Himachal Pradesh High Court
Chamaroo (Deceased) Through His Lrs vs Om Chand on 25 August, 2023
Author: Tarlok Singh Chauhan
Bench: Tarlok Singh Chauhan
IN THE HIGH COURT OF HIMACHAL PRADESH, SHIMLA.
RSA No. 139 of 2017
.
Decided on: 25.08.2023
Chamaroo (deceased) through his LRs
...Appellants/defendants
Versus
Om Chand ...Respondent/plaintif
of
Coram:
Hon'ble Mr. Justice Tarlok Singh Chauhan, Judge.
No.
Whether approved for reporting? 1
rt
For the Appellants : Mr. Jagan Nath, Advocate.
For the Respondent : Mr. Hemant Vaid, Advocate.
Tarlok Singh Chauhan, Judge (Oral)
Even though, the instant appeal has been formally admitted on 24.05.2017 and even substantial questions of law stand formulated, however, I find that the appeal has not been decided by the learned first Appellate Court, as is otherwise required under the law.
2. It is settled principle of law that right to file first appeal against the decree under Section 96 of the Code of Civil Procedure is a valuable legal right of the litigant. The jurisdiction of the First Appellate Court while hearing the First appeal is very wide like that of learned trial Court and it is open to the appellant to attack all findings of fact or/and of law in the first appeal. It is 1 Whether reporters of the local papers may be allowed to see the judgment? yes ::: Downloaded on - 25/08/2023 20:34:39 :::CIS 2 duty of the first appellate Court to appreciate the entire evidence and may come to a diferent conclusion from that of the trial .
Court. While doing so, the judgment of the Appellate Court must reflect its conscious application of mind and record findings supported by reasons, on all issues arising along with the contentions put forth, and pressed by the parties for decision of of the Appellate Court. While reversing a finding of fact, the Appellate Court must come into close quarters with the rt reasoning assigned by the trial Court and then assign its own reasons for arriving at a diferent finding. This would satisfy the court hearing a further appeal that the First Appellate Court had discharged the duty expected of it.
3. The scope, ambit and power of the first Appellate Court while deciding the first appeal have been subject matter of various judicial pronouncements and I may refer to the pronouncement of the Hon'ble Supreme Court in Shasidhar and others vs. Smt. Ashwini Uma Mathad and another 2015 AIR SCW 777, wherein it was held as follows:
"11. Having heard learned counsel for the parties and on perusal of the record of the case and examining the issue arising in this appeal, we find force in the submissions of the learned counsel for the appellants.
12. The powers of the first appellate Court, while deciding the first appeal under Section 96 read with Order XLI Rule 31 of the Code, are indeed well defined by various judicial ::: Downloaded on - 25/08/2023 20:34:39 :::CIS 3 pronouncements of this Court and are, therefore, no more res integra.
.
13. As far back in 1969, the learned Judge -V.R. Krishna Iyer, J (as His Lordship then was the judge of Kerala High Court) while deciding the first appeal under Section 96 of the CPC in Kurian Chacko vs. Varkey Ouseph, AIR 1969 Kerala 316, reminded the first appellate Court of its duty as to how the first appeal under Section 96 should of be decided. In his distinctive style of writing and subtle power of expression, the learned judge held as under:
"1. The plaintif, unsuccessful in two Courts, has come rtup here aggrieved by the dismissal of his suit which was one for declaration of title and recovery of possession. The defendant disputed the plaintif's title to the property as also his possession and claimed both in himself. The learned Munsif, who tried the suit, recorded findings against the plaintif both on title and possession. But, in appeal, the learned Subordinate Judge disposed of the whole matter glibly and briefly, in a few sentences.
2. An appellate court is the final Court of fact ordinarily and therefore a litigant is entitled to a full and fair and independent consideration of the evidence at the appellate stage. Anything less than this is unjust to him and I have no doubt that in the present case the learned Subordinate Judge has fallen far short of what is expected of him as an appellate Court. Although there is furious contest between the counsel for the appellant and for the respondent, they appear to agree with me in this observation....." (Emphasis supplied)
14. This Court in a number of cases while affirming and then reiterating the aforesaid principle has laid down the ::: Downloaded on - 25/08/2023 20:34:39 :::CIS 4 scope and powers of the first appellate Court under Section 96 of the Code.
.
15. We consider it apposite to refer to some of the decisions.
16. In Santosh Hazari vs Purushottam Tiwari (Deceased) by L.Rs . (2001) 3 SCC 179, this Court held (at pages 188- 189) as under:
of ".........the appellate court has jurisdiction to reverse or affirm the findings of the trial court. First appeal is a rt valuable right of the parties and unless restricted by law, the whole case is therein open for rehearing both on questions of fact and law. The judgment of the appellate court must, therefore, reflect its conscious application of mind and record findings supported by reasons, on all the issues arising along with the contentions put forth, and pressed by the parties for decision of the appellate court......while reversing a finding of fact the appellate court must come into close quarters with the reasoning assigned by the trial court ... and then as sign its own reasons for arriving at a diferent finding. This would satisfy the court hearing a further appeal that the first appellate court had discharged the duty expected of it............"
17. The above view has been followed by a three Judge Bench decision of this Court in Madhukar & Ors.v. Sangram & Ors. ,(2001) 4 SCC 756, wherein it was reiterated that sitting as a court of first appeal, it is the duty of the High Court to deal with all the issues and the evidence led by the parties before recording its findings.
18. In H.K.N. Swami v. Irshad Basith ,(2005) 10 SCC 243, this Court (at p. 244) stated as under:
::: Downloaded on - 25/08/2023 20:34:39 :::CIS 5"3. The first appeal has to be decided on facts as well as on law. In the first appeal parties have the right to be .
heard both on questions of law as also on facts and the first appellate court is required to address itself to all issues and decide the case by giving reasons. Unfortunately, the High Court, in the present case has not recorded any finding either on facts or on law. Sitting as the first appellate court it was the duty of the High Court to deal with all the issues and the evidence of led by the parties before recording the finding regarding title."
19. Again in Jagannath v. Arulappa & Anr. (2005) 12 rt SCC 303, while considering the scope of Section 96 of the Code this Court (at pp. 303 -04) observed as follows:
"2.A court of first appeal can re-appreciate the entire evidence and come to a diferent conclusion........."
20. Again in B.V Nagesh & Anr.vs. H.V.Sreenivasa Murthy, (2010) 13 SCC 530, this Court taking note of all the earlier judgments of this Court reiterated the aforementioned principle with these words:
"3. How the regular first appeal is to be disposed of by the appellate court/High Court has been considered by this Court in various decisions. Order 41 CPC deals with appeals from original decrees. Among the various rules, Rule 31 mandates that the judgment of the appellate court shall state: (a) the points for determination; (b) the decision thereon; (c) the reasons for the decision; and (d) where the decree appealed from is reversed or varied, the relief to which the appellant is entitled.
4. The appellate court has jurisdiction to reverse or affirm the findings of the trial court. The first appeal is a valuable right of the parties and unless restricted by ::: Downloaded on - 25/08/2023 20:34:39 :::CIS 6 law, the whole case is therein open for rehearing both on questions of fact and law. The judgment of the .
appellate court must, ... therefore, reflect its conscious application of mind and record findings supported by reasons, on all the issues arising along with the contentions putforth, and pressed by the parties for decision of the appellate court. Sitting as a court of first appeal, it was the duty of the High Court to deal with all the issues and the evidence led by the parties before of recording its findings. The first appeal is a valuable right and the parties have a right to be heard both on questions of law and on facts and the judgment in the rt first appeal must address itself to all the issues of law and fact and decide it by giving reasons in support of the findings. (Vide Santosh Hazari v.Purushottam Tiwari , (2001) 3 SCC 179 at p. 188, para 15 and Madhukar v.Sangram , (2001) 4 SCC 756 at p. 758, para
5.) .
5. In view of the above salutary principles, on going through the impugned judgment, we feel that the High Court has failed to discharge the obligation placed on it as a first appellate court. In our view, the judgment under appeal is cryptic and none of the relevant aspects have even been noticed. The appeal has been decided in an unsatisfactory manner. Our careful perusal of the judgment in the regular first appeal shows that it falls short of considerations which are expected from the court of first appeal. Accordingly, without going into the merits of the claim of both parties, we set aside the impugned judgment and decree of the High Court and remand the regular first appeal to the High Court for its fresh disposal in accordance with law."
21. The aforementioned cases were relied upon by this Court while reiterating the same principle in State Bank ::: Downloaded on - 25/08/2023 20:34:39 :::CIS 7 of India & Anr. vs. Emmsons International Ltd. & Anr.(2011) 12 SCC 174. This Court has recently taken .
the same view on similar facts arising in Vinod Kumar vs. Gangadhar, 2014(12) Scale 171."
4. Similar issue came up before the Hon'ble Supreme Court in Union of India Vs. K.V. Lakshman and others, 2016 AIR SC 3139, wherein it was held:-
of "22. It is a settled principle of law that a right to file first appeal against the decree under Section 96 of the Code is rt a valuable legal right of the litigant. The jurisdiction of the first appellate Court while hearing the first appeal is very wide like that of the Trial Court and it is open to the appellant to attack all findings of fact or/and of law in first appeal. It is the duty of the first appellate Court to appreciate the entire evidence and may come to a conclusion diferent from that of the Trial Court.
23. Similarly, the powers of the first appellate Court while deciding the first appeal are indeed well defined by various judicial pronouncements of this Court and are, therefore, no more res integra. It is apposite to take note of the law on this issue.
24. As far back in 1969, the learned Judge - V.R. Krishna Iyer, J (as His Lordship then was the judge of Kerala High Court) while deciding the first appeal under Section 96 of the CPC in Kurian Chacko vs. Varkey Ouseph, AIR 1969 Kerala 316, reminded the first appellate Court of its duty to decide the first appeal. In his distinctive style of writing with subtle power of expression, the learned judge held as under:::: Downloaded on - 25/08/2023 20:34:39 :::CIS 8
"1. The plaintif, unsuccessful in two Courts, has come up here aggrieved by the dismissal of his suit which .
was one for declaration of title and recovery of possession. The defendant disputed the plaintif's title to the property as also his possession and claimed both in himself. The learned Munsif, who tried the suit, recorded findings against the plaintif both on title and possession. But, in appeal, the learned Subordinate Judge disposed of the whole matter glibly and briefly, in of a few sentences.
2. An appellate court is the final Court of fact ordinarily and therefore a litigant is entitled to a full and fair and rt independent consideration of the evidence at the appellate stage. Anything less than this is unjust to him and I have no doubt that in the present case the learned Subordinate Judge has fallen far short of what is expected of him as an appellate Court. Although there is furious contest between the counsel for the appellant and for the respondent, they appear to agree with me in this observation....." (Emphasis supplied)
25. This Court also in various cases reiterated the aforesaid principle and laid down the powers of the appellate Court under Section 96 of the Code while deciding the first appeal.
26. We consider it apposite to refer to some of the decisions.
27. In Santosh Hazari vs. Purushottam Tiwari (Deceased) by L.Rs. (2001) 3 SCC 179, this Court held (at pages 188-189) as under:
".........the appellate court has jurisdiction to reverse or affirm the findings of the trial court. First appeal is a valuable right of the parties and unless restricted by ::: Downloaded on - 25/08/2023 20:34:39 :::CIS 9 law, the whole case is therein open for rehearing both on questions of fact and law. The judgment of the .
appellate court must, therefore, reflect its conscious application of mind and record findings supported by reasons, on all the issues arising along with the contentions put forth, and pressed by the parties for decision of the appellate court......while reversing a finding of fact the appellate court must come into close quarters with the reasoning assigned by the trial court of and then assign its own reasons for arriving at a diferent finding. This would satisfy the court hearing a further appeal that the first appellate court had rtdischarged the duty expected of it............"
28. The above view was followed by a three Judge Bench decision of this Court in Madhukar & Ors. v. Sangram & Ors.,(2001) 4 SCC 756, wherein it was reiterated that sitting as a court of first appeal, it is the duty of the High Court to deal with all the issues and the evidence led by the parties before recording its findings.
29. In H.K.N. Swami v. Irshad Basith,(2005) 10 SCC 243, this Court (at p. 244) stated as under: (SCC para 3) "3. The first appeal has to be decided on facts as well as on law. In the first appeal parties have the right to be heard both on questions of law as also on facts and the first appellate court is required to address itself to all issues and decide the case by giving reasons .Unfortunately, the High Court, in the present case has not recorded any finding either on facts or on law. Sitting as the first appellate court it was the duty of the High Court to deal with all the issues and the evidence led by the parties before recording the finding regarding title."
::: Downloaded on - 25/08/2023 20:34:40 :::CIS 1030. Again in Jagannath v. Arulappa & Anr., (2005 12 SCC 303, while considering the scope of Section 96 the .
Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, this Court (at pp. 303-04) observed as follows: (SCC para 2) "2. A court of first appeal can re-appreciate the entire evidence and come to a diferent conclusion........."
31. Again in B.V Nagesh & Anr. vs. H.V Sreenivasa of Murthy, (2010) 13 SCC 530, this Court taking note of all the earlier judgments of this court reiterated the aforementioned principle with these words:
rt "3. How the regular first appeal is to be disposed of by the appellate court/High Court has been considered by this Court in various decisions. Order 41 CPC deals with appeals from original decrees. Among the various rules, Rule 31 mandates that the judgment of the appellate court shall state:
(a) the points for determination;
(b) the decision thereon;
(c) the reasons for the decision; and
(d) where the decree appealed from is reversed or varied, the relief to which the appellant is entitled.
4. The appellate court has jurisdiction to reverse or affirm the findings of the trial court. The first appeal is a valuable right of the parties and unless restricted by law, the whole case is therein open for rehearing both on questions of fact and law. The judgment of the appellate court must, therefore, reflect its conscious application of mind and record findings supported by reasons, on all the issues arising along with the contentions put forth, and pressed by the parties for decision of the appellate court. Sitting as a court of first appeal, it was the duty of the High Court to deal with all the issues and the evidence led by the parties before ::: Downloaded on - 25/08/2023 20:34:40 :::CIS 11 recording its findings. The first appeal is a valuable right and the parties have a right to be heard both on .
questions of law and on facts and the judgment in the first appeal must address itself to all the issues of law and fact and decide it by giving reasons in support of the findings. (Vide Santosh Hazari v. Purushottam Tiwari, (2001) 3 SCC 179 at p. 188, para 15 and Madhukar v. Sangram, (2001) 4 SCC 756 at p. 758, para
5.) of
5. In view of the above salutary principles, on going through the impugned judgment, we feel that the High Court has failed to discharge the obligation placed on it rt as a first appellate court. In our view, the judgment under appeal is cryptic and none of the relevant aspects have even been noticed. The appeal has been decided in an unsatisfactory manner. Our careful perusal of the judgment in the regular first appeal shows that it falls short of considerations which are expected from the court of first appeal. Accordingly, without going into the merits of the claim of both parties, we set aside the impugned judgment and decree of the High Court and remand the regular first appeal to the High Court for its fresh disposal in accordance with law."
32. The aforementioned cases were relied upon by this Court while reiterating the same principle in State Bank of India & Anr. vs. Emmsons International Ltd. & Anr., (2011) 12 SCC 174."
5. Similar reiteration of law can be found in a very recent judgment of Hon'ble Supreme Court in Laliteshwar Prasad Singh & Ors. v. S.P. Srivastava (deceased) through LRs, 2017 (2) SCC 415, wherein it was held as under:-
::: Downloaded on - 25/08/2023 20:34:40 :::CIS 12"12. An appellate court is the final court of facts. The judgment of the appellate court must therefore reflect .
court's application of mind and record its findings supported by reasons. The law relating to powers and duties of the first appellate court is well fortified by the legal provisions and judicial pronouncements. Considering the nature and scope of duty of first appellate court, in Vinod Kumar v. Gangadhar (2015) 1 SCC 391, it was held as under:-
of "12. In Santosh Hazari v. Purushottam Tiwari (2001) 3 SCC 179, this Court held as under: (SCC pp.
rt188-89, para 15) "15. ... The appellate court has jurisdiction to reverse or affirm the findings of the trial court. First appeal is a valuable right of the parties and unless restricted by law, the whole case is therein open for rehearing both on questions of fact and law. The judgment of the appellate court must, therefore, reflect its conscious application of mind and record findings supported by reasons, on all the issues arising along with the contentions put forth, and pressed by the parties for decision of the appellate court. ... while reversing a finding of fact the appellate court must come into close quarters with the reasoning assigned by the trial court and then assign its own reasons for arriving at a diferent finding. This would satisfy the court hearing a further appeal that the first appellate court had discharged the duty expected of it."
The above view has been followed by a three Judge Bench decision of this Court in Madhukar v. Sangram (2001) 4 SCC 756, wherein it was reiterated that sitting as a court of first appeal, it is the duty of the High Court to deal with all the issues and the evidence led by the parties before recording its findings.
::: Downloaded on - 25/08/2023 20:34:40 :::CIS 1313. In H.K.N. Swami v. Irshad Basith (2005) 10 SCC .
243, this Court stated as under: (SCC p. 244, para 3) "3. The first appeal has to be decided on facts as well as on law. In the first appeal parties have the right to be heard both on questions of law as also on facts and the first appellate court is required to address itself to all issues and decide the case by giving reasons.
of Unfortunately, the High Court, in the present case has not recorded any finding either on facts or on law. Sitting as the first appellate court it was the duty of the rt High Court to deal with all the issues and the evidence led by the parties before recording the finding regarding title."
14. Again in Jagannath v. Arulappa (2005) 12 SCC 303, while considering the scope of Section 96 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, this Court observed as follows: (SCC p. 303, para 2)
15. Again in B.V. Nagesh v. H.V. Sreenivasa Murthy (2010) 13 SCC 530, this Court taking note of all the earlier judgments of this Court reiterated the aforementioned principle with these words: (SCC pp. 530- 31, paras 3-5) "3. How the regular first appeal is to be disposed of by the appellate court/High Court has been considered by this Court in various decisions. Order 41 CPC deals with appeals from original decrees. Among the various rules, Rule 31 mandates that the judgment of the appellate court shall state:
(a) the points for determination;
(b) the decision thereon;
(c) the reasons for the decision; and ::: Downloaded on - 25/08/2023 20:34:40 :::CIS 14
(d) where the decree appealed from is reversed or varied, the relief to which the appellant is entitled.
.
4. The appellate court has jurisdiction to reverse or affirm the findings of the trial court. The first appeal is a valuable right of the parties and unless restricted by law, the whole case is therein open for rehearing both on questions of fact and law. The judgment of the appellate court must, therefore, reflect its conscious of application of mind and record findings supported by reasons, on all the issues arising along with the contentions put forth, and pressed by the parties for decision of the appellate court. Sitting as a court of first rt appeal, it was the duty of the High Court to deal with all the issues and the evidence led by the parties before recording its findings. The first appeal is a valuable right and the parties have a right to be heard both on questions of law and on facts and the judgment in the first appeal must address itself to all the issues of law and fact and decide it by giving reasons in support of the findings. (Vide Santosh Hazari v. Purushottam Tiwari (2001) 9 3 SCC 179, SCC p. 188, para 15 and Madhukar v. Sangram (2001) 4 SCC 756 SCC p.
758, para 5.)
5. In view of the above salutary principles, on going through the impugned judgment, we feel that the High Court has failed to discharge the obligation placed on it as a first appellate court. In our view, the judgment under appeal is cryptic and none of the relevant aspects have even been noticed. The appeal has been decided in an unsatisfactory manner. Our careful perusal of the judgment in the regular first appeal shows that it falls short of considerations which are expected from the court of first appeal. Accordingly, without going into the merits of the claim of both ::: Downloaded on - 25/08/2023 20:34:40 :::CIS 15 parties, we set aside the impugned judgment and decree of the High Court and remand the regular first .
appeal to the High Court for its fresh disposal in accordance with law.
6. Adverting to the facts of the instant case, it would be noticed that the learned first Appellate Court had not at all adverted to the findings and reasons recorded by the learned of Court below and has, in fact, simply chosen to wrote a separate judgment, that too, without taking into consideration any of the rt facts and reasons that prevailed upon the learned trial court to dismiss the suit.
7. In view of the aforesaid exposition of law, the judgment and decree, passed by the learned First Appellate Court, cannot be countenanced and sustained and, therefore, the Court has no option, but to set aside the judgment and decree, so passed by it and remand the matter for decision afresh.
Ordered accordingly.
8. Parties are directed to appear before the learned first Appellate Court on 11.09.2023.
9. Since the suit was instituted more than a decade back i.e. on 22.01.2013, the learned first Appellate Court is requested to decide the same as expeditiously as possible and in no event later than 31.12.2023.
::: Downloaded on - 25/08/2023 20:34:40 :::CIS 1610. The appeal is disposed of in the aforesaid terms, so also the pending applications, if any.
.
(Tarlok Singh Chauhan) Judge 25th August, 2023 (sanjeev) of rt ::: Downloaded on - 25/08/2023 20:34:40 :::CIS