Delhi High Court
Dharampal Satyapal Sons Pvt. Ltd. & Anr. vs Ifb Agro Industries Ltd. on 20 November, 2019
Equivalent citations: AIRONLINE 2019 DEL 1949
Author: Rajiv Sahai Endlaw
Bench: Rajiv Sahai Endlaw
* IN THE HIGH COURT OF DELHI AT NEW DELHI
% Date of decision: 20th November, 2019
+ CS(COMM) No.80/2016
DHARAMPAL SATYAPAL SONS
PVT. LTD. & ANR. .... Plaintiffs
Through: Mr. Bishwajit Dubey & Mr.
Aditya Marwah, Advs.
Versus
IFB AGRO INDUSTRIES LTD. ......Defendant
Through: Mr. C.M. Lall, Sr. Adv. with
Mr. Anish Kapur, Ms. Atishree
Sood, Ms. Nikita Suri, Ms.
Athira Pillai & Mr. Rook Ray,
Advs.
CORAM:
HON'BLE MR. JUSTICE RAJIV SAHAI ENDLAW
Crl.M.A. No.40263/2019 (of the defendant under Section 340
Cr.P.C.)
1. The defendant in this suit for permanent injunction to restrain
infringement of trade mark and for ancillary reliefs, amidst the cross-
examination of PW1, by this application seeks preliminary enquiry
into the offence allegedly committed by the plaintiffs and its Directors
and calls upon this Court to send a complaint of the said offences to
the Magistrate.
2. The application came up first before this Court on 15 th
November, 2019 when the counsel for the plaintiffs appeared on
advance notice.
3. Attention of the senior counsel for the defendant / applicant was
drawn to several pronouncements of the Courts including in Vishal
CS(COMM) No.80/2016 Page 1 of 12
Kapoor Vs. Sonal Kapoor 2014 SCC OnLine Del 4484 (DB), Punjab
Tractors Ltd. Vs. International Tractors Ltd. 2009 SCC OnLine Del
2978 and Amarsang Nathji Vs. Hardik Harshadhbai Patel (2017) 1
SCC 113, holding the application under Section 340 of the Code of
Criminal Procedure, 1973 (Cr.P.C.) to be not maintainable at this
stage. The senior counsel for the defendant / applicant however on
15th November, 2019 contended that in accordance with the dicta of
the Supreme Court in Iqbal Singh Marwah Vs. Meenakshi Marwah
(2005) 4 SCC 370, the application lies at this stage and complaint in
pursuance thereto has to be made at this stage only. The arguments
remained inconclusive on 15th November, 2019 and were adjourned to today.
4. The senior counsel for the defendant / applicant has been heard
further and the counsel for the plaintiffs has also been heard.
5. The senior counsel for the defendant / applicant, in response to
the judgments to which his attention was drawn on 15th November,
2019, has referred to Deepika Prashar Vs. Suman Singh Virk
MANU/DE/2228/2016 where, prior to final disposal of the suit,
application under Section 340 of the Cr.P.C. was entertained and
complaint forwarded to the Magistrate. The senior counsel for the
defendant / applicant has also contended that the facts of the present
case are such where a complaint needs to be made immediately. It is
also argued that one of the offences committed by the plaintiffs and its
Directors is under Section 209 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (IPC),
period of making complaint with respect whereto, vide Section 468 of
Cr.P.C. is of three years only and if this application is not disposed of
CS(COMM) No.80/2016 Page 2 of 12
immediately, the complaint of such offence may become barred by
time. Reliance in this regard is placed on H.S. Bedi Vs. National
Highway Authority of India 2016 SCC OnLine Del 432.
6. Per contra, the counsel for the plaintiffs, besides referring to
orders passed by me holding such applications under Section 340 of
the Cr.P.C. to be not maintainable at the interim stage and dismissing
the same with liberty to the counsel to, at the stage of final arguments,
invoke the same, has also referred to Ace Design Ltd. Vs. Gaurav
Sarup Sharma 2019 SCC OnLine Del 8105 and Vishal Kapoor Vs.
Sonal Kapoor 2014 SCC OnLine Del 4484 (DB).
7. In Punjab Tractors Ltd. supra also, the defendants filed an
application under Section 340 of the Cr.P.C. amidst cross-examination
of the witness of the plaintiff, referring to the earlier affidavits and the
subsequent affidavits by way of examination-in-chief of the witness of
the plaintiff and claiming that perjury had been committed therein.
Relying on (i) Rewashankar Moolchand Vs. Emperor AIR 1940
Nagpur 72 holding that proceedings under Section 340 Cr.P.C. should
not be resorted to when the criminal case is calculated to hamper fair
trial of issue in the Civil Court before which the matter would
probably go on for longer; and, (ii) Jindal Polyster Ltd. Vs. Rahul
Jaura 124 (2005) DLT 613 and Kuldeep Kapoor Vs. Susanta
Sengupta 126 (2006) DLT 149 holding that applications under
Section 340 of the Cr.P.C. should be dealt with at the final stage only
and not at the interim stage, it was held that the law is that a
prosecution for perjury should not be ordered by the Court before the
CS(COMM) No.80/2016 Page 3 of 12
close of the proceedings in the case in which false evidence is given
and that it is highly wrong for a Court to take action under Section 340
of the Cr.P.C. against a witness or a party for giving false evidence
when trial is underway. It was further held that Section 340 of the
Cr.P.C. cannot be resorted to, when genuineness of documents alleged
to be forged and false in a case, was still subject matter of a pending
civil suit. It was reasoned that a witness is entitled to an opportunity to
correct himself. It was yet further held that if the application under
Section 340 of the Cr.P.C. were to be considered and allowed at the
interim stage, it would give a handle to the defendants against the
plaintiffs and would give unfair advantage to the defendants over the
plaintiffs in the suit proceedings, when it was still to be decided by the
Civil Court whether the documents were indeed forged and fabricated.
It was also reasoned that formation of prima facie view that a person
charged has intentionally given false evidence is a condition precedent
for directing lodging of a complaint; existence of mens rea or criminal
intention behind act complained of will have to be looked into and
considered before any action under Section 340 of the Cr.PC is
recommended; before setting the criminal law into motion, the Court
has to exercise great care and caution and no prosecution ought to be
ordered unless reasonable probability of conviction is found. The
application under Section 340 of the Cr.P.C. was dismissed.
8. In Vishal Kapoor supra, not only was the aforesaid view
approved of but reference was also made to Rugmini Ammal by LR's
Vs. V. Narayana Reddiar (2007) 12 SCC 611 holding that (a)
"normally, a direction for filing of a complaint is not made during the
CS(COMM) No.80/2016 Page 4 of 12
pendency of the proceeding before the Court and this is done at the
stage when the proceeding is concluded and the final judgment is
rendered"; (b) that as per language of Section 340 of the Cr.P.C., the
Court is not bound to make a complaint and the course of making a
complaint would be adopted only if the interest of justice requires and
which expediency would normally be judged by the Court by
weighing not the magnitude of injury suffered by the person affected
by such forgery or forged document, but having regard to the effect or impact
such commission of offence has upon administration of justice; and,
(c) where voluminous evidence has been adduced and the forgery is with respect
to one document only and the effect of such piece of evidence on the
broad concept of administration of justice is minimal, the Court may not
consider it expedient in the interest of justice to make a complaint.
9. Comparatively recently, in Amarsang Nathji supra it was held
that (i) mere fact that a person has made a contradictory statement in a
judicial proceeding is not by itself always sufficient to justify a
prosecution under Sections 199 and 200 of the IPC; it must be shown
that the defendant has intentionally given a false statement at any
stage of the judicial proceedings or fabricated false evidence for the
purpose of using the same at any stage of the judicial proceedings; (ii)
even after the above position has emerged, still the Court has to form
an opinion that it is expedient in the interests of justice to initiate an
inquiry into the offences of false evidence and offences against public
justice and more specifically referred to in Section 340(1) of the
Cr.P.C., having regard to the overall factual matrix as well as the
probable consequences of such a prosecution; and, (iii) the Court must
CS(COMM) No.80/2016 Page 5 of 12
be satisfied that such an inquiry is required in the interests of justice
and appropriate in the facts of the case.
10. In Iqbal Singh Marwah supra also, it has been held that where
the forged document is just a piece of evidence in voluminous
evidence adduced and the effect of such forged document on the broad
concept of administration of justice is minimal, the Court may not
consider it expedient in the interest of justice to make a complaint.
11. I may at this stage emphasize that for the test aforesaid laid out
for making a complaint to be applied also, conclusion of entire
evidence in the proceeding in which the offence is alleged to be
committed, is essential. Therefrom also it follows that complaint
cannot be made at interim stage.
12. That brings me to the emphatic reliance placed by the senior
counsel for the defendant / applicant on Iqbal Singh Marwah supra.
The Constitution Bench therein was constituted to resolve conflict of
opinion in earlier judgments regarding interpretation of Section
195(1)(b)(ii) of the Cr.P.C. The question for consideration was,
whether Section 195(1)(b)(ii) of the Cr.P.C. would apply where
forgery of a document was committed before the said document was
produced in the Court. It was held that where offence as enumerated
in Section 195(1)(b)(ii) of the Cr.P.C. had already been committed
earlier and later on the document was produced or given in evidence in
Court, the same was not within the ambit thereof. The senior counsel
for the defendant / applicant however drew attention to paragraph 24
thereof to contend that therein it has been laid down that the complaint
CS(COMM) No.80/2016 Page 6 of 12
is to be filed immediately as delay in prosecution of a guilty person
comes to his advantage as witnesses become reluctant to give evidence
and the evidence gets lost.
13. I am unable to agree. As aforesaid, Supreme Court in Iqbal
Singh Marwah supra was not concerned with the question as has been
addressed in the judgments cited above, of maintainability of an
application under Section 340 of the Cr.P.C. during the pendency of
the suit. The Constitution Bench in paragraph 24 supra relied upon by
the senior counsel for the defendant / applicant observed that owing to
the order under Section 340 Cr.P.C. being appealable and the order of
the Appellate Court keeping the direction for making of the complaint
in abeyance, may result in the complaint being not proceeded with for
decades. It was thus concluded that the procedure prescribed for filing
a complaint by the Court is such which may not fructify in the actual
trial of the offender for an unusually long period. The said factor
dissuaded the Constitution Bench from accepting the broad
interpretation sought to be placed on Section 195(1)(b)(ii) of the
Cr.P.C. It is thus not as if the Constitution Bench vide the said
judgment issued a direction for making of the complaints at interim
stage of the proceedings where the offence within the meaning of
Section 340 of the Cr.P.C. is claimed to have been committed.
14. That brings me to the last argument of the senior counsel for the
applicant / defendant, of the complaint unless immediately made,
becoming barred by time.
CS(COMM) No.80/2016 Page 7 of 12
15. The said aspect having not been dealt with in any of the
judgments cited above, it is deemed necessary to pen this order.
16. It is the case of the defendant / applicant in the application, that
(i) the plaintiffs in the plaint have pleaded that sales prior to 2013-14
under the subject trade mark were made by Dharampal Satyapal Ltd.
which demerged into several companies including plaintiff no.2 DS
Spiceco Pvt. Ltd.; (ii) in support of the above, PW1 in his affidavit by
way of examination-in-chief attributed sales of the product under the
subject trade mark from 2005-06 to 2012-13 to another company by
the name of Dharampal Satyapal Sons Pvt. Ltd. ; (iii) there is therefore
a clear discrepancy in what is stated in the plaint and the supporting
Chartered Accountant's certificate and the affidavit by way of
examination-in-chief of the witness of the plaintiff; (iv) the witness of
the plaintiff during cross-examination on 24th January, 2019 deposed
that the specimen invoices were genuine and the decision to file them
as evidence was taken by the plaintiffs and also produced documents
alleging them to be originals of the invoices filed as Ex.PW1/8
(Colly); (v) however on the defendant objecting, the counsel for the
plaintiffs made a statement that the invoices produced were not
originals but computer printouts of the invoices on the letter head of
the plaintiff no.2; (vi) in Ex.PW1/8 (Colly), all the bills of 2009 to
2013 are purported to be of plaintiff no.2 D.S. Spiceco Pvt. Ltd. which
was incorporated only on 26th June, 2013; (vii) evidently, these bills
could not have been issued by plaintiff no.2; (viii) the witness of the
plaintiffs in cross-examination could not answer how a company
incorporated in 2013 could have issued bills prior to its incorporation;
CS(COMM) No.80/2016 Page 8 of 12
(ix) the witness subsequently admitted that the documents Ex.PW1/8
(Colly) belonged to DSL Food Division which was then D.S. Spiceco
Pvt. Ltd. and therefore the document was printed on the letter head of
DS Spiceco Pvt. Ltd. for submission in the Court; and, (x) the
plaintiffs and its Directors have committed offences referred to in
Section 195(1)(b) of the Cr.P.C. and which includes the offence under
Section 209 of the IPC.
17. Once the law has prescribed the procedure of Section 340 of the
Cr.P.C. for making of a complaint of certain offences, and the law
with respect to which Section 340 Cr.P.C. as has evolved is of
complaint thereunder being filed not at the interim stage of the
proceeding in the Courts in which the offence is claimed to have been
committed, but at the final decision thereof, I find the interpretation
placed by the senior counsel for the defendant / applicant that the
complaint if made at that stage would be barred by time, to be
illogical. Such an interpretation would be hit by the principle of law,
of none suffering from an act of the Court.
18. Not only so, Section 468(3) Cr.P.C. provides that the period of
limitation in relation to offences which may be tried together shall be
determined with reference to the offence which is punishable with the
more severe punishment or, as the case may be, the most severe
punishment. The defendant / applicant also alleges the plaintiffs and
its Directors to have committed offences enumerated within Section
195(1)(b) of the Cr.P.C. and has not confined the offence to that under
Section 209 of the Cr.P.C. I find that the offences referred to in
CS(COMM) No.80/2016 Page 9 of 12
Section 195(1)(b) of the Cr.P.C. include offences, for making of
complaint with respect thereto no period of limitation is prescribed in
Section 468 of the Cr.P.C. prescribing the limitation for taking cognizance of
certain offences. Reference in this regard may be made to State of
H.P. Vs. Tara Dutt (2000) 1 SCC 230, relying on Section 468(3) and
holding that when the accused was charged with offences for which no
limitation is provided in Section 468, then cognizance of offences for
which limitation is provided cannot be said to be barred by limitation.
19. I also find that:
A. Section 470 of the Cr.P.C. provides for exclusion of time
in certain cases and following the principle thereof also, the
time till when the civil proceedings in the course of which
offence is found to have been committed is pending, would be
excluded while computing the period of limitation under
Section 468 of the Cr.P.C.
B. Section 473 of the Cr.P.C. enables the Court to take
cognizance of an offence after the expiry of period of limitation,
if satisfied on the facts and in the circumstances of the case that
the delay was properly explained or that it is necessary so to do
in the interest of justice; considering the requirement of Section
340 of the Cr.P.C., time for making the complaint would be
extended thereunder as well.
C. Neither counsel cited any judgment on the said aspect
inspite of asking. I find the question to be no longer res integra.
A Division Bench of the High Court of Karnataka in C.
CS(COMM) No.80/2016 Page 10 of 12
Ramanna Gowda Vs. The Registrar (Vigilance) High Court of
Karnataka MANU/KA/0060/2006 held that the time spent for
holding preliminary enquiry under Section 340 of the Cr.P.C. to
form an opinion that it is expedient in the interest of justice that
the complaint be lodged for enquiring into the offence which
appeared to have been committed, should be excluded while
computing the period of limitation. I respectfully concur with
the view taken therein.
D. The High Court of Punjab & Haryana also in Balwant
Singh Vs. Rajinder Singh 2011 SCC OnLine P&H 11660
negated the plea in opposition to Section 340 of the Cr.P.C., of
the offence allegedly committed being stale, by holding that the
matter could not have become stale when the complaint was
filed within time, but the delay in consideration thereof was on
account of the respondent and the Court itself, and not on
account of the applicant.
E. The Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court in Sarah
Mathew Vs. Institute of Cardio Vascular Diseases (2014) 2
SCC 62 though not concerned with the question as has arisen
herein, held that delay caused by the Court in taking cognizance
of a case cannot deny justice to a diligent complaint.
20. Thus the aspect of limitation also does not dissuade me from
taking a view different from as taken in the earlier cases.
21. As far reliance by the senior counsel for the defendant /
applicant on Deepika Prashar supra is concerned, therein, after
CS(COMM) No.80/2016 Page 11 of 12
noticing the aforesaid judgments, the complaint was ordered to be
made at the interim stage, finding a blatant case of the defendants
therein having practiced falsehood on oath in the written statement and
at the stage of admission/denial and no further enquiry being
necessary. On the contrary here, the evidence of the plaintiffs is still
to be concluded. Even the cross-examination of PW1 has not been
concluded. It is well nigh possible that PW1 or any other witness of
the plaintiffs in their evidence, explains the inconsistency alleged and
opportunity wherefor cannot be denied. Further, the weight of the said
evidence vis-à-vis the entire evidence of the plaintiffs can also be seen
at the final stage of adjudication only.
22. Thus, no case for making a complaint under Section 340 of the
Cr.P.C. against the plaintiffs or its Directors or against PW1 is made
out. The application is dismissed with liberty to the plaintiffs to, at the
final stage seek prosecution of the plaintiffs and its Directors and any
other witness and with the clarification that the date of invocation of
Section 340 of the Cr.P.C. by the defendant/applicant in such case
would be the date on which the present application was filed.
RAJIV SAHAI ENDLAW, J.
NOVEMBER 20, 2019 'gsr'..
CS(COMM) No.80/2016 Page 12 of 12