Bombay High Court
Ambadas Bhimrao Borse vs The State Of Maharashtra And Ors on 22 August, 2017
Author: V.K. Tahilramani
Bench: V.K. Tahilramani
cri wp 2625-17.doc
RMA
IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT BOMBAY
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CRIMINAL WRIT PETITION NO. 2625 OF 2017
Ambadas Bhimrao Borse .. Petitioner
Versus
The State of Maharashtra & Ors. .. Respondents
...................
Appearances
Mrs. A.M. Z. Ansari Advocate for the Petitioner
Mrs. G.P. Mulekar APP for the State
...................
CORAM : SMT. V.K. TAHILRAMANI &
DR. SHALINI PHANSALKAR-JOSHI, JJ.
DATE : AUGUST 22, 2017.
JUDGMENT [PER SMT. V.K. TAHILRAMANI, J.] :
1. Heard both sides.
2. The petitioner preferred an application for parole on 17.10.2016 on the ground of illness of his wife. The said application was rejected on 10.1.2017. Being aggrieved thereby, he preferred appeal. The appeal was dismissed by order dated 29.4.2017, hence, this petition.
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3. The case of the petitioner is that his application for parole was rejected mainly on the ground that in the year 2014 when he was released on parole, he did not report back in time and he was arrested by police and brought back to prison after 402 days. Thus, he overstayed his parole leave by 402 days. Mrs. Ansari, learned counsel for the petitioner pointed out that on account of this parole overstay of 402 days, C.R. No. 3014 of 2014 came to be registered against the petitioner at Wadner Khakurdi Police Station, Malegaon in which case he was convicted and sentenced to 3 months imprisonment by Judgment & Order dated 30.4.2016. The further case of the petitioner is that thereafter, he preferred the present application for parole which came to be rejected on the very same ground i.e overstay of 402 days. As far as conviction and sentence under Section 224 of IPC is concerned, no grievance is raised on behalf of the petitioner. It appears that the petitioner has no grievance in this respect and he has accepted the said decision but it is contended that the petitioner cannot be punished again for jfoanz vkacsjdj 2 of 18 ::: Uploaded on - 31/08/2017 ::: Downloaded on - 01/09/2017 00:24:53 ::: cri wp 2625-17.doc the overstay of 402 days by rejecting his application for parole.
4. Mrs. Ansari submitted that the petitioner is being punished twice which cannot be allowed. She claimed that it is a case of double jeopardy under Article 20(2) of the Constitution of India. She submitted that on account of overstay, punishment has been imposed on the petitioner under Section 224 of IPC. In addition thereto, his application for parole came to be rejected, hence, according to her, it is clearly a case of double punishment i.e double jeopardy.
5. The argument advanced on behalf of the petitioner is that it is a case of double punishment in the sense that for the overstay, punishment was imposed under Section 224 of IPC and in addition, his application for parole was rejected. Thus, the petitioner has been doubly punished which is in violation of Article 20(2) of the Constitution of India.
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6. Double jeopardy is a concept which would amount to violation of Article 20(2) of the Constitution of India and it is also barred under Section 300 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. On going through the provisions of Article 20(2), as well as Section 300, we find that the accused cannot derive any benefit therefrom. We are of the opinion that it is not a case of double jeopardy. The only condition precedent for application of the principle of double jeopardy is that the person concerned has been prosecuted and punished for the same offence. Article 20(2) reads as under:-
" 20. Protection in respect of conviction for offences :-
(1) ....................
(2) No person shall be prosecuted and punished for
the same offence more than once;
(3) ................... "
The Apex Court in the case of Maqbool Hussain Vs State of Bombay1 held that the words "before a Court of law or judicial tribunal" are not to be found in Article 20(2), yet in order to invoke the protection of Article 20(2), there must have been a prosecution and punishment 1 1953 (Cri. L.J. 1432 : 2010 ALL SCR (O.C.C.) 294 jfoanz vkacsjdj 4 of 18 ::: Uploaded on - 31/08/2017 ::: Downloaded on - 01/09/2017 00:24:53 ::: cri wp 2625-17.doc in respect of the same offence before a Court of Law or Tribunal, required by law to decide the matters in controversy judicially on evidence on oath which it must be authorized by law to administer. The Article contemplates proceedings of criminal nature before a Court of law in accordance with the procedure prescribed in the statute which creates the offence and regulates the procedure. It was also held that Article 20(2) incorporates within its scope the plea of "autrefois convict" as known to British Jurisprudence or the plea of "double jeopardy" as known to the American Constitution but circumscribes it by providing that there should not only be a prosecution but also a punishment in the first instance in order to operate as a bar to a second prosecution and punishment for the same offence.
7. The petitioner in this case cannot get any benefit, because he has been prosecuted just once in the case under Section 224 of IPC. Article 20(2) would become operative in jfoanz vkacsjdj 5 of 18 ::: Uploaded on - 31/08/2017 ::: Downloaded on - 01/09/2017 00:24:53 ::: cri wp 2625-17.doc a case where the second prosecution and punishment is for the same offence for which the person concerned has already been prosecuted and punished. Moreover, the principle is that no man should be vexed with more than one trial for offences arising out of identical acts committed by him. The rule against double jeopardy is stated in the maxim Nemo debet bis vexari pro una et eadem causa. It is only when the offence has been the subject of judicial adjudication and it ended in acquittal or conviction, the criminal justice system would not allow repetition of the adjudication in a separate trial on the very same facts. In the present case, the petitioner has not been prosecuted twice before any Court of law or Tribunal. There were no second proceedings of criminal nature "before a Court of law" in accordance with the procedure prescribed in the statute which creates offences and regulates procedure for punishment, therefore, it is clearly not a case of double jeopardy.
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8. The only condition precedent for application of the principle of double jeopardy is that the person concerned has been prosecuted and punished twice for the same offence. No other ingredient could be added. Both, Article 20(2) and Section 300, Cr.P.C. are not attracted in the instant case. The petitioner has not been convicted or acquitted twice for an offence based on the same facts. Thus, in view of the above, the doctrine of "double jeopardy" contained in Article 20(2) or even the bar of Section 300, Cr.P.C. could not be applied to the case of the petitioner.
9. Section 300 of Code of Criminal Procedure would not be attracted because it covers cases of persons convicted or acquitted earlier and states the situations where under, the person can be tried again. In the present case, the petitioner has been tried only once by a competent Court for his overstay, hence, he cannot claim any benefit. This is in view of the fact that Section 300 states that such person ought to have been convicted or acquitted by a competent Court.
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While dealing with Section 300 of Criminal Procedure Code, it is necessary to take note of the exceptions provided under the said sub-section and also the explanation thereunder. Sub-section (4) of Section 300 of the Code provides that a person acquitted or convicted of any offence constituted by any acts, may, notwithstanding such acquittal or conviction, be subsequently charged with, and tried for, any other offence constituted by the same acts which he may have committed if the Court by which he was first tried was not competent to try the offence with which he is subsequently charged. The explanation thereto provides that the dismissal of a complaint or the discharge of the accused is not an acquittal for the purpose of the said Section.
10. It is, therefore, clear that to attract the provisions of Section 300 (1) of the Code, it must be established that :
1.(a) A person has once been actually tried by a competent Court for the same offence charged in the second trial; or jfoanz vkacsjdj 8 of 18 ::: Uploaded on - 31/08/2017 ::: Downloaded on - 01/09/2017 00:24:53 ::: cri wp 2625-17.doc
(b) Though not actually tried for the same offence charged in the second trial, the person could have been on the same facts charged with it under Sections 221(1) or convicted of it under Section 221(2).
2. The person has been convicted or acquitted in the earlier trial. Dismissal or discharge is not acquittal.
3. Conviction or acquittal is in force i.e it has not been set aside by a superior Court.
The said Section 300 of the Code corresponds to Section 403 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1903.
11. Thus, in our view, so far as the constitutional provision is concerned, the prohibition is against the prisoner being prosecuted and punished for the same offence more than once. The action of rejecting his application for parole is only a disciplinary action taken against the prisoner for which jfoanz vkacsjdj 9 of 18 ::: Uploaded on - 31/08/2017 ::: Downloaded on - 01/09/2017 00:24:53 ::: cri wp 2625-17.doc there was no prosecution launched against him nor there was any order of conviction and sentence awarded as contemplated under Article 20(2) of the Constitution. It would be relevant to refer to two other judgments of the Apex Court in this connection.
The first case is of Thomas Dana v. State of Punjab2 decided by the Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court. In that case, the Supreme Court was considering the principle of double jeopardy laid down in Article 20(2) of the Constitution. The question before the Supreme Court was whether prosecution under the Penal Code and the action taken under the provisions of Section 167 of the Sea Customs Act were hit by Article 20(2) of the Constitution. It was held that the proceeding before the Sea Customs authorities under Section 167 of the Sea Customs Act was not a prosecution within the meaning of Article 20(2) of the Constitution observing that "prosecution" means a proceeding either by way of indictment or information in the criminal courts in order to put an offender upon his trial.
2 AIR 1959 SC 375
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Thus, in the present case, the rejection of parole under the rules framed under the Prison Act would not amount to prosecution as contemplated under Article 20(2) of the Constitution.
12. Another judgment of the Supreme Court is in the case of Union of India and Ors. v. Sunil Kumar Sarkar 3. That was a case where the delinquent was found guilty and sentenced by the General Court Martial to R.I. for 6 months under Army Act. The disciplinary authorities had punished him by dismissing him from service under the rules for his misconduct. It was held that Court Martial proceedings and disciplinary proceedings deal with different aspects i.e. one under the Army Act and another under the Service law i.e. Central Civil Services (CCA) Rules under which disciplinary action was taken and therefore, the concurrent proceedings under the two i.e. Army Act and CCS (CCA) Rules would not amount to double jeopardy within the meaning of Article 20(2) of the Constitution.
3 (2001) 3 SCC 414
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13. In our view, applying the above principle in the present case, two actions taken against the prisoner, one of convicting and sentencing him under Section 224 of IPC and the second of rejecting his application for parole do not amount to double jeopardy within the meaning of Article 20(2) of the Constitution. This is in view of the clear dicta of the Supreme Court given by the Supreme Court as far back as the year 1953 in the case of Maqbool Hussain (supra) and thereafter in 1958 by the Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court in the case of Thomas Dana (Supra) and thereafter, in the judgment of the Supreme Court in Sunil Kumar's case (Supra) in the year 2001. So also, for the reasons stated earlier, the case of the petitioner is not covered by Section 300 of Cr.P.C.
14. This Court in three decisions to which one of us was a party (V.K. Tahilramani, J.) took the same view in similar circumstances. The three decisions are :- 1. Anil Lala Saundade Vs State of Maharashtra 4, 2. Niyaj Ahamad 4 2003 ALL MR (Cri) 433 jfoanz vkacsjdj 12 of 18 ::: Uploaded on - 31/08/2017 ::: Downloaded on - 01/09/2017 00:24:53 ::: cri wp 2625-17.doc Abdul Jabbar Vs. State of Maharashtra 5. 3. Akash @ Vijay Kumar Khandekar Vs State of Maharashtra & Anr.6.
15. In the case of Anil Saundade (supra), the petitioner had escaped from lawful custody. On account of this, he was prosecuted under Section 224 of IPC and sentenced to one year of imprisonment and in addition his remission was deducted. In the said case also, the argument of double jeopardy was raised, however, the Court negatived the said contention. In the case of Niyaj Ahamad (supra), the grievance of the petitioner was that on account of not doing work properly in prison and disobeying the orders of the Jail Authorities, he was transferred to special prison and in addition thereto, a period of 15 days was deducted from his remission which according to the petitioner therein amounted to double jeopardy. This Court relying on the decision in the case of Maqbool Hussain (supra) held that it was not a case of double jeopardy. In the case of Akash 5 2011 ALL MR (Cri) 2509 6 2011 ALL MR (Cri) 3831 jfoanz vkacsjdj 13 of 18 ::: Uploaded on - 31/08/2017 ::: Downloaded on - 01/09/2017 00:24:53 ::: cri wp 2625-17.doc Khandekar (supra), the argument advanced on behalf of the petitioner was that it is a case of double jeopardy in the sense that apart from punishment of cutting of remission being imposed for overstay, the petitioner's application for parole was rejected. In the case of Akash (supra), relying on the decision of the Supreme Court in the case of Maqbool Hussain (supra), the contention was negatived.
16. Thereafter, after referring to Section 48-A of the Prisons Act, 1894, it was sought to be contended that the petitioner having been already convicted and punished under Section 224 of IPC on account of the period for which he had overstayed for 402 days, the petitioner could not be again penalized by rejecting his application for parole as it amounts to double jeopardy.
17. The provisions relating to entitlement or disentitlement of parole leave do not relate to penal action on the part of the authorities. Besides, punishment under Section 224 of jfoanz vkacsjdj 14 of 18 ::: Uploaded on - 31/08/2017 ::: Downloaded on - 01/09/2017 00:24:53 ::: cri wp 2625-17.doc IPC by the Court would not bar the act of the authority of rejecting his application for parole on account of overstay because the powers of Jail Authority are in the nature of administrative authority.
18. The Prisons (Bombay Furlough & Parole) Rules 1959 make elaborate provisions regarding entitlement as well as disentitlement of parole leave to the prisoner. Merely because under certain circumstances the rule provides that a prisoner would not be entitled to parole leave, that does not amount to a penal provision so as to contend that the implementation of such provision would amount to double jeopardy. The provisions relating to entitlement or disentitlement of parole leave do not relate to penal action on the part of the authorities. The powers of the jail Authority in this regard are in the nature of administrative authority.
19. It would also be relevant to point out that proviso to Rule 26 of Chapter XXVII of the Maharashtra Prison Manual jfoanz vkacsjdj 15 of 18 ::: Uploaded on - 31/08/2017 ::: Downloaded on - 01/09/2017 00:24:53 ::: cri wp 2625-17.doc Rules clearly lays down that any measure taken for security and safe custody of a refractory or dangerous prisoner, or for preventing him from committing mischief, and exclusion from a privilege which is otherwise admissible only to a well behaved prisoner shall not be deemed to be a punishment for the purpose of Prison Rules. Thus, even if the application for parole was rejected on account of overstay, it cannot be deemed to be a punishment. Thus, in view of this fact and all the above facts, we are of the considered opinion that this is not a case of double jeopardy. There is no violation of Article 20(2) of the Constitution or S. 300 of Cr.P.C.
20. As far as the prayer relating to setting aside the order of rejection of the application of parole of the petitioner and grant of parole is concerned, it is seen that in the year 2014, when the petitioner was granted parole, he did not report back to the prison in time. It is seen that the petitioner was required to be arrested by Police and brought back to prison. Thus, there was overstay of 402 days. Thus, it is not jfoanz vkacsjdj 16 of 18 ::: Uploaded on - 31/08/2017 ::: Downloaded on - 01/09/2017 00:24:53 ::: cri wp 2625-17.doc a case of the petitioner surrendering on his own to prison. The reason given by the petitioner for overstay in the year 2014 is that his mother was suffering from cancer. However, it is seen that in 2014 when the petitioner was granted parole, he had to surrender back within 30 days. The petitioner, in such case, ought to have applied for extension of parole but the petitioner did not do so. Moreover, had the Police not arrested the petitioner and brought him back to prison, the petitioner would not have reported back to the prison. Had the petitioner surrendered on his own, a lenient view may have been taken by us but looking to the above facts, we are not inclined to take a lenient view. The main reason for rejecting the application of the petitioner for parole was that he had absconded for 402 days, hence, it was apprehended that if the petitioner is granted parole, he may not report back to the prison and may abscond. Looking to the conduct of the petitioner, it cannot be said that this apprehension is without any basis. This conduct by itself, in our opinion, is sufficient to reject the application for jfoanz vkacsjdj 17 of 18 ::: Uploaded on - 31/08/2017 ::: Downloaded on - 01/09/2017 00:24:53 ::: cri wp 2625-17.doc parole, hence, we need not go into any other grounds of rejection. We would also like to state that in order to support his contention that his wife is ailing, the petitioner has relied on medical certificate issued by Shubhan Hospital. It is pertinent to note that this medical certificate has no date on the same. In any event, this medical certificate states that the wife of the petitioner has already undergone surgery on 21.6.2017 and she is advised bed rest and medication for one month. From the certificate, we do not see any good reason to grant parole.
21. We also want to express that the cases of late surrender by the prisoners are on increase. It is, therefore, necessary that the tendency to disrespect the rule of law by the prisoner needs to be curbed.
22. In view of above, Rule is discharged.
[ DR. SHALINI PHANSALKAR-JOSHI, J ] [ SMT. V.K. TAHILRAMANI, J. ] jfoanz vkacsjdj 18 of 18 ::: Uploaded on - 31/08/2017 ::: Downloaded on - 01/09/2017 00:24:53 :::