can be sustained on the sole testimony
of the prosecutrix, if it inspires confidence. The conviction
can be based solely on the solitary evidence of the
prosecutrix and no corroboration be required unless there
are compelling reasons which necessitate the courts to
insist for corroboration of her statement. Corroboration of
the testimony of the prosecutrix is not a requirement of
law, but a guidance of prudence under the given facts and
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circumstances. Minor contractions or small discrepancies
should not be a ground for throwing the evidence of the
prosecutrix.
11. It is well settled by a catena of decisions of the
Supreme Court that corroboration is not a sine qua non for
conviction in a rape case. If the evidence of the VL does
not suffer from any basic infirmity and the "probabilities
factor" does not render it unworthy of credence. As a
general rule, there is no reason to insist on corroboration
except from medical evidence. However, having regard to
the circumstances of the case, medical evidence may not
be available. In such cases, solitary testimony of the
prosecutrix would be sufficient to base the conviction, if it
inspires the confidence of the court."
69. Recently the Hon‟ble Supreme Court in Deepak Kumar Sahu vs.
State of Chhattisgarh reported in 2025 SCC Online SC 1610 has
discussed the relevant case laws and has also observed that if the
victim‟s evidence was probable, natural and trustworthy, there is no
reason to disbelieve such evidence. In the said case law the Hon‟ble
Supreme Court has also discussed the judgment of State of
Maharashtra vs. Chandraprakash Kewalchand Jain reported in
(1990) 1 SCC 550 wherein the Court observed that,
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"16. A prosecutrix of a sex offence cannot be put on a par
with the accomplice, it was further observed that she is a
victim of crime. The Evidence Act nowhere says that her
evidence cannot be accepted unless it is corroborated in
material particulars. It was further observed that evidence
of a rape VL must receive the same weight as is attached
to an injured in cases of physical violence. It was stated
that there is no rule of law or practice incorporated in the
Evidence Act similar to illustration (b) to Section 114 of the
Evidence Act which may require it to look for
corroboration...............................................................
...................................................."
Consent or no consent:
70. In State of Punjab vs. Gurmit Singh reported in (1996) 2 SCC 384
the Hon‟ble Supreme Court has laid down the law in Para 8 of the said
decision. However, the observation of the Hon‟ble Court may be
summarised as herein under:-
"The testimony of the victim of sexual assault is vital and
unless there are compelling reasons which necessitate
looking for corroboration of her statement, the courts
should find no difficulty in acting on the testimony of a
victim of sexual assault alone to convict an accused where
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her testimony inspires confidence and is found to be
reliable. Seeking corroboration of her statement before
relying upon the same, as a rule, in such cases amounts
to adding insult to injury. Why should the evidence of a
girl or a woman who complains of rape or sexual
molestation, be viewed with doubt, disbelief or suspicion?
The court while appreciating the evidence of a prosecutrix
may look for some assurance of her statement to satisfy
its judicial conscience, since she is a witness who is
interested in the outcome of the charge levelled by her, but
there is no requirement of law to insist upon corroboration
of her statement to base conviction of an accused. The
evidence of a victim of sexual assault stands almost on a
par with the evidence of an injured witness and to an
extent is even more reliable. Just as a witness who has
sustained some injury in the occurrence, which is not
found to be self-inflicted, is considered to be a good
witness in the sense that he is least likely to shield the
real culprit, the evidence of a victim of a sexual offence is
entitled to great weight, absence of corroboration
notwithstanding. Corroborative evidence is not an
imperative component of judicial credence in every case of
rape. Corroboration as a condition for judicial reliance on
the testimony of the prosecutrix is not a requirement of law
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but a guidance of prudence under given circumstances. It
must not be overlooked that a woman or a girl subjected to
sexual assault is not an accomplice to the crime but is a
victim of another person's lust and it is improper and
undesirable to test her evidence with a certain amount of
suspicion, treating her as if she were an accomplice.
Inferences have to be drawn from a given set of facts and
circumstances with realistic diversity and not dead
uniformity lest that type of rigidity in the shape of rule of
law is introduced through a new form of testimonial
tyranny making justice a casualty. Courts cannot cling to
a fossil formula and insist upon corroboration even if,
taken as a whole, the case spoken of by the victim of sex
crime strikes the judicial mind as probable."
71. In the case at hand, it appears that the VL from the very beginning
has been claiming that she and the respondent were in love and agreed
to marry each other. Subsequently, the accused asked for sexual favour
but she refused to accept such a proposal by saying that after marriage
it will be done. The accused on the other hand told her when he agreed
to marry her what was the harm in doing pre-marital sex. Even after
her resistance, she was overpowered and raped. Again to console her,
he assured that he was always with her, even if she conceived. But at
the same time he cautioned her not to disclose the same to anybody;
otherwise he will not marry her. Yes, it is true that she could have
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lodged the criminal complaint soon after the incident but she did not.
Can this omission on the part of the VL give a fatal blow to the
prosecution case? Was there any reasonable ground for the VL to
foresee that the accused will not marry her? If she could have
understood that the accused will not marry her after such sexual acts,
she could have filed the criminal complaint. It was on record that before
and after such sexual intercourse the accused promised the VL to
marry her, and not only that he also threatened her that if she dared to
disclose anybody regarding their sexual intimacy, he would not marry
her. Now it is not understood if he is so open minded to have sex before
marriage with a lady whom he promised to marry, and if such a fact is
disclosed to anybody by any chance, then why will he not marry her?
Why will he forget his so much love towards the de-facto complainant,
if anybody comes to know about their intimacy? This attitude clearly
shows that the accused was from the very inception not eager to marry
her but he gave false promises of marriage to secure sexual favour from
the victim. By such false promises and assurances he not only enjoyed
the VL sexually but also designedly prevailed upon her not to lodge any
complaint against him. All the time, as it appears from the evidence of
PW 1, the accused came to the VL and told her that he had something
to say about their proposed marriage, and she came out with him, and
he committed sexual intercourse after taking her to secluded places or
inside a car. To fall in love with somebody is not a sin, but to take
advantage of such mental condition of such person and to have sex
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with her under promise to marry knowing fully well from the very
inception that such promise is false, is not protected under the
judgment in the case of Uday vs. State of Karnataka reported in AIR
(SC) 2003-0-1639/(2003) 4 SCC 46.
Promise to marry: Misconception of fact
72. In Yedla Srinivasa Rao vs. State of A.P. reported in (2006) 11 SCC
615 the Hon‟ble Supreme Court has been pleased to hold that a
consent obtained by misconception while playing a fraud is not a
consent if it is proved that sexual intercourse had been committed by
the accused without the consent of the prosecutor, and she stated in
her evidence before the Court that she did not consent, the Court shall
presume that she did not consent. The said judgment has discussed
Sections 375, 90 of the Indian Penal Code and also Section 114 A of the
Indian Evidence Act. To understand the relevant issue paragraphs 9
and 11 are quoted herein below:-
"9.. The question in the present case is whether this
conduct of the accused apparently falls under any of the
six descriptions of Section 375 of IPC as mentioned above.
It is clear that the prosecutor had sexual intercourse with
the accused on the representation made by the accused
that he would marry her. This was a false promise held
out by the accused. Had this promise not been given
perhaps, she would not have permitted the accused to
have sexual intercourse. Therefore, whether this amounts
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to a consent or the accused obtained a consent by playing
fraud on her. Section 90 of the Indian Penal Code says
that if the consent has been given under fear of injury or a
misconception of fact, such consent obtained, cannot be
construed to be valid consent. Section 90 reads as under:
Section 90. Consent known to be given under fear or
misconception. A consent is not such a consent as it
intended by any section of this Code, if the consent given
by a person under fear of injury, or under a misconception
of fact, and if the person doing the act knows, or has
reason to believe, that the consent was given in
consequence of such fear or misconception; or
Consent of insane person if the consent is given by a
person who, from unsoundness of mind, or intoxication, is
unable to understand the nature and consequence of that
to which he gives his consent; or
Consent of child- unless the contrary appears from the
context, if the consent Is given by a person who is under
twelve years of age.
10.............
11. In this connection reference may be made to the
amendment made in the Indian Evidence Act. Section
114A was introduced and the presumption has been
raised as to the absence of consent in certain prosecutions
for rape. Section 114A reads as under:
Section 114A- Presumption as to the absence of consent in
certain prosecutions for rape.- in a prosecution for rape
under Clause (a) or Clause(b) or Clause(c) or Clause (d) or
Clause (e) or Clause (g) of Sub-section (2) of Section 376 of
the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860), where sexual
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Intercourse by the accused is proved and the question is
whether it was without the consent of the woman alleged
to have been raped and she states in her evidence before
the court that she did not consent, the Court shall presume
that she did not consent.
If sexual intercourse has been committed by the accused
and if it is proved that it was without the consent of the
prosecutor and she states in her evidence before the court
that she did not consent, the court shall presume that she
did not consent. Presumption has been introduced by the
legislature in the Evidence Act looking to atrocities
committed against women and in the instant case as per
the statement of PW, she resisted and she did not give
consent to the accused at the first instance and he
committed rape on her. The accused gave her assurance
that he would marry her and continued to satisfy his lust
till she became pregnant and it became clear that the
accused did not wish to marry her.
73. In Karthi vs. State Represented by Inspector of Police, Tamil
Nadu reported in (2013) 1 SCC 710 the Hon‟ble Supreme Court has
been pleased to deal with the allegation of rape after procuring of
consent for sexual intercourse by deceit. The Hon‟ble Court has been
pleased to hold that the accused-appellant and prosecutrix repeatedly
engaged in consensual sex and during the entire interregnum, the
accused-appellant promised that he would marry her. As long as
commitment of marriage subsisted relationship between the parties
could not be described as constituting offence of rape under Section
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376. It is only after accused-appellant declined to marry prosecutrix
that a different dimension came to be attached to physical relationship,
which had legitimately continued over past six months, and only on
refusal of the accused-appellant to marry the prosecutrix, the question
of making criminal complaint arose. After scrutinising the version of
prosecution case and evidence the Hon‟ble Supreme Court was pleased
to hold that merely on account of delay in registration of FIR, the
prosecution case should not be dismissed and accordingly, the
conviction and sentence of the accused was upheld by the Hon‟ble
Supreme Court.
A quick glance on the factual matrix:
74. The deposition of witnesses and the prosecution case in hand show
that the instant case was based on certain factual matrix:
Firstly, Love affair between the VL and the accused;
Secondly, both of them agreed to marry each other;
Thirdly, the insistence of the accused to have sexual favour before
marriage;
Fourthly, refusal of the VL to have sex prior to marriage;
Fifthly; further insistence from the accused to the effect that when he
promised her to marry her, then what was the harm in having pre-
marital sex;
Sixthly, the VL further refused the request;
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Seventhly, she was overpowered and raped;
Eighthly, after the incident, finding her perturbed, she was assured
that the accused would marry her and he would be by her side if she
conceived;
Ninthly, the accused time and again took her to several places on the
pretext of discussing the matter of marriage and committed sexual
intercourse with the victim;
Tenthly, the VL became pregnant and reported the matter to the
accused;
Eleventhly, the accused took the VL to Astha Clinic where pregnancy
was confirmed and the accused kept all the documents.
Twelfthly, although the VL was not willing to abort, on 22/10/2015
the accused manipulated her decision by pleading that if she did not
abort, the marriage of his sister would be in jeopardy and thereafter
administered pills on her, again assuring that he would marry her.
Thirteenthly, on 24/10/2015 the accused again administered pill for
termination of pregnancy upon her and after some time bleeding
started in the police station
Fourteenthly, due to serious bleeding and vomiting, the VL was taken
to GB Pant Hospital for treatment by lady staff of the Police Station
Fifteenthly, the accused came to the Hospital and took discharge of
the VL and took her to a private nursing home under the name and
style Dr. Arun‟s Hospital
Sixteenthly, after completion of the process she was discharged
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Seventeenthly, after three days of rest the VL joined her duty
Eighteenthly, the accused started ignoring her and did not keep
contact with her
Nineteenthly, the parents of the accused refused to agree to marriage
of the accused with the VL on two counts: first their son could not do
so as alleged by the VL and secondly marriage of the accused had
already been fixed with a girl of mainland
Twentiethly, a complaint was lodged to the Social Welfare Board by
the VL and at the time of hearing the accused denied all allegations.
Twenty-firstly, FIR was lodged on 08/01/2014 and medical
examination of the VL was done on 09/01/2014.
Resumption of further analysis:
75. The above factual matrix points to one obvious angle of the case, that
is, was the VL a dramatist or was she a script -writer ? How did she
dare to disclose every minute detail of her ordeal exposing her case to
be tested by the evidence of various persons, authorities. Had it been a
false allegation, she, in all probability, might not have included so
many detailed facts. Now to satisfy our judicial conscience, let us
examine one by one the allegation and the defence as made out in this
case.
76. Without repeating further, I would like to say that we have
already discussed that as the sexual intercourse usually takes place
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beyond the public glare, there is least possibility of having any eye
witness to such an incident. The accused has also taken the plea that
there was nobody to see that he administered termination pills on the
VL and further there was no document nor any prescription nor any
other piece of evidence to show that the accused procured termination
pills for the use of the victim.
77. From the record it appears that the accused wanted to keep their
sexual relation secret. He even threatened the VL that if she dared to
disclose their physical relation to anybody he would not marry her. He
wanted complete secrecy, and if that be so, it is obvious that he would
not administer such pills after keeping a witness. Another interesting
argument was made from the side of the defence to the effect that no
document/prescription is produced to show that the accused procured
the termination pills. But, needless to mention, termination pills are
sold in the open market, and to purchase the same neither any medical
prescription nor any other document is required.
78. The VL has deposed that she was raped in the jungle near the
Science centre and also in a white car bearing no. AN-01-H-3131
brought by the accused. The defence denied such allegation by
suggesting that there was no such car with such number in Andaman
and Nicobar Islands. PW 13 Javed Hasmat deposed that after hearing
that the accused was arrested in connection with the case, he came to
the police station with his car bearing no. AN-01-H-3131 to meet the
accused. Although he did not accept that he gave the car to the
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accused, but his deposition strengthens the prosecution case on many
counts, firstly, there was a car with no. AN-01-H-3131 in Andaman and
Nicobar islands. Secondly, the car belongs to the PW 13. Thirdly, PW 13
was a very close and intimate friend of the accused and the friendship
was so much so that after hearing the news of his arrest PW 13 came to
see the accused in the Police station with the said car and the same
was then and there identified by the de-facto complainant and the car
was seized in the Police Station. In this regard the deposition of PW 5 is
relevant. Fourthly, it is very common and usual that good friends
always provide various supports to each other.
79. Therefore, there is every possibility that the VL was not telling lies
that she was raped in a car bearing no. AN-01-H-3131 which was
brought by Mukesh.
No document regarding pregnancy and abortion
80. It is alleged that no document is produced by the prosecution that the
VL was pregnant at the relevant point of time and further no document
is produced in support of the alleged abortion of the victim.
81. Needless to mention, the accused wanted to keep the relationship
secret and for that reason he was very much conscious and that is why
he even threatened the VL not to disclose about their relation to
anybody otherwise he would not marry her. However, after the VL
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became pregnant the scenario changed. The pregnancy of the VL had
the possibility to disclose the physical relationship between the VL and
Mukesh and for the purpose of keeping the same in secret, Mukesh
kept all the medical documents/prescription in his custody. If we see
the deposition of PW 1, she has categorically stated that the accused
took her to Astha Clinic on the plea of her further medical check-up
and the prescriptions of the Doctor were kept by the accused. The said
deposition was not specifically challenged in her cross-examination.
Similarly, it is found from the deposition of PW 4, J. Dhanalaxmi that
on 24.10.2013 she along with Sunita Devi took the VL having
abdominal pain and bleeding to G.B. Pant Hospital. She was admitted
to the casualty ward by a doctor. Mukesh was calling the VL on her
mobile frequently and the VL showed her mobile to PW 4 when Mukesh
was calling her. PW 19 Chandan Sen has stated that on 24.10.2013, he
being police constable was on duty at G.B. Pant Hospital as medico
legal case duty. On that day at about 3.30 pm, one Santi Lakra and one
Dhanalaxmi of Aberdeen P.S. brought the VL to G.B. Pant Hospital for
treatment. Seeing the police women, he enquired the matter but they
stated it was a female related case and they prepared the medical slip
and took her to the doctor. The VL was detained in the casualty ward in
the hospital. On the same day after one and 1½ hours to 2 hours,
Mukesh came to the hospital and took back the VL taking discharge
from the hospital. He identified Mukesh in the Court. He denied the
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suggestion that the VL was not brought to the hospital on 24.10.2013
nor was she treated in the hospital.
82. When a Government servant is admitted in the Government hospital
like G.B. Pant Hospital, in all probability, he or she shall be treated
there and, it is wholly unlikely, unnatural and unconscionable that
such a Government servant will be taken to a private nursing home
unless there is something required to be hidden. There were chances of
disclosure of all the misdeeds if the VL was treated in G.B. Pant
Hospital. Moreover, there were chances of initiating medico-legal cases
against Mukesh. There was no denial of the specific statement of PW 19
that on the same day Mukesh came to the hospital and took back the
VL after taking discharge from the hospital. The said specific statement
was not denied nor challenged in his cross-examination. PW 21 Dr.
Arun Kumar Unnithan has also confirmed in the month of October,
2013 the VL came to his clinic with profuse bleeding with a history of
having an abortion somewhere else. As there was profuse bleeding, she
was immediately taken to minor OT and the blood clots were removed
and the bleeding was controlled with medicines and injections and she
was detained for about two hours and was advised to discharge and to
come after three days for review. In his cross-examination he has
specifically stated that for out-patients they do not retain the paper
related to the treatment given to the patient. We shall also scan and
discuss the evidence of PW 21 in subsequent pages but so far as the
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present issue is concerned we have found that there are sufficient
materials to show that all medical documents were kept by Mukesh for
maintaining complete secrecy about their relationship including the
incident of abortion of the victim. As the vital documents were kept by
Mukesh himself there was sufficient reason for non-production of
medical documents from the side of the prosecution.
No medico legal case- Why?
83. It is also rightly argued that no medico legal case was started. If we
peruse the deposition of PW 19 Chandan Sen we shall find that on
arrival at the G.B. Pant Hospital, the lady police constables/staff
accompanying the VL to the Hospital for treatment were asked by PW
19 about the reasons for being in the Hospital, as he was in-charge of
medico legal case duty, but the said lady police constables refused to
answer the specific query of PW 19 on the ground that as the matter
was related to a lady constable they were not willing to divulge the
same to the said Police constable being PW 19. It is further found from
the deposition of PW 19 that the said two lady constables prepared the
medical slip themselves and took the VL to the doctor. Therefore, as the
lady constables for protecting the reputation and dignity of police force,
themselves prepared the medical slip and took the VL to the doctor,
there is sufficient explanation from the side of the prosecution for not
registering the medico legal case and non-production of documents.
Firstly, the medical slip was prepared by the lady police constables
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themselves refusing to divulge anything before the medico legal case
duty officer and took the VL straight to the doctor. Secondly, discharge
of the VL was taken by Mukesh from the said Hospital, as per
unchallenged testimony of PW 19.
84. Dr. Arun Kumar Unnithan by producing Exhibit 7 has deposed that
the VL came to his Nursing Home accompanied by her husband and
the same also supports the prosecution case and the deposition of PW
1 and PW 19 to a great extent.
Doctor‟s Opinion: No abortion in recent time
85. The learned Counsel for Mukesh has time and again drawn the
attention of this Court to the deposition of Dr. M.K. Saha, PW 20 to the
effect the doctor disclosed that after examination he did not find any
recent history of abortion in respect of the victim. If we go through the
deposition of PW 20 we shall find that said doctor was asked to opine
on a particular point that is "whether any sign of abortion in the past
could be noticed on examination of the hymen of the victim." PW 20
has disclosed that on 09.01.2014 after examination of the VL he found
that the hymen of the VL was ruptured. His opinion was that there was
no obvious evidence of any recent abortion. The said written opinion
was marked as Exhibit 6. After evaluating the said deposition of PW 20
we have found that the said opinion of the doctor cannot prove that the
VL did not suffer abortion on 24.10.2013. It is astonishing that the
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opinion of the doctor was sought on a specific point "whether any sign
of abortion in the past could be noticed on examination of the hymen of
the victim". Needless to mention, apart from examining the hymen of
the VL, Dr. M.K. Saha did not conduct any test of the VL to ascertain
whether or not there was any abortion, and he opined only after
examining the hymen of the victim. The medical science does not
support that by examining only the hymen of the VL it can be
ascertained whether or not there was any abortion more than two
months prior to such examination. In other words, it is not at all
acceptable. Diagnosing a past or complete abortion requires clinical
tools such as USG to confirm and empty uterus or blood test to track
the declining pregnancy hormone. Physical inspection of vaginal
opening including the hymen provides no diagnostic information
regarding pregnancy status or medical history. Therefore, although the
defence was very much vociferous in contending that in view of the
deposition of Dr. M.K. Saha, the prosecution case suffers a death blow,
but, in fact, it does not sound good. We are very much shocked to
observe that PW 20 was asked on a very specific and restricted point
from the side of the concerned Investigating Officer for the reasons best
known to him and we shall deal with the matter in another section of
the present discussion.
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Site plan:- Not prepared in presence of the victim
86. It is true that PW 1 had deposed that the site plan was not prepared
in her presence, but that does not mean that she did not identify the
place of occurrence. There is no hard and fast rule that the site plan or
the rough sketch map of the place of occurrence is to be prepared in
presence of the victim. The only relevant point is whether the VL was
able to identify the place where she was ravished, and in this case,
there are sufficient evidences to show that the VL identified the place of
occurrence in presence of the Investigating Officer and his team. There
was no suggestion to the PW 1 in her cross-examination that she did
not identify the place of occurrence. Moreover, PW 6 Solomie being a
police constable has deposed that on 08.01.2014, the PW 6 along with
home guard Lila, the VL and the Investigating Officer went to the spot
i.e. the Science Centre and the VL showed the place where she was
raped. It was a bush near the Science Centre. The site map was
prepared by the Investigating Officer. In her cross-examination, there
was no challenge that the VL did not show them the place of occurrence
where she was raped. The PW 7 Lila has also stated that on 08.01.2014
she along with lady police constable Solomie, the VL went to Science
centre and the VL showed that a place at a distance of 10 meters from
Science Centre and told them that she was raped at that place by the
appellant. The Investigating Officer, PW 27 Rangaswamy has stated
that the site plan was prepared and signed by him. In view of the above
although the site plan was not prepared in presence of the VL she had
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categorically identified the place where she was raped near Science
Centre. From the site plan which was marked as Exhibit 10, it appears
that the place of occurrence was shown to be near the Science Centre
and inside a bush. Hence there is no reason to disbelieve the
prosecution case in this regard.
Exhibit 8: Manipulated or not:
87. The defence has also brought to the notice of this Court Exhibit-8,
which was claimed to be a manipulated and manufactured document
produced from the side of the prosecution. Let us examine Ext-8 which
is the register of Dr. Arun‟s Clinic wherein it is found that on
24.10.2013 in the evening shift of the patient‟s register at serial no. 26
one Mrs. Rita Haidar was shown to be a patient and it is further found
that again the de-facto complainant‟s name has been recorded as
patient no. 26. A question was raised from the side of the defence that
the said document was false and fabricated since it appears that there
were double entries. In the first serial no. 26, the name of the patient
was Mrs. Rita Haidar and in the second entry, that is also under serial
no. 26 again, the de-facto complainant‟s name appeared.
88. It transpires from the original Exhibit-A, produced by DW1 Inspetor
Augustine, that the name of the patient in Serial no. 26 Mrs. Rita
Haidar was penned through. Therefore, in fact, the name of Mrs. Rita
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Haidar was deleted and after deletion of Mrs. Rita Haidar‟s name from
the register, obviously for the next patient the serial number would be
26 and accordingly, the same was written. Therefore, there is no
incongruity. As the said document clearly shows that the name of Mrs.
Rita Haidar was deleted, the serial no. 26 was given to the de-facto
complainant. It is also found from the said register that the said
register has 35 lines and 6 columns in every page. It appears that Mrs.
Rita Haidar‟s name was recorded in 32nd line and de-facto
complainant‟s name was recorded in 34th line of the relevant page of the
register. It is not that the name of the VL was inserted in serial no. 26
in a constricted manner. Soon after the name and particulars of Mrs.
Rita Haidar having recorded in the 32nd line of the said register, at least
three empty lines were available for the entry of next patient‟s
particulars. It is found that in the next page another patient‟s name
Mrs. Sita Laxmi under Serial no. 27 was recorded. Therefore, if there
was any manipulation in serial no. 26 the serial no. 27 on the next
page could have been affected. It appears that there is no incongruity
since the name of Mrs. Rita Haidar at serial no. 26 was deleted by pen
and the said serial number was assigned to the de-facto complainant
whose name was recorded in the 34th line of the relevant page of the
said register and in the next page after serial no. 26, the serial no. 27
was registered against another patient. Therefore, in my view, there is
no incongruity in Ext. -8.
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Call Details Records: Certificate under Section 65 B of the Evidence Act
89. It is argued by Mr. Kabir, learned counsel of the de-facto complainant
that Mukesh was all along present in the G.B. Pant Hospital and he
was also present at Dr. Arun‟s Clinic since he had taken the VLto the
said clinic after taking discharge from G.B. Pant Hospital. There were
numerous calls from the phone number of Mukesh to the phone
number of the victim. The Call detail records would show the location of
Mukesh was at G.B. Pant Hospital and the CDR also shows that he was
also present at Dr. Arun‟s Clinic at the relevant point of time. This
locational evidence is sufficient to show that Mukesh was very much
anxious about the abortion and also the existence of medical
documents of such abortion of the victim. The locational evidence in
this regard would show the complicity of Mukesh in committing the
offence and such evidence has ensured that the relation between the
de-facto complainant/private respondent was not of a normal relation
of two colleagues. Mr. Tabraiz, the learned senior counsel of Mukesh
has objected to such submission of the learned counsel of the de-facto
complainant since, according to him neither the CDR was brought on
evidence nor a certificate under Section 65 B of the Indian Evidence Act
was produced to prove the authenticity of such CDR. Therefore,
according to him the CDRs marked x and x1 for identification cannot
be read into evidence.
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90. It is true that although the de-facto complainant‟s counsel argued
that the CDR will show that Mukesh was very much present at G.B.
Pant Hospital and at Dr. Arun‟s Clinic and there were numerous calls
between private respondent and de-facto complainant, this Court
cannot take into consideration such CDR particularly when the
relevant certificate under Section 65 B of the Evidence Act was not
produced and proved. It is also found that no competent official from
the service provider was examined in support of the said CDR and
therefore, we are unable to read the said CDR into evidence of this
case.
Memory test for doctors: Availability of OPD slip in Computer:
91. PW 22 Dr. Ganesh Samaddar has deposed that on 24.10.2013, he
was the Chief Medical Officer at G.B. Pant Hospital, Port Blair and on
that day he examined the VL who came to OPD casualty with bleeding
per vagina. He had given the emergency treatment and initiated the
procedure for admission and called the duty constable for medico legal
case. Thereafter, while preparing the same, the patient and the attender
left the hospital as they were not willing for admission. In his cross-
examination, he stated that he was not shown any paper in the Court
on the day of his deposition to show that he treated the VLon
24.10.2013. He further stated that the OPD slips issued by the G.B.
Pant Hospital are computerised. If a person who has been issued the
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OPD slip and the same is lost, the same will be available in the
computer. He denied the suggestion that he did not examine the VLon
the relevant date.
92. The aforesaid deposition of PW 22 was severely criticized by the
learned Counsel of Mukesh on the ground that it is not possible for
anybody to recollect the factum of examination of any person after 6
years. According to the defence, the said deposition of Dr. Ganesh
Samaddar was not at all reliable. However, the defence has tried to take
the benefit of his cross-examination where he has stated that if a
person who is issued with an OPD slip, particulars of such OPD slip
can be traced out from the computer of the G.B. Pant Hospital.
93. Similarly, the deposition of Dr. Arun (PW21) was also challenged by
the defence that if at the time of issuing Ext 7 admittedly no document
was available to him, then, how could he give such a certificate without
even seeing the VL at the time of issuing such certificate which was at
least after a few months of the alleged examination of the VL in his
clinic.
94. Needless to mention, there are several professionals like Doctors,
Academicians, Advocates, Judges etc. whose memories are sharper
than any normal person. All those professionals can recollect not only
the case history but they can remember the particulars of the books,
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treatise wherefrom they derive their knowledge. Such professionals are
trained how to remember cases and case history in their memory.
Therefore, it is not unusual or unnatural that PW 22 being the Chief
Medical Officer could remember the incident of the VL particularly
when it was found to be unusual that a patient who had been suffering
profuse bleeding per vagina was brought to emergency casualty
department for treatment but suddenly she and her attender
disappeared from such emergency room without getting the full
treatment and further, without the initiation of medico legal case,
although medico-legal duty constable was called by him to initiate such
case.
95. This is perhaps one of the rare cases where the doctor faced such a
situation and therefore, the deposition of PW 22 cannot be doubted. It
is true that the OPD slip which is issued by the hospital, the same can
be retrieved from the computer but in this case, non-availability of OPD
slip might be due to two reasons. Firstly, the OPD slip was prepared by
the lady constables accompanying the VL and they refused to allow the
medico legal duty constable to take up the issue and secondly, this is a
fault on the part of the concerned IO for not collecting the OPD slip
from the computer of the hospital. But in view of the deposition of PW
22 we cannot hold that the petitioner was not taken to G.B. Pant
Hospital on the relevant date and time.
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96. Similar conclusion can be drawn to the deposition of PW21. However,
he had the opportunity to refresh his memory by perusing Exts. 7 & 8
at the time of his examination-in-chief. His memory can retain such
incident since soon after the incident on 24.10.2013 the police came to
his clinic for investigation for collecting papers. This also gives him a
clue to remember this unusual incident. But neither PW 21 nor PW 22
was asked how he could remember the incident. Without asking such
question in their cross, the defence cannot be allowed to agitate this
issue only on the basis of oral and written argument from the Bar.
Blood stained uniform- not due to abortion?
97. The learned Counsel for Mukesh argued that the blood stains found
on the Police uniform of the VL may not be due to abortion but it may
be due to several other reasons. He has further argued that no effort
was taken to examine whether the said uniform got blood stained
actually due to abortion or not.
98. From the materials on record including the deposition of PW 1 and
other witnesses like PW 21, PW 22 and PW 4 we cannot say that the
police uniform of PW 1 got blood-stained due to reasons other than
abortion. Moreover, the deposition of PW 11, Rajesh Kumar, PW 14 J.
Kumari, PW 15 Sudha Singh, and PW 17 Shanti Seema Lakra are also
supportive of the prosecution case. There is no reason to disbelieve
their deposition, and in view of the subsequent events that took place
after the VL was sent to G.B.Pant Hospital.
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No document of Social Welfare Board:
99. It is found from the materials on record that before lodging the FIR on
08.01.2014 a complaint was lodged before the Social Welfare Board at
the instance of the VL against Mukesh and apart from the letter of
complaint addressed to Social Welfare Board, no annexures were
brought on evidence. According to Mukesh the said complaint was
required to be perused but as the annexures were not filed, the court
did not get the opportunity to find the substance of the complaint and
therefore prosecution had deliberately prevented vital evidence from
coming into the records of the Court.
100. PW 1 has specifically stated in her deposition that she made all
the allegations against Mukesh on 02.01.2014 to the Board and the
Chairperson of the Social Welfare Board called both of them on
03.01.2014 and both of them appeared before the Board on 03.01.2014
wherein the accused denied all the allegations and facts as stated by
her. The said statements on oath were not denied in her cross-
examination by Mukesh. Therefore, from the above it appears that the
PW 1 had made all the allegations and facts as stated by her in
deposition to the Chairperson of the Social Welfare Board by making a
written complaint and during hearing, the same were denied by
Mukesh. Therefore, as the said complaint to the Social Welfare Board
appears to have contained the same allegations against Mukesh, non-
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production of the said complaint before the Trial Court cannot be said
to be a vital omission on the part of the prosecution.
Chapter IV: Role of the I.O : „Brotherhood in uniform‟
101. The phrase "Brotherhood in Uniform" was probably first used
by Hon‟ble Justice Dipankar Datta in the Rizwanur case [(2008) SCC
Online Cal 564]. It goes to show that the brotherhood in police uniform
has become so strong for brother police officers or constables that there
may be attempts to shield the misdeeds of such police officials by other
fellow police officers. In this case also we have found that the syndrome
„brotherhood in uniform‟ is apparent. It appears from the materials on
record that the role of the investigating Officer, S.I. Rangaswamy is
questionable since he has consciously omitted to bring on record
certain evidence which is very vital for the prosecution of a police
constable. In this case it is found that the locational evidence as
disclosed in the CDR of the de-facto complainant and Mukesh was of
enormous importance. Although the IO has collected the CDR, which
is alleged to have sufficient evidence to prove the exchange of numerous
phone calls between the VL and Mukesh on the relevant dates and time
including their locational evidence on 24.10.2013, the IO did not collect
the certificate under Section 65 B of Indian Evidence Act intentionally
and as a result of which the prosecution lost a very vital evidence to
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strengthen its case against Mukesh who was a police constable working
with the concerned IO.
102. It is also found that the said Investigating Officer, S.I.
Rangaswamy has sought an expert opinion of the doctor on a very
specific point that is whether "there was any sign of abortion in the past
could be noticed on examination of the hymen of the victim." Needless to
mention, it is very much difficult to ascertain the sign of abortion only
by examining the hymen of the victim. It is not understood as to why he
has made such specific and restricted query from the concerned doctor
and we have already discussed that without clinical tools and other
necessary tests it is not possible to say clinically whether there was any
past abortion in respect of the VL by examining her hymen only.
Further, he could have collected OPD slip from the computer of the
Hospital which could have cascading effect on the defence case. It
prima facie appears that the IO had designedly paved the smooth way
for his fellow brother officer, totally ignoring the fate of his sister. The
attitude and the manner of proceeding with the investigation raise a
serious doubt about the truthfulness and integrity of the IO in respect
of the causes of the VL who was also a lady constable of his police
station. However, it is trite law that the fault of an Investigating Officer,
which he has made knowingly or unknowingly, cannot cost the
prosecution case and its witnesses. In this regard I may quote, even at
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the cost of repetition, the relevant observation in State of Punjab vs
Gurmit Singh ( Supra) :
"..... Again, if the investigating officer did not conduct the
investigation properly or was negligent in not being able to
trace out the driver or the car, how can that become a
ground to discredit the testimony of the prosecutrix? The
prosecutrix had no control over the investigating agency
and the negligence of an investigating officer could not
affect the credibility of the statement of the prosecutrix.
The courts must, while evaluating evidence, remain alive
to the fact that in a case of rape, no self-respecting woman
would come forward in a court just to make a humiliating
statement against her honour such as is involved in the
commission of rape on her. In cases involving sexual
molestation, supposed considerations which have no
material effect on the veracity of the prosecution case or
even discrepancies in the statement of the prosecutrix
should not, unless the discrepancies are such which are of
fatal nature, be allowed to throw out an otherwise reliable
prosecution case.... Seeking corroboration of her statement
before relying upon the same, as a rule, in such cases
amounts to adding insult to injury.... Corroboration as a
condition for judicial reliance on the testimony of the
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prosecutrix is not a requirement of law but a guidance of
prudence under given circumstances.
* *
****************************************************************
**************************************"
103. It is also found that the Investigating Officer did not cite as witness the Divisional Engineer BSNL, who issued the CDR as a chargesheet witness. Although it is true that in 2014 production of certificate under Section 65 B of Indian Evidence Act to prove electronic evidence was not mandatory, the same was directed to be produced mandatorily after pronouncement of the judgment in Arjun Pandit Rao Khotkar vs. Kailash Kushanrao Gorantyal and Ors. reported in (2020) 7 SCC 1. By the said judgment the earlier observation of the Hon‟ble Supreme Court in Anwar P.V. vs. P.K. Basheer reported in (2014) 10 SCC 473 was overruled. However, the IO could have cited the Divisional Engineer BSNL as a prosecution witness but the same was not done raising questions about the honest intention of the I.O. in pursuing the investigation neutrally. Then how could he prove such CDR in the court of law and by what means? It appears that his action had given the accused undue advantage, and, therefore we are shocked to say that the IO had taken a partisan view in dealing with the investigation, which is not approved in law.
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Chapter V: Need for re-framing Charges ?
104. The Learned Counsel for the State as well as the de-facto complainant have argued that the charge should have been framed against Mukesh under Section 313 IPC and not under Section 312 of IPC since it transpires that the de-facto complainant was compelled to consume termination pills without her consent and therefore, ingredients of Section 313 IPC were available and the charge should have been framed under Section 313 IPC instead of Section 312 of the code. The learned senior counsel Mr. Kabir has further cited several judgments including AIR 1956 SC116 (Willie Slaney vs. The State of Madhya Pradesh), AIR 2011 SC 3534 (Mohan Singh vs. State of Bihar), AIR 2024 SC 4810 (Baljinder Singh vs. The State of Punjab) in respect of his contention that the Appellate Court can convict an accused even if charges were not framed under the proper section if it is shown that the accused was aware of the nature of the allegations and there would be no injury to him if such conviction is pronounced under law. He has further submitted that law is well settled that in order to know whether there would be a failure of justice or not, it will be relevant to examine whether the accused was aware of the basic ingredients of the offence for which he is being convicted and whether the main facts sought to be established against him were explained to him clearly and whether he got a fair chance to defend himself. Mr. Tabraiz, learned senior counsel of Mukesh has Page 72 of 77 disputed such submission. According to him law does not support the power of the Appellate Court in convicting a person in respect of an offence higher than the offence he is charged with, without giving him an opportunity to defend.
105. Section 312 of IPC reads as follows:
"SECTION 312 CAUSING MISCARRIAGE Whoever voluntarily causes a woman with child to miscarry, shall, if such miscarriage be not caused in good faith for the purpose of saving the life of the woman, be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to three years, or with fine, or with both; and, if the woman be quick with child, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to seven years, and shall also be liable to fine."
106. Section 313 of IPC deals with the following offence.
"SECTION 313 CAUSING MISCARRIAGE WITHOUT WOMAN'S CONSENT Whoever commits the offence defined in the last preceding section without the consent of the woman, whether the woman is quick with child or not, shall be punished with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine."
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107. From the discussion of evidence we have found that although Mukesh persuaded and manipulated the VL to consume the termination pills for terminating her pregnancy in an emotive way, there is no evidence at all that Mukesh used force to compel the VL to consume such pills, and as such evidence is not available, framing of charge under section 312 IPC was proper and there is no need for re- framing a charge under Section 313 IPC or to convict him under section 313 of IPC.
Chapter VI: The Closing chapter: Results
108. In view of the discussion above, we have come to the conclusion on the basis of testimony of the VL in the relevant sessions trial along with the evidence of supporting vital witnesses, that VL was sexually abused on the pretext of marriage at the instance of Mukesh knowing fully well that such promise to marry was false from the very beginning of the relevant relationship between him and the victim. The alleged consent of the VL was procured on her misconception of the fact that Mukesh had the intention to marry her. There is also evidence to the effect that to shield the pregnancy of the VL, Mukesh persuaded her to consume pills for terminating her pregnancy, being fully aware that his promise to marry the VL was false, and as such we have found that Mukesh is guilty of the offence punishable under Section 376 and also under Section 312 IPC. The learned Trial Judge did not analyse the Page 74 of 77 evidence on record in its proper perspective. The impugned judgment has occasioned failure of justice and in view of such palpable error, irregularity and illegality in the judgment, we are inclined to set aside the said judgment of acquittal and accordingly we do so. As there was a clear failure of justice, we pronounce the judgment of conviction against Mukesh Kumar Yadav and accordingly, we find that Mukesh Kumar Yadav is guilty of offences punishable under Section 376/312 IPC and he is, thus convicted for the offences under section 376/312 IPC. The convict Mukesh is directed to surrender before the learned Trial Judge by 22nd May, 2026 and on his surrender the learned trial judge shall take him into custody and shall pronounce and impose the proper sentence under Sections 376/312 IPC after hearing on the point of sentence in accordance with law. If the convict fails to surrender on or before the appointed day the learned Trial Judge shall issue warrant of arrest against him. However, we make it clear that within 7 days of his surrender or production in execution of warrant of arrest, as the case may be, the learned Trial Judge shall pronounce the sentence after complying with all the legal formalities. The appeals being CRA (DB) 6 of 2024 and CRA (DB) 4 of 2024 are allowed. The judgment of acquittal dated 24.04.2024 passed by the learned Sessions Judge Andaman and Nicobar Islands at Port Blair in connection with Sessions case no. 32 of 2015 corresponding to Sessions Trial No. 16 of October 2015 is hereby set aside.
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109. Before parting with this matter, we are constrained to observe that if a lady police constable--a member of the force itself--is subjected to such humiliation at the hands of the appellant and in view of the systemic failures of the police administration, the plight of an ordinary woman in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands becomes a matter of grave concern. For the common woman, the right to justice will remain elusive unless the administration rises to the occasion and demonstrates a policy of zero tolerance for offenses against women.
110. The question of conviction aside, this case remains singularly distressing. While the nation takes pride in the blood shed by officers in the line of duty--symbolizing a gallantry that earns our highest respect--the blood-stained uniform in this case marks a moment of collective shame for the Andaman and Nicobar Police. It signifies not a heroic struggle against crime, but a tragic violation occurring within the force itself.
111. Accordingly, we expect the Director General of Police (DGP), Andaman and Nicobar Islands, to take an exemplary stand. The DGP shall ensure that the appellant, being a serving officer under his command, surrenders before the learned Trial Judge to serve the sentence to be imposed upon him. Furthermore, having found serious dereliction of duty on the part of the Investigating Officer, SI Rangaswamy, as discussed in paragraphs [101 to 103], we direct the DGP to initiate necessary disciplinary proceedings against him, in accordance with the law, if he is still in service.
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112. Let a copy of this judgment be sent to the Director General of Police of Andaman and Nicobar Islands for his information and necessary action.
113. In view of the above discussion, we request the Learned Registrar General, High Court at Calcutta to send a copy of the judgment along with Trial Court Record to the learned Sessions Judge, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, at Port Blair at once. She is also requested to send a copy of this judgment to the DGP, Andaman and Nicobar Islands immediately.
114. Urgent photostat certified copies of this judgment, if applied for, be supplied to the parties on compliance of all necessary formalities.
I Agree.
(APURBA SINHA RAY, J.) (ARIJIT BANERJEE, J.)
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