Rajasthan High Court - Jodhpur
Kishan Lal @ Kishandas vs State Of Rajasthan ... on 7 April, 2026
Author: Vinit Kumar Mathur
Bench: Vinit Kumar Mathur
[2026:RJ-JD:15697-DB]
HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE FOR RAJASTHAN AT
JODHPUR
D.B. Murder Refence No. 2/2025
State of Rajasthan, Through PP
----Petitioner
Versus
Kishan Lal @ Kishandas S/o Sitaram, Niwasi Nawaniya, P.S.
Vallabhnagar, District Udaipur. (Raj.)
----Respondent
Connected With
D.B. Criminal Appeal (DB) No. 368/2025
Kishan Lal @ Kishandas S/o Sh Sitaram, Aged About 31
Years, Resident of Navaniya, Police Station Vallabhnagar,
District Udaipur (Raj.) (Lodged In Central Jail, Jaipur)
----Appellant
Versus
State of Rajasthan, Through PP
----Respondent
For Petitioner(s) : Mr. Deepak Choudhary, P.P.
For Respondent(s) : Mr. Gaurav Singh, for the convict-
appellant
HON'BLE MR. JUSTICE VINIT KUMAR MATHUR
HON'BLE MR. JUSTICE CHANDRA SHEKHAR SHARMA Judgment
1. Date of conclusion of arguments 19.03.2026
2. Date on which the judgment was reserved 19.03.2026
3. Whether the full judgment or only operative Full part is pronounced Judgment
4. Date of Pronouncement 07.04.2026 orZeku eMZj jsQjsal la[;k 02@2025 dk iathdj.k] vij ftyk ,oa ls'ku U;k;k/kh'k] ekoyh] ftyk mn;iqj }kjk fnukad 30-08-2025 ds (Uploaded on 07/04/2026 at 01:59:15 PM) (Downloaded on 07/04/2026 at 05:31:27 PM) [2026:RJ-JD:15697-DB] (2 of 35) [MREF-2/2025] laizs"k.k ds vk/kkj ij ls'ku izdj.k la[;k 282@2017 ¼lh-vkbZ-,l- Øekad 53@2023½( jktLFkku jkT; cuke fd'ku yky mQZ fd'kunkl esa ikfjr naMkns'k fnukad 30-08-2025 dh vfHkiqf"V gsrq fd;k x;k gS] ftlesa fo}ku fopkj.k U;k;ky; us vfHk;qDr dks /kkjk 304&ch Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk ds vijk/k ds vkjksi esa nks"keqDr ?kksf"kr fd;k ,oa /kkjk 302 Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk ds vijk/k ds vkjksi esa nks"kfl) ?kksf"kr dj fuEu izdkj ls nafMr fd;k %& vijk/k /kkjk naM tqekZuk O;frØe ij dkjkokl 302 Hkkjrh; ,d o"kZ dk dBksj e`R;q naM #i;s 50]000@& naM lafgrk dkjkokl mDr nks"kflf) ds fo#) vihykFkh&vfHk;qDr ¼fd'ku yky mQZ fd'kunkl½ }kjk /kkjk 415 Hkkjrh; ukxfjd lqj{kk lafgrk ds v/khu fo}ku fopkj.k U;k;k;y ds fu.kZ; fnukad 29-08-2025 ,oa naMkns'k fnukad 30-08-2025 dks pqukSrh nsrs gq, ,d vkijkf/kd vihy la[;k 368/2025 Hkh izLrqr dh xbZ gSA vr% bl fu.kZ; ds ek/;e ls mDr eMZj jsQjsal o vkjkf/kd vihy] nksuksa dk fuLrkj.k ,d lkFk fd;k tk jgk gSA 02- bl eMZj jsQjsal ,oa vkijkf/kd vihy ds fuLrkj.k gsrq izdj.k ds la{ksi esa rF; bl izdkj gSa fd fnukad 25-06-2017 dks le; 07%30 ,-,e- ij et:ck Jherh y{eh dqekjh oS".ko }kjk egkjk.kk Hkwiky tujy gkWLihVy] mn;iqj esa byktjr jgrs gq, ';keyky] ,l-vkbZ- dks bl vk'k; ds ipkZ c;ku fn, fd fnukad 24-06-2017 dks jkf= 10 cts og vius ifr ds lkFk dejs esa lksus pyh xbZA djhc 11 cts mldk ifr fd'kunkl mlds xksjh gksus ds fy, IykfLVd dh cksry esa dksbZ Hkwjs jax dh nokbZ Hkj dj yk;k o mlds iwjs 'kjhj ij yxkbZ ,oa rRi'pkr~ vxjcÙkh tykdj mlds iSj ij yxkbZ] ftlls mlds 'kjhj ij FkksM+h vkx yxh] fQj mlds 'kjhj ij xksjh gksus dh nokbZ Mkyh] ftlls mlds Åij T;knk vkx yx xbZ o mlds diM+s ty x,A nokbZ dksbZ ,flM oxSjk gks ldrh gSA mldh 'kknh nks lky igys (Uploaded on 07/04/2026 at 01:59:15 PM) (Downloaded on 07/04/2026 at 05:31:27 PM) [2026:RJ-JD:15697-DB] (3 of 35) [MREF-2/2025] fd'kunkl ds lkFk djokbZ xbZ FkhA mldk vius ifr ds lkFk vkil esa eueqVko py jgk FkkA fnukad 21-06-2017 dks mldk HkkbZ iou mls llqjky NksM+dj x;kA mldk ifr ckj&ckj dgrk fd og dkyh ,oa eksVh gS vkSj mlds yk;d ugha gSA mldk ifr mlds lkFk blh ckr dks ysdj vk, fnu yM+kbZ&>xM+k djrk jgrk FkkA tyus ds ckn mlds ifr fd'kunkl dks gkWfLiVy ys tkus dks dgk rks euk dj fn;kA mlds fpYykus ls mlds lkl] llqj o uun liuk nkSM+dj vk, o mlds Åij ikuh Mkydj vkx cq>kbZA rRi'pkr~ mlds llqj th o mldh uun us mls gkWfLiVy ykdj HkrhZ djok;k-----bR;kfnA 03- mi;qZDr fjiksVZ ds vk/kkj ij iqfyl Fkkuk] oYyHkuxj esa /kkjk 302] 304&ch Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk esa izdj.k iathc) fd;k tkdj vko';d vuqla/kku ds ckn vfHk;qDr ds fo#) /kkjk 302 Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk esa vkjksi&i= vfrfjDr eq[; U;kf;d eftLVªsV] oYyHkuxj ds U;k;ky; esa izLrqr fd;k] tgka ls ;g izdj.k dfeV gksdj fo}ku fopkj.k U;k;ky; esa izkIr gqvkA 04- fo}ku fopkj.k U;k;k/kh'k us cgl pktZ lqudj vfHk;qDr dks /kkjk 302 Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk fodYi esa /kkjk 304&ch Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk ds vkjksi i`Fkd ls fojfpr dj lquk, o le>k,] vfHk;qDr us vkjksiksa dks lqu o le>dj vLohdkj fd;k vkSj vUoh{kk dh ekax dhA 05- nkSjkus vUoh{kk vkjksiksa dh iqf"V esa vfHk;kstu i{k dh vksj ls dqy 27 xokgku ijhf{kr gq, ,oa izys[kh; lk{; esa izn'kZ ih-01 ls izn'kZ ih-36 nLrkost iznf'kZr gq,A 06- rRi'pkr~ /kkjk 313 naM izfØ;k lafgrk ds v/khu vfHk;qDr dk ijh{k.k fd;k x;k] ftlesa mlus lk{; vfHk;kstu dks xyr crkrs gq, Lo;a dks funksZ"k gksuk dFku fd;k vkSj lk{; lQkbZ is'k djuk ugha pkghA rRi'pkr~ fo}ku fopkj.k U;k;k/kh'k us mHk;i{kksa dh cgl lqudj mi;qZDrkuqlkj fu.kZ; ikfjr fd;k] ftlls O;fFkr gksdj vihykFkhZ&vfHk;qDr (Uploaded on 07/04/2026 at 01:59:15 PM) (Downloaded on 07/04/2026 at 05:31:27 PM) [2026:RJ-JD:15697-DB] (4 of 35) [MREF-2/2025] }kjk vihy izLrqr dh xbZ ,oa naMkns'k dh vfHkiqf"V gsrq ;g eMZj jsQjsal lafLFkr gqvkA 07- geus ;ksX; yksd vfHk;kstd ,oa vihykFkhZ&vfHk;qDr dh vksj ls mifLFkr ;ksX; vf/koDrk dh cgl lquh] vk{ksfir fu.kZ; o vfHkys[k dk voyksdu fd;kA 08- vihykFkhZ&vfHk;qDr dss ;ksX; vf/koDrk us cgl ds nkSjku ;g rdZ fn, fd e`rdk y{eh ds e`R;qdkfyd dFku vyx&vyx le; esa vfHk;kstu i{k dh lk{; ls fy;k tkuk Li"V gqvk gS] ijUrq tks vyx&vyx le; esa e`R;qdkfyd dFku fy, x, Fks] muesa lk{; dh fLFkfr esa fojks/kkHkkl vk;k gS vkSj Li"Vr% ,slh Hkh esfMdy jk; ugha vkbZ gS fd dFku djus okyh e`rdk vius c;ku nsus dh lgh fLFkfr esa jgh gksA D;ksafd loZizFke fpfdRlk vf/kdkjh }kjk 05%40 ,-,e- ij ihfM+rk dks dFku nsus gsrq ;ksX; crk;k Fkk] ysfdu izn'kZ ih-02 ipkZ c;ku 07%30 ,-,e- ij fy, x, FksA izn'kZ ih-02] izn'kZ ih-05 ,oa izn'kZ ih-06 esa e`rdk ds gLrk{kjksa esa Hkh fHkUUrk gSA izn'kZ ih-04 tks fd iqfyl Fkkuk oYyHkuxj] ftyk mn;iqj }kjk fpfdRlk vf/kdkjh] egkjk.kk Hkwiky jktdh; fpfdRlky;] mn;iqj esa e`rdk ds rglhynkj }kjk dFku ys[kc) djok;k tkuk crk;k gSA blds lkFk&lkFk izn'kZ ih-05 dh rkjh[k esa Hkh dkaV&NkaV gS vkSj izn'kZ ih-05] tks dFku Qwykjke }kjk ys[kc) fd, x, Fks] og U;k;ky; esa ijhf{kr ugha gqvk gSA izn'kZ ih-05 dFkuksa ls Hkh ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd e`rdk dks lh[kk;k x;k FkkA vuqla/kku ds nkSjku ?kVukLFky ds vkl&iM+kSl ds yksxksa ls dksbZ vuqla/kku ugha fd;k x;k gSA tcfd lk{; ls ;g Hkh Li"V Fkk fd e`rdk 90 izfr'kr rd tyh gqbZ Fkh vkSj mlds gkFk Hkh tyh gqbZ voLFkk esa FksA bl fLFkfr esa og c;ku ugha ns ldrh Fkh vkSj u gh vius dFkuksa ij gLrk{kj dj ldrh FkhA vuqla/kku vf/kdkjh us Hkh ;g Lohdkj fd;k gS fd mlus ekSds ij IykfLVd dh cksry ugha ns[kh Fkh] fQj Hkh IykfLVd dh cksry dh tCrh crkbZ xbZ gSA tks xokg vkx cq>kus ekSds ij igqaps Fks] os i{knzksgh jgs gSaA ih-MCY;q-05 MkWDVj Hkkos'k Hkh (Uploaded on 07/04/2026 at 01:59:15 PM) (Downloaded on 07/04/2026 at 05:31:27 PM) [2026:RJ-JD:15697-DB] (5 of 35) [MREF-2/2025] i{knzksgh jgk gSA tks e`rdk ds ihgj i{k ds xokg gSa] os lquh&lqukbZ lk{; nsrs gSaA Lo;a e`rdk ds vkx yxus ij ,oa vfHk;qDr }kjk vkx cq>kus dk iz;kl djus ij mlds gkFk Hkh tys FksA e`rdk dks ngst ds fy, rax vkSj ijs'kku fd;k tkrk Fkk] ,slh Hkh lk{; ugha gSA fo}ku fopkj.k U;k;ky; }kjk bl laca/k esa vijk/k vUrxZr /kkjk 304&ch Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk dk vkjksi Hkh izekf.kr ugha ekuk gSA okLrfod :i ls e`rdk vdsys gh dejs esa lks jgh Fkh vkSj mls ij¶;qe yxkus dk Hkh 'kkSd Fkk] tcfd ?kVuk ds le; vihykFkhZ dejs ls ckgj lks jgk FkkA tc e`rdk ds diM+ksa esa fdUgha dkj.kksa ls vkx yxh] 'kksj gqvk rc vfHk;qDr }kjk mldh vkx cq>kus dk iz;kl fd;k x;kA lk{; ls ;g Hkh Li"V gqvk gS fd ftl dejs esa e`rdk tyh Fkh] og vanj ls can Fkk vkSj fdokM+ rksM+dj mls ckgj fudkyk x;k FkkA bl izdkj laiw.kZ lk{; ls fo}ku fopkj.k U;k;ky; }kjk vihykFkhZ dh vkjksfir vijk/k vUrxZr /kkjk 302 Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk esa tks nks"kflf) dh xbZ gS] og U;k;ksfpr ugha gksus ls ;g vihy Lohdkj djrs gq, vihykFkhZ dks nks"kfl) vijk/k vUrxZr /kkjk 302 Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk esa nks"keqDr djus dk fuosnu fd;kA 09- mDr rdksZa ds [kaMu esa ;ksX; yksd vfHk;kstd us ;g rdZ fn, fd vihykFkhZ&vfHk;qDr dh vksj ls izLrqr vihy ds lkFk&lkFk bl izdj.k esa fo}ku fopkj.k U;k;ky; }kjk vihykFkhZ dks vijk/k vUrxZr /kkjk 302 Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk esa nks"kfl) djrs gq, e`R; naM ls nafMr fd;k x;k gS] bl fLFkfr esa bl vihy ds lkFk jsQjsal Hkh is'k gks j[kh gSA vfHkys[k ij lk{; dh tks fLFkfr Fkh] mlls ;g izekf.kr Fkk fd e`rdk }kjk tks vyx&vyx le; esa e`R;qdkfyd dFku fd, x, Fks] muesa eq[; ?kVuk ds lanHkZ esa ,d tSls gh dFku fd, x, Fks] ftuesa vfHk;qDr e`rdk ds dkyh vkSj eksVh gksus dh otg ls ?kVuk ds jkst jkf= ds le; tc ifjokj ds vU; lnL; lks x, Fks] rks mls dejs esa ;g dgdj ,d cksry esa ls dksbZ inkFkZ 'kjhj ij yxk;k] fd blls og xksjh gks tk,xh vkSj og inkFkZ vR;f/kd Toyu'khy FkkA blds i'pkr~ mlus ,d tyh gqbZ vxjcÙkh mlds 'kjhj ij Vp dh] ftlls vkx (Uploaded on 07/04/2026 at 01:59:15 PM) (Downloaded on 07/04/2026 at 05:31:27 PM) [2026:RJ-JD:15697-DB] (6 of 35) [MREF-2/2025] yx xbZA e`rdk }kjk tks vyx&vyx le; esa dFku fd, x, Fks] mlls Hkh mDr lk{; dh fLFkfr izekf.kr gSA bl izdkj f?kukSus rjhds ls vihykFkhZ&vfHk;qDr }kjk e`rdk dks xksjh djus dh nokbZ yxkus dk dgdj Toyu'khy inkFkZ mlds 'kjhj ij yxkrs gq, vxjcÙkh ls vkx yxk nhA bl dkj.k ls tyus ls bykt ds nkSjku e`rdk dh e`R;q gks xbZ FkhA vfHkys[k ij bl izdkj dh dksbZ lk{; ugha gS fd Lo;a vihykFkhZ us e`rdk ds 'kjhj ij yxh vkx dks cq>kus dk iz;kl fd;k gks] cfYd e`rdk ds dFkuksa ls gh ;g Li"V gS fd mlus e`rdk ds vkx yxkus ds ckn cksry esa tks 'ks"k cpk gqvk inkFkZ Fkk] og iwjk gh e`rdk ds 'kjhj ij mM+sy fn;k FkkA blls FkksM+h lh vkx cksry esa yxus ds lkFk&lkFk] ftl gkFk ls cksry idM+h gqbZ Fkh] mlls vihykFkhZ dk FkksM+k gkFk Hkh ty x;k FkkA vr% bl fLFkfr esa ;g ugha dgk tk ldrk gS fd vihykFkhZ us e`rdk ds 'kjhj ij yxh vkx cq>kus dk iz;kl fd;k gksA pwafd ?kVuk vihykFkhZ ds ?kj ds vanj ?kfVr gqbZ Fkh] vr% mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk [kqyklk Hkh mlds }kjk ugha fd;k x;k gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa vfHkys[k ij vkbZ lk{; dh fLFkfr dks ns[krs gq, fo}ku fopkj.k U;k;ky; }kjk vihykFkhZ dh tks nks"kflf) vijk/k vUrxZr /kkjk 302 Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk esa dh xbZ gS] og U;k;ksfpr gksus ls ;g vihy [kkfjt djus ,oa izLrqr fd, x, jsQjsal esa e`R;q naMkns'k dh iqf"V djus dh izkFkZuk dhA 10- geus mi;qZDr ijLij fojks/kh rdksZa ij fopkj fd;kA vfHk;kstu i{k dk ;g izdj.k e`rdk Jherh y{eh }kjk vyx&vyx le; esa fd, x, e`R;qdkfyd dFkuksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA vihykFkhZ ds ;ksX; vf/koDrk ds vuqlkj e`rdk Jherh y{eh us tks rhu vyx&vyx e`R;qdkfyd dFku fd, Fks] mu vkilh dFkuksa esa fojks/kkHkkl gS vkSj dFku djrs le; og c;ku nsus dh lgh fLFkfr esa Fkh] bl ckcr Hkh dksbZ Bksl lk{; ugha gSA blds vfrfjDr e`rdk vR;f/kd tyh gksus ds dkj.k Hkh mldk c;ku nsus dh lgh fLFkfr esa ugha gksuk crk;k x;k gSA bl lanHkZ esa ekuuh; mPpre U;k;ky; }kjk Laxman v. State of Maharashtra; AIR 2002 SUPREME COURT 2973 esa Hkh (Uploaded on 07/04/2026 at 01:59:15 PM) (Downloaded on 07/04/2026 at 05:31:27 PM) [2026:RJ-JD:15697-DB] (7 of 35) [MREF-2/2025] ;g Li"V fd;k x;k gS fd e`R;qdkfyd dFku ys[kc) djus ls iwoZ MkWDVj }kjk mlds c;ku nsus dh lgh fLFkfr esa gksus dk izek.k&i= fy;k tkuk lko/kkuh dk fu;e (Rule of caution) gS] dsoy blds ugha gksus ds vk/kkj ij gh ;g ugha dg ldrs fd ,sls dFku Lohdkj fd;s tkus ;ksX; ugha gSaA ;fn ,sls dFku ys[kc) djus okys O;fDr dh larqf"V gks tkrh gS fd c;ku nsus okyk lgh fLFkfr esa gS] vU; lk{; ls iqf"V gksus ij ,sls dFku Lohdkj fd, tkus ;ksX; gSaA mDr fu.kZ; ,oa blds lkFk&lkFk vU; fu.kZ;ksa dk Hkh mYys[k djrs gq, ekuuh; mPpre U;k;ky; us Purshottam Chopra and Ors. v. State (Govt. of NCT Delhi); AIR 2020 SC 476 esa ikfjr vkns'k fnukad 07-01-2020 ds iSjk la[;k 21 esa Hkh e`R;qdkfyd dFkuksa ds lanHkZ esa fuEu fl)kar izfrikfnr fd;k x;k gS %& "21. For what has been noticed hereinabove, some of the principles relating to recording of dying declaration and its admissibility and reliability could be usefully summed up as under:-
(i) A dying declaration could be the sole basis of conviction even without corroboration, if it inspires confidence of the Court.
(ii) The Court should be satisfied that the declarant was in a fit state of mind at the time of making the statement; and that it was a voluntary statement, which was not the result of tutoring, prompting or imagination.
(iii) Where a dying declaration is suspicious or is suffering from any infirmity such as want of fit state of mind of the declarant or of like nature, it should not be acted upon without corroborative evidence.
(iv) When the eye-witnesses affirm that the deceased was not in a fit and conscious state (Uploaded on 07/04/2026 at 01:59:15 PM) (Downloaded on 07/04/2026 at 05:31:27 PM) [2026:RJ-JD:15697-DB] (8 of 35) [MREF-2/2025] to make the statement, the medical opinion cannot prevail.
(v) The law does not provide as to who could record dying declaration nor there is any prescribed format or procedure for the same but the person recording dying declaration must be satisfied that the maker is in a fit state of mind and is capable of making the statement
(vi) Although presence of a Magistrate is not absolutely necessary for recording of a dying declaration but to ensure authenticity and credibility, it is expected that a Magistrate be requested to record such dying declaration and/or attestation be obtained from other persons present at the time of recording the dying declaration.
(vii) As regards a burns case, the percentage and degree of burns would not, by itself, be decisive of the credibility of dying declaration;
and the decisive factor would be the quality of evidence about the fit and conscious state of the declarant to make the statement.
(viii) If after careful scrutiny, the Court finds the statement placed as dying declaration to be voluntary and also finds it coherent and consistent, there is no legal impediment in recording conviction on its basis even without corroboration."
11- loZizFke e`rdk Jherh y{eh dks tyus ds i'pkr~ bykt gsrq dud gkWfLiVy ys tk;k x;k Fkk] tgka lwpuk feyus ij iqfyl Fkkuk fgj.k exjh ds gSM dkaLVscy Hkxoku yky }kjk mlds dFku izn'kZ ih-06 ys[kc) fd, x,A blds i'pkr~ e`rdk dks bykt gsrq egkjk.kk Hkwiky tujy gkWfLiVy] mn;iqj Hksts tkus ij tks izn'kZ ih-02 ipkZ c;ku xokg ih-MCY;q-01 ';keyky }kjk ys[kc) fd, x, Fks] blh c;ku ds vk/kkj ij gh izFke lwpuk (Uploaded on 07/04/2026 at 01:59:15 PM) (Downloaded on 07/04/2026 at 05:31:27 PM) [2026:RJ-JD:15697-DB] (9 of 35) [MREF-2/2025] fjiksVZ ntZ dh xbZ FkhA bl izdkj tgka e`rdk }kjk ?kVuk ds laca/k esa vius c;ku ds }kjk tks lwpuk nh xbZ Fkh] ftl ij mlus vius gLrk{kj Hkh fd,] rRi'pkr~ fjiksVZ ntZ gksus ds i'pkr~ tc mldh bykt ds nkSjku e`R;q gks tkrh gS] ,slh fLFkfr esa gh izn'kZ ih-02 dks e`R;qdkfyd dFku ekuk x;k gSA bl laca/k esa ekuuh; mPpre U;k;ky; ds }kjk Dharam Pal and Ors. v. State of U.P.; 2008 (3) RLW 2575 (SC) ,oa Dayaram & Anr. v.
State of Madhya Pradesh; 2020 (1) Criminal 104 esa ikfjr fu.kZ;ksa ds vuqlkj Hkh tgka izkjEHk esa dFku e`rd }kjk ntZ djok, tkus ds i'pkr~ mldh e`R;q gks tkrh gS] rks ,sls dFku e`R;qdkfyd dFkuksa dh Js.kh esa vkrs gSaA 12- ;g Hkh lgh gS fd izdj.k esa e`rdk Jherh y{eh ds rhu e`R;qdkfyd dFku Øe'k% izn'kZ ih-02] izn'kZ ih-05 ,oa izn'kZ ih-06 ys[kc) gS vkSj tgka ij e`R;qdkfyd dFku ,d ls vf/kd gksa] ogka dsoy bl vk/kkj ij gh e`R;qdkfyd dFkuksa ij vfo'okl ugha fd;k tk ldrk fd ,sls dFku e`rd }kjk vyx&vyx le; ij fd, x, gSaA cfYd mDr fLFkfr esa izR;sd e`R;qdkfyd dFkuksa dks vU; lk{; ls ij[krs gq, tks e`R;qdkfyd dFku fo'okl ;ksX; gksa] rks muesa ls fdlh ,d dFku ds vk/kkj ij Hkh nksf"kflf) dh tk ldrh gSA tSlk fd ekuuh; mPpre U;k;ky; }kjk Shudhakar Versus State of M.P. AIR 2012 SUPREME COURT 3265 esa Hkh Li"V fd;k gSA bl laca/k esa gh Mukesh & Anr. Versus State For NCT of Delhi & Ors. (Criminal Appeal Nos. 607-608 of 2017); (2017) 6 SCC 1 ds izdj.k esa Hkh ,d ls vf/kd e`R;qdkfyd dFku gksus ls fu.kZ; ds iSjk la[;k 31 ,oa 33 esa fuEu fLFkfr Li"V dh xbZ gS %& "31. Multiple Dying Declarations: In cases where there are more than one dying declarations, the Court should consider whether they are consistent with each other. If there are inconsistencies, the nature of the inconsistencies must be examined as to whether they (Uploaded on 07/04/2026 at 01:59:15 PM) (Downloaded on 07/04/2026 at 05:31:27 PM) [2026:RJ-JD:15697-DB] (10 of 35) [MREF-2/2025] are material or not. In cases where there are more than one dying declaration, it is the duty of the Court to consider each one of them and satisfy itself as to the voluntariness and reliability of the declarations. Mere fact of recording multiple dying declarations does not take away the importance of each individual declaration. Court has to examine the contents of dying declaration in the light of various surrounding facts and circumstances. This Court in a number of cases, where there were multiple dying declarations, consistent in material particulars not being contradictory to each other, has affirmed the conviction. [Vide Vithal v. State of Maharashtra (2006) 13 SCC 54].
33. In Ganpat Mahadeo Mane v. State of Maharashtra (1993) Supp.(2) SCC 242, there were three dying declarations. One recorded by the doctor; the second recorded by the police constable and also attested by the doctor and the third dying declaration recorded by the Executive Magistrate which was endorsed by the doctor. Considering the third dying declaration, this Court held that all the three dying declarations were consistent and corroborated by medical evidence and other circumstantial evidence and that they did not suffer from any infirmity."
blh izdkj ls ekuuh; mPpre U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ; Jemaben Versus The State Of Gujarat 2025 LiveLaw SC 1042 esa Hkh rhu e`R;qdkfyd dFku gksus ls ,oa muesa fojks/kkHkkl gksus ds dkj.k fopkj.k U;k;ky; us vfHk;qDrx.k dks vijk/k varxZr /kkjk 302 Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk esa nks"keqDr dj fn;k Fkk] ftlds fo#) vihy djus ij mPp U;k;ky; }kjk vijk/k varxZr /kkjk 302 Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk esa nks"kfl) djus ij ekuuh; mPpre U;k;ky; us mPp U;k;ky; }kjk dh xbZ nks"kflf) dks lgh Bgjkrs gq, mDr fu.kZ; ds iSjk la[;k 13 esa fuEu fu"d"kZ fn;k Fkk %& (Uploaded on 07/04/2026 at 01:59:15 PM) (Downloaded on 07/04/2026 at 05:31:28 PM) [2026:RJ-JD:15697-DB] (11 of 35) [MREF-2/2025] "13. We are of the view that merely because there are minor discrepancies in the version given by the prosecution witness with regard to the dying declaration and with regard to the manner of occurrence of the incident, the first dying declaration given by the deceased before the independent witness, i.e PW-3, cannot be ignored. The first dying declaration is supported by the independent documentary evidence, and therefore, the High Court has rightly placed reliance upon the decision rendered by this Court in the case of Nallam Veera Stayanandam & Ors. v. Public Prosecutor, High Court of A.P., (2004) 10 SCC 769, and thereby, rightly set aside the order of acquittal rendered by the trial court qua the appellant/ accused."
13- loZizFke tc Jherh y{eh tyh Fkh vkSj mlds i'pkr~ mls dud gkWfLiVy bykt gsrq yk;k x;k Fkk] ml oDr iqfyl Fkkuk fgj.k exjh ds gSM dkaLVscy Hkxoku yky }kjk mlds dFku izn'kZ ih-06 ys[kc) fd, x, Fks vkSj bl le; rd dksbZ izFke lwpuk fjiksVZ ntZ ugha FkhA Jherh y{eh us vius dFkuksa esa eq[; :i ls ;gh crk;k Fkk fd mlds ifr fd'kunkl us mlds xksjh gksus dh nokbZ crkdj iwjs 'kjhj ij yxk nh Fkh( blds i'pkr~ mlds vxjcÙkh yxkbZ( ftlls vkx ty xbZ Fkh( tks FkksM+h gh yxh Fkh( blds ckn mlus iqu% 'kh'kh ls nokbZ Mkyh rks vkx yx xbZ Fkh] mldk iwjk 'kjhj o diM+s Hkh ty x, FksA nokbZ D;k Fkh] mls irk ugha] dksbZ ,flM oxSjg gksuk dgkA ;g Hkh dgk fd ifr ds lkFk eueqVko py jgk Fkk vkSj og nks ekg ls ihgj esa FkhA fnukad 21-06-2017 dks gh ihgj ls llqjky vkbZ Fkh vkSj vkx yxus ds i'pkr~ fd'kunkl dks gkWfLiVy ys tkus ds fy, dgk rks og gkWfLiVy ugha yk;k cfYd mlds llqj ysdj vk, FksA mDr dFku fnukad 25-06-2017 dks fy, x, FksA mDr dFku ysus okys xokg ih-MCY;q-10 Hkxoku yky us Hkh lk{; ds nkSjku ;g dgk fd og fnukad 24-06-2017 dks iqfyl Fkkuk fgj.k exjh esa gSM dkaLVscy ds in ij rSukr Fkk vkSj ml jkf= dks og (Uploaded on 07/04/2026 at 01:59:15 PM) (Downloaded on 07/04/2026 at 05:31:28 PM) [2026:RJ-JD:15697-DB] (12 of 35) [MREF-2/2025] e; tkIrk x'r dj jgk FkkA iqfyl Fkkuk fgj.k exjh {ks= esa fLFkr dud izkbosV vLirky ls Fkkus ij Qksu vk;k fd ,d cuZ dsl vk;k gS] bl ij og gkWfLiVy igqapk] tgka ij y{eh iRuh fd'kunkl] mez 23 o"kZ] tks 90 izfr'kr rd >qylh gqbZ Fkh vkSj ml le; og c;ku nsus dh fLFkfr esa FkhA ftlds c;ku mlds dgs vuqlkj ys[kc) fd,A y{eh us crk;k fd og dkyh gS vkSj mldk ifr mls xksjh djuk pkgrk gS] blfy, oks ,d cksry esa Hkwjs jax dk inkFkZ Hkjdj yk;k] tks mlds iwjs 'kjhj ij pksiM+k rFkk ckn esa fd'kunkl us mlds isV ij tyrh gqbZ vxjcÙkh vM+kbZ] ftlls og ty xbZA bl xokg ds vuqlkj blus iqfyl Fkkuk oYyHkuxj dks Hkh lwpuk nh] tgka ls ';keyky] ,l-vkbZ- Hkh vk, Fks] mudks Hkh mDr c;ku dh izfr lqiqnZ dh FkhA Jherh y{eh ds dgs vuqlkj fy, c;ku izn'kZ ih-06 ij , ls ch Lo;a ds] lh ls Mh y{eh ds] bZ ls ,Q MkWDVj uohu ds ,oa th ls ,p MkWDVj Hkkos'k ds gLrk{kj gSaA izfrijh{k.k esa Hkh bl ckr dks xyr dgk fd mlus ihfM+rk dks fy[krs] i<+rs o cksyrs ugha ns[kk gksA vt[kqn dgk fd mlus ihfM+rk ds c;ku fy, vkSj mlds gLrk{kj djok,A ;g Lohdkj fd;k fd mlus ihfM+rk ds ?kjokyksa esa ls fdlh ds c;ku ugha fy, Fks vkSj muls iwNrkN Hkh ugha dh FkhA bl izdkj bl xokg ds vuqlkj tc loZizFke Jherh y{eh dks tyus ds i'pkr~ dud izkbosV vLirky esa yk;k x;k Fkk vkSj tyus ds dsl dh lwpuk iqfyl Fkkus esa feyh rks ;gh ekSds ij igqaprk gS] rRi'pkr~ ihfM+rk ds dgs vuqlkj gh izn'kZ ih-06 c;ku ys[kc) fd, FksA xokg us ;g Hkh Li"V fd;k fd ml le; ihfM+rk c;ku nsus dh fLFkfr esa Hkh Fkh vkSj izn'kZ ih-06 ij ftu nks MkWDVjksa ds gLrk{kj crk, x, gSa] tc muesa ls ih-MCY;q-05 MkWDVj Hkkos'k i{knzksgh jgk] ysfdu mlh le; tks nwljk MkWDVj dud gkWfLiVy esa jkf=dkyhu M~;wVh ij Fkk] ml ih-MCY;q-04 MkWDVj uohu us izn'kZ ih-06 dFkuksa dk leFkZu djrs gq, lk{; ds nkSjku ;g crk;k fd fnukad 24-06-2017 dks dud vLirky esa jkf= 8%00 ls lqcg 8%00 cts rd M~;wVh Fkh vkSj mlds lkFk MkWDVj Hkkos'k tSu dh Hkh M~;wVh FkhA jkf= ds 12%50 ij xzke yokf.k;k] (Uploaded on 07/04/2026 at 01:59:15 PM) (Downloaded on 07/04/2026 at 05:31:28 PM) [2026:RJ-JD:15697-DB] (13 of 35) [MREF-2/2025] Fkkuk oYyHkuxj dk cuZ dsl vk;k] tks ,d yM+dh Fkh] ftlus viuk uke y{eh oS.ko iRuh fd'kunkl oS".ko] fuoklh uokfu;k] tks fd xys ls iSjksa rd 90 izfr'kr tyh gqbZ FkhA ,e-,u-lh- esa HkrhZ dj] mldk izkFkfed mipkj djds egkjk.kk Hkwiky ljdkjh vLirky esa jsQj dj fn;k FkkA fgj.k exjh iqfyl Fkkus esa iqfylokyksa dks Hkh lwpuk nh Fkh] fQj iqfyl okys vk, vkSj y{eh oS".ko ds c;ku Hkh fy, FksA fgj.k exjh Fkkus okyksa us mlds ekrk&firk ds vkus ls igys gh c;ku ys fy, FksA y{eh us crk;k fd mlds ifr Toyu'khy inkFkZ ysdj vk, Fks vkSj mls vkx yxk nhA izfrijh{k.k esa Hkh dgk fd ihfM+rk y{eh ds llqjky okyksa ls mldh dksbZ fj'rsnkjh ugha gSA ;g Lohdkj fd;k fd y{eh dk eqag ds vykok iwjk 'kjhj tyk gqvk FkkA nksuksa gkFkksa dh nlksa vaxqfy;ka] isV o iSj rd tyh gqbZ FkhA vt[kqn dgk fd gkFk dh nlksa vaxqfy;ka tyh gqbZ Fkh vFkok ugha] ;g mls irk ughaA mlds le{k iqfylokyksa us c;ku ysus ds vykok vkSj dksbZ dk;Zokgh ugha dhA ih-MCY;q-10 Hkxoku yky dh lk{; ds vuqlkj Hkh izn'kZ ih-06 ij bZ ls ,Q MkWDVj uohu ds gLrk{kj gSaA bl izdkj izn'kZ ih-06 dFkuksa ds lanHkZ esa ;g Li"V gS fd ftl oDr e`rdk Jherh y{eh dks tyus ds i'pkr~ loZizFke tgka dud gkWfLiVy esa bykt ds fy, mls ys tk;k x;k] ogka iqfyl Fkkuk fgj.k exjh dks lwpuk feyus ij gh ih-MCY;q-10 Hkxoku yky }kjk ihfM+rk ds c;ku nsus dh lgh fLFkfr esa ikrs gq, dFku ys[kc) fd, x, Fks vkSj ml oDr rd e`rdk ds ihgj i{k dk Hkh dksbZ lnL; ogka ekStwn ugha FkkA M~;wVh ij ekStwn ih-MCY;q-04 MkWDVj uohu us Hkh mDr lk{; dh iqf"V djrs gq, ;g Hkh Li"V fd;k fd mldh e`rdk ls dksbZ fj'rsnkjh Hkh ugha Fkh vkSj tks ckr y{eh us crkbZ Fkh] mlh izdkj dh lk{; bl xokg us Hkh nh gSA izn'kZ ih-06 dFku ij fnukad 25-06-2017 vafdr gS vkSj ih-MCY;q-04 MkWDVj uohu ds vuqlkj Hkh fnukad 24-06-2017 dh jkf= 12%50 ij gh ,d cuZ ds'k vk;k Fkk] blds i'pkr~ gh iqfyl Fkkuk fgj.k exjh okyksa dks lwpuk nsus ij ogka ls iqfyl vkbZ Fkh vkSj e`rdk ds dFku izn'kZ ih-06 ys[kc) fd, x, FksA vr% bl (Uploaded on 07/04/2026 at 01:59:15 PM) (Downloaded on 07/04/2026 at 05:31:28 PM) [2026:RJ-JD:15697-DB] (14 of 35) [MREF-2/2025] fLFkfr esa tc ?kVuk fnukad 24-06-2017 dks ?kfVr gqbZ Fkh vkSj jkf= ds 12%50 ds i'pkr~ e`rdk dks dud gkWfLiVy loZizFke bykt gsrq yk;k x;k Fkk] rc rd ?kM+h ds fglkc ls fnukad 25-06-2017 Hkh vk pqdh FkhA ,slh fLFkfr esa gh izn'kZ ih-06 ij blds fy, tkus dh fnukad 25-06-2017 vafdr gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa tks loZizFke dFku izn'kZ ih-06 e`rdk ds dgs vuqlkj ys[kc) djuk crk;k x;k gS] ml ij mi;qZDr lk{; dh fLFkfr dks ns[krs gq, lansg ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA 14- e`rdk Jherh y{eh dks tc dud gkWfLiVy ls egkjk.kk Hkwiky jktdh; vLirky] mn;iqj bykt gsrq yk;k x;k Fkk] ogka ij mlds ipkZ c;ku izn'kZ ih-02 fnukad 25-06-2017 dks gh ih-MCY;q-01 ';keyky }kjk ntZ fd, x, Fks vkSj ipkZ c;ku izn'kZ ih-02 ds voyksdu ls Hkh ;g ik;k tkrk gS fd bu c;kuksa esa e`rdk Jherh y{eh us ;g crk;k Fkk fd fnukad 24-06-2017 dh jkr dks 10 cts og o mldk ifr nksuksa dejs esa lksus pys x,A mlds lkl&llqj lks x, FksA djhc 11%00 cts mldk ifr fd'kunkl mls xksjh gksus ds fy, ,d IykfLVd dh cksry esa Hkwjs jax dh dksbZ nokbZ Hkjdj yk;k o mlds iwjs 'kjhj ij yxkbZA ckn esa mlus vxjcÙkh yxkbZ o vxjcÙkh mlds isV ij vM+kbZ] ftlls vkx ty xbZA vkx FkksM+h yxh] ckn esa mlds ifr us mlds 'kjhj ij vkSj xksjh gksus dh nokbZ Mkyh] ftlls mlds Åij T;knk vkx yx xbZ vkSj mlds diM+s Hkh ty x,A nokbZ D;k Fkh] mls ekywe ugha] dksbZ ,flM oxSjg gks ldrh gSA e`rdk us vius dFkuksa esa ;g Hkh crk;k fd mlds ifr o mlds vkil esa eueqVko py jgk FkkA fnukad 21-06-2017 dks mldk HkkbZ iou mls llqjky uokfu;k NksM+dj x;kA mldk ifr mls ckj&ckj dgrk fd og dkyh gS ,oa eksVh gS] mlds yk;d ugha gSA blh ckr dks ysdj vk, fnu yM+kbZ&>xM+k djrk jgrk FkkA mDr dFku ys[kc) djus ds i'pkr~ fnukad 25-06-2017 dks gh 7%30 ,-,e- ij tgka e`rdk tSj bykt okMZ uacj 111] [kkV la[;k 04] egkjk.kk Hkwiky tujy gkWfLiVy] mn;iqj esa HkrhZ Fkh] blds dgs vuqlkj gh fy[ks tkdj bZ ls ,Q Hkkx esa mls iqu% i<+dj (Uploaded on 07/04/2026 at 01:59:15 PM) (Downloaded on 07/04/2026 at 05:31:28 PM) [2026:RJ-JD:15697-DB] (15 of 35) [MREF-2/2025] lqukus vkSj lgh gksuk crkus ij lh ls Mh y{eh ds gLrk{kj djkrs gq, th ls ,p Hkkx esa mlh fnu 11%45 ,-,e- ij izFke lwpuk fjiksVZ la[;k 103@2017 ntZ djrs gq, gh ';keyky] ,l-vkbZ- }kjk bldk vuqla/kku Hkh Lo;a ds ftEes fy;k tkrk gSA lk{; ds nkSjku Hkh ih-MCY;q-01 ';keyky us ;g dgk gS fd fnukad 25-06-2017 dks og lc baLisDVj ds in ij iqfyl Fkkuk oYyHkuxj esa rSukr Fkk vkSj ml fnu ok;jysl ls lwpuk feyh Fkh fd y{eh nsoh fuoklh uokfu;k tyus ls HkrhZ gqbZ gS] rc ;g gkWfLiVy igqaprk gS vkSj mifLFkr MkWDVj ls y{eh ds c;kus nsus esa fQV gksus dh fVIi.kh ysdj mlds dgs vuqlkj gh izn'kZ ih-02 c;ku ys[kc) djus ds i'pkr~ , ls ch Lo;a ds vkSj lh ls Mh y{eh ds gLrk{kj gksuk dFku djrk gSA rRi'pkr~ eqdnek ntZ gksus ds ckn vuqla/kku ds nkSjku iqu% mn;iqj gkWfLiVy igqapdj mlds c;ku nsus dh fLFkfr esa gksus ckcr~ MkWDVj ls izn'kZ ih-04 ij fVIi.kh izkIr djrs gq, rglhynkj o dk;Zikyd eftLVsVª] cM+xkao] ftyk mn;iqj ls izn'kZ ih-05 c;ku ys[kc) djkuk viuh lk{; esa crkrk gSA izfrijh{k.k esa Hkh ;g Li"V djrk gS fd ml le; Fkkus dk bapktZ ;g Lo;a Fkk vkSj lwpuk feyus ds ckn Fkkus ls jokuk gksdj x;k FkkA xokg ds vuqlkj ;g dud gkWfLiVy esa Hkh fnukad 25-06-2017 dks lqcg 5%00 cts igqapk Fkk vkSj M~;wVh MkWDVj ls iwNus ij mUgksaus crk;k Fkk fd y{eh dks muds ifjtu ljdkjh gkWfLiVy ysdj pys x, gSaA y{eh] eqag vkSj flj NksM+dj lkjh tyh gqbZ FkhA MkWDVj us crk;k fd og 90 izfr'kr tyh gqbZ gSA mlus igyh ckj e`rdk ds lqcg 7%30 cts ipkZ c;ku fy, FksA tc blus ipkZ c;ku fy,] rc y{eh ds vklikl dksbZ Hkh O;fDr ekStwn ugha FkkA bl izdkj xokg }kjk nh xbZ mDr lk{; ls Li"V gS fd blds }kjk izn'kZ ih-02 e`rdk ds dFku ys[kc) djus ls iwoZ mifLFkr M~;wVh MkWDVj dks izn'kZ ih-01 ,d rgjhj Hkh nh Fkh] ftl ij ,Dl LFkku ij MkWDVj xkSjo }kjk e`rdk ds c;ku nsus dh fLFkfr esa gksus dk i`"Bkadu djrs gq, gh lh ls Mh MkWDVj ds gLrk{kj Hkh gSa] vkSj ;g i`"Bkadu fnukad 25-01-2017 dks 5%40 ,-,e- dk gSA vihykFkhZ ds ;ksX; vf/koDrk ds vuqlkj (Uploaded on 07/04/2026 at 01:59:15 PM) (Downloaded on 07/04/2026 at 05:31:28 PM) [2026:RJ-JD:15697-DB] (16 of 35) [MREF-2/2025] izn'kZ ih-04 esa MkWDVj ds gLrk{kj ds uhps 25 rkjh[k ds LFkku ij 26 rkjh[k gksuk dFku fd;k x;k gSA ysfdu tks 25 rkjh[k ds LFkku ij 26 rkjh[k gksus dh ckr dgh xbZ gS] og mlh vuqlkj lgh ugha ikbZ tkrh] D;ksafd izn'kZ ih- 01 dh gh izfr izn'kZ ih-26 Hkh gS] mlesa Hkh tks ,Dl LFkku ij fnukad gS] og 25-06-2017 le; 5%40 ,-,e- gh vafdr gSA tcfd izn'kZ ih-04 dk izek.k&i= rks tc iqu% izn'kZ ih-05 dFku ysus ls iwoZ mifLFkr MkWDVj dk izek.k&i= fy;k x;k Fkk] bl ckcr~ gksdj blesa Hkh fnukad 25-06-2017 rkjh[k o le; 3%10 ih-,e- gS] bl izdkj izn'kZ ih-04 MkWDVj dk izek.k&i= izn'kZ ih-02 c;ku ds lanHkZ esa ugha gSA bl izdkj tc ih-MCY;q-01 ';keyky vLirky igqapkr gS] rks mlds }kjk izn'kZ ih-01 ,oa izn'kZ ih-26 ds tfj, mifLFkr MkWDVj xkSjo ls mlds c;ku nsus esa lgh fLFkfr eas gksus ckcr izek.k i= Hkh ysrk gS vkSj dFku ys[kc) djus ds i'pkr~ izn'kZ ih-02 ds vuqlkj mlds bZ ls ,Q Hkkx esa iqu% dFku djus okys dks i<+dj lqukus ,oa le>kus ds ckn mlds }kjk lgh gksuk Hkh crk;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj izn'kZ ih-02 ij Hkh lh ls Mh Hkkx esa Jherh y{eh ds nks LFkkuksa ij gLrk{kj Hkh gSaA vr% bl fLFkfr esa ;g dFku Lohdkj fd, tkus ;ksX; ugha gS fd izn'kZ ih-02 c;ku nsrs le; e`rdk y{eh vius c;ku nsus dh lgh fLFkfr esa ugha gksA ih-MCY;q-16 MkWDVj xkSjo Hkh viuh lk{; esa bl ckr dk leFkZu djrk gS fd y{eh dks dud vLirky] fgj.k exjh] mn;iqj ls egkjk.kk Hkwiky gkWfLiVy ysdj vk, Fks] rc blus iqfyl Fkkuk oYyHkuxj dh rgjhj ij Jherh y{eh oS".ko ds c;ku nsus dh fLFkfr esa gksus dk fQVusl dk izek.k i= Hkh fn;k FkkA ;|fi izfrijh{k.k esa ;g Lohdkj fd;k fd mlds le{k et:ck us dgha ij Hkh gLrk{kj ugha fd, Fks] D;ksafd vaxfy;k tyh gqbZ Fkh vkSj izn'kZ ih-04 ij Hkh tks ,aMkslZesaV Fkk] ml ij fnukad 25-04-2017 gh vafdr gksuk dgkA mDr xokg dh iwjh lk{; ls ,slk Li"V ugha gksrk gS] ftlls izn'kZ ih-02 dFkuksa ij vfo'okl fd;k tk ldsA ;|fi bl xokg dh lk{; ls ;g ekuk tk ldrk gS fd blds lkeus e`rdk us c;ku ij gLrk{kj ugha fd, Fks] ysfdu blh vk/kkj (Uploaded on 07/04/2026 at 01:59:15 PM) (Downloaded on 07/04/2026 at 05:31:28 PM) [2026:RJ-JD:15697-DB] (17 of 35) [MREF-2/2025] ij ;g ugha eku ldrs fd e`rdk dh fLFkfr ,slh ugha jgh Fkh fd og izn'kZ ih-02 dFkuksa ij gLrk{kj ugha dj ldsA fo'ks"kdj bl fLFkfr esa tcfd izn'kZ ih-02 ij tks lh ls Mh y{eh ds gLrk{kj gSa] oks mlds ugha gks] bl ckr dk Hkh dksbZ fookn ugha fd;k x;k gSA tks dFku loZizFke izn'kZ ih-06 esa e`rdk }kjk fd, x, Fks] yxHkx ogh ckr mlds }kjk izn'kZ ih-02 dFkuksa esa Hkh dh tkrh gSA vr% ,slh fLFkfr esa ;g Hkh ugha ik;k tkrk fd izn'kZ ih- 02 ,oa izn'kZ ih-06 ds vkilh dFkuksa esa dksbZ fojks/kkHkkl gksA lk{; ls ;g Hkh Li"V gqvk gS fd e`rdk us ?kVuk fnukad 24-06-2017 dks jkf= ds djhc 11%00 cts dh crkbZ gS vkSj izn'kZ ih-1+6 ds vuqlkj mldh e`R;q fnukad 30-06-2017 dh jkf=- ds 1%00 cts gksus dk mYys[k vk;k gSA bl izdkj ;g Li"V gS fd ?kVuk ?kfVr gksus ds yxHkx 06 fnu i'pkr~ e`rdk dh e`R;q gqbZ FkhA vr% bl njfe;ku ;g dFku Hkh Lohdkj fd, tkus ;ksX; ugha gS fd og c;ku djus dh lgh fLFkfr esa ugha jgh FkhA e`R;q dk tks dkj.k Fkk] og Hkh iksLVekVZe fjiksVZ izn'kZ ih-28 esa e`rdk dk 'kjhj 90 izfr'kr rd tyus dh otg ls gksuk crk;k x;k gSA bl ckr dh iqf"V e`rdk ds pksV izfrosnu izn'kZ ih-10 ls Hkh gksrh gS] tks fd fnukad 25-06-2017 dks lqcg 9%00 cts dk gSA blds xokg ih-MCY;q-19 MkWDVj vk'kh"k xxZ us Hkh lk{; ds nkSjku vkgr y{eh dk cuZ okMZ ,e-ch-th- vLirky esa HkrhZ gksuk crkrs gq, mlds iwjs 'kjhj dk 90 izfr'kr Hkkx tyk gksuk vkSj rkjihu ds rsy dh LeSy vkuk dFku fd;k gS vkSj ;g Hkh dgk gS fd mDr pksV xaHkhj o thou ds fy, izk.k?kkrd ikbZ xbZ] tks MªkbZ ghV ¶yse cuZ ds dkj.k dkfjr Fkh] ftldh vof/k ijh{k.k djus ds 24 ?kaVs ds vanj ikbZ xbZ vkSj pksV izfrosnu izn'kZ ih-10 ij bZ ls ,Q vius gLrk{kj e; lhy vafdr gksuk dgkA ih-MCY;q-17 MkWDVj vf[kys'k 'kekZ] ftuds }kjk cksMZ dk xBu gksus ij e`rdk ds 'ko dk iksLVekVZe djrs gq, izn'kZ ih-28 fjiksVZ rS;kj dh xbZ Fkh] bl xokg us Hkh dgk fd e`rdk ds 'ko dk fuEu fgLlk lrgh ls xgjkbZ rd tyk gqvk Fkk] ftlesa xnZu] lhuk] isV] ihB] nksuksa vij fyac] nksuksa gFksfy;ksa dks NksM+dj rFkk nksuksa ikao tks 'kjhj dk (Uploaded on 07/04/2026 at 01:59:15 PM) (Downloaded on 07/04/2026 at 05:31:28 PM) [2026:RJ-JD:15697-DB] (18 of 35) [MREF-2/2025] yxHkx 90 izfr'kr fgLlk FkkA tyk gqvk fgLlk dgha&dgha Bhd gksus dh voLFkk esa vk jgk Fkk vkSj dgha&dgha il iM+k gqvk FkkA vFkkZr~ ftl le; e`rdk dks egkjk.kk Hkwiky jktdh; fpfdRlky;] mn;iqj esa HkrhZ djok;k x;k Fkk] mlds i'pkr~ gh mldh pksVksa dk voyksdu djrs gq, izn'kZ ih-10 rS;kj fd;k x;k FkkA e`rdk ds ihgj i{k dks tSls gh mlds tyus dh lwpuk feyrh gS] rRi'pkr~ os gkWfLiVy igqaprs gSa vkSj izn'kZ ih-11 ds vuqlkj e`rdk y{eh ds firk fd'ku nkl us Hkh ;g fjiksVZ iqfyl Fkkuk oYyHkuxj ds le{k is'k dh Fkh vkSj gkWfLiVy igqapus ij bldh iq=h us lkjh ?kVuk crkbZ FkhA ih-MCY;q-07 fd'ku nkl] tks fd e`rdk dk firk gS] ih-MCY;q-08 'kkafr] tks fd e`rdk dh ekrk gS ,oa ih-MCY;q-13 iou] tks fd e`rdk dk HkkbZ gS] bu rhuksa gh xokgku dh lk{; ls ;g ckr Hkh Li"V gqbZ gS fd tc y{eh ds tyus dh lwpuk feyrh gS] rks ;s gkWfLiVy vkrs gSa vkSj bykt ds nkSjku y{eh }kjk Hkh budks ;gh crk;k tkrk gS fd mlds ifr us bldks dgk fd og dkyh gS vkSj xksjh djus dh nokbZ yk;k gS vkSj ;g dgdj og nokbZ yxkdj] vxjcÙkh tykdj isV ij yxk nsrk gS] ftlls og ty tkrh gSA bu rhuksa gh xokgku dh lk{; ds vuqlkj tc ;s gkWfLiVy igqaprs gSa rks y{eh }kjk viuh e`R;q ls iwoZ mDr dFku budks dgs tkrs gSa] tks fd ekSf[kd e`R;qdkfyd dFkuksa dh Js.kh esa Hkh vkrs gSaA lk{; ls ;g Hkh Li"V gksrk gS fd ?kVuk ls iwoZ yxHkx nks ekg rd e`rdk vius ihgj esa gh jg jgh Fkh vkSj fnukad 21-06-2017 dks gh e`rdk dk HkkbZ iou mls llqjky NksM+dj tkrk gSA blds yxHkx 04 fnu i'pkr~ gh ?kVuk ?kfVr gks tkrh gSA bl izdkj tks izn'kZ ih-02 e`rdk ds dFku gSa] mudh iqf"V vU; lk{; ls Hkh gksrh gSA 15- e`rdk ds 90 izfr'kr rd tys gksus ds dkj.k mlds cksyus dh fLFkfr esa ugha gksus ckcr~ Hkh vihykFkhZ ds ;ksX; vf/koDrk dh vksj ls tks rdZ fn, x, gSa] bl lanHkZ esa Hkh ekuuh; mPpre U;k;ky; ds gh fu.kZ; Purshottam Chopra (Supra) esa ;gh dgk x;k gS fd ek= dFku djus okys ds 100 izfr'kr tys gksus ds vk/kkj ij gh ;g ugha ekuk tk ldrk fd (Uploaded on 07/04/2026 at 01:59:15 PM) (Downloaded on 07/04/2026 at 05:31:28 PM) [2026:RJ-JD:15697-DB] (19 of 35) [MREF-2/2025] og c;ku nsus dh fLFkfr esa ugha FkkA blh izdkj ekuuh; mPpre U;k;ky; ds gh fu.kZ; Pawan Kumar v. State of H.P.; Criminal Appeal No. 775 of 2017 esa Hkh e`rdk }kjk vius Åij dsjkslhu Mkydj vkx yxkdj vkRegR;k dj yh xbZ FkhA e`R;q iwoZ c;ku esa mlus blds fy, vfHk;qDr dks ftEEsnkj crk;k FkkA ekSf[kd e`R;qdkfyd dFku dks dkaLVscy }kjk MkWDVj dh mifLFkfr esa ys[kc) fd;k x;k FkkA tcfd mlds c;ku nsus dh lgh fLFkfr esa gksus dk izek.k&i= Hkh ugha FkkA mDr fu.kZ; esa ;g Hkh dgk x;k Fkk fd 80 izfr'kr tys gksus ds gh vk/kkj ij ;g ugha eku ldrs fd og c;ku nsus dh fLFkfr esa u gksA e`rdk ds c;ku fd vU; lk{; ls iqf"V gksus ij os lgh gksrs gSa ,oa bls utjvankt ugha fd;k tk ldrkA blh izdkj ekuuh; mPpre U;k;ky; }kjk vius fu.kZ; Bhagwan v. State of Maharashtra through Secretary Home, Mumbai; AIR 2019 SUPREME COURT 4170 esa Hkh ;g dgk x;k gS fd e`R;qdkfyd dFku esa vkgr dk 'kjhj 92 izfr'kr tyk gqvk Fkk] ,slh fLFkfr esa Hkh ;g ugha dg ldrs fd og c;ku nsus dh lgh fLFkfr esa ugha gks] lkFk gh ,sls dFku fo'okl ;ksX; gksus ls nks"kflf) Hkh dh xbZ FkhA 16- ih-MCY;q-18 dSyk'k ds vuqlkj Hkh iqfyl okys fd'ku ds ?kj vk, Fks vkSj muds }kjk ,d IykfLVd dh [kkyh cksry dks izn'kZ ih-30 ds tfj, tCr Hkh fd;k x;k FkkA ih-MCY;q-21 ?ku';ke flag ds vuqlkj Hkh vfHk;qDr fd'ku yky }kjk lwpuk ds vk/kkj ij ,d IykfLVd dh cksry cjken djokbZ xbZ Fkh] ftldh QnZ tCrh izn'kZ ih-30 gksuk crk;kA izn'kZ ih-30 ds voyksdu ls Hkh ;g ik;k tkrk gS fd ftl [kkyh 'kh'kh dks tCr fd;k x;k Fkk] og IykfLVd dh Fkh vkSj Åij ls vk/kh tyh gksdj dkyh iM+h gqbZ Fkh] tks fldqM+h voLFkk esa Hkh FkhA bls Lo;a vfHk;qDr us fcLrj isVh esa j[ks x, fcLrjksa esa ls fudky dj nh FkhA bl izdkj ;g fLFkfr Hkh rc laHko Fkh] tc Lo;a e`rdk ds dFkuksa ds vuqlkj tc 'kh'kh ls mlds 'kjhj ij inkFkZ yxk;k x;k vkSj vkx FkksM+h yxh Fkh] rRi'pkr~ iwjh 'kh'kh mlds Åij Mkyh xbZ FkhA (Uploaded on 07/04/2026 at 01:59:15 PM) (Downloaded on 07/04/2026 at 05:31:28 PM) [2026:RJ-JD:15697-DB] (20 of 35) [MREF-2/2025] bl voLFkk esa vkx yxus ls 'kh'kh esa cpk gqvk inkFkZ Hkh laidZ esa vkus ds dkj.k tks IykfLVd dh 'kh'kh Fkh] og tyus ls Åij ls dkyh gksdj fldqMh voLFkk esa vk xbZ FkhA 17- lk{; ls ;g rks Li"V gS fd ?kVuk vihykFkhZ ds ?kj ds vanj gh ?kfVr gqbZ Fkh] bl fLFkfr esa mlds fy, ;g vko';d Fkk fd mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk mYys[k fd;k tkrk] ftu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh otg ls ?kVuk ?kfVr gqbZ FkhA bl laca/k esa vihykFkhZ us vius tks dFku varxZr /kkjk 313 naM izfØ;k lafgrk esa fd, Fks] muesa xokgku ds dFkuksa dks xyr crkrs gq, dsoy ;gh dgk gS fd og funksZ"k gSA bl izdkj vihykFkhZ dh vksj ls bl izdkj dk dksbZ dFku ugha fd;k x;k fd ?kVuk ds le; og e`rdk ds ikl dejs esa ugha gksdj ckgj lks jgk gks vkSj Lo;a e`rdk ds dejs ds vanj vkx yx tkus ij mlds }kjk vkx cq>kus dk dksbZ iz;kl fd;k x;k gksA e`rdk y{eh ds dFkuksa ds vuqlkj mlds lkl&llqj o uun Hkh nkSM+dj vk, FksA ih-MCY;q-02 liuk] tks fd e`rdk dh uun gS] ih-MCY;q-03 ekaxh] tks fd e`rdk dh lkl gS vkSj ih-MCY;q-06 lhrkjke] tks fd e`rdk dk llqj gS] ;s rhuksa gh xokg fopkj.k U;k;ky; ds le{k lk{; ds nkSjku i{knzksgh gks tkrs gSa] ysfdu ;s rhuksa gh xokg vihykFkhZ ds gh ekrk&firk vkSj cgu FksA bl fLFkfr esa ;g laHko gS fd vihykFkhZ dks cpkus ds fy, buds }kjk U;k;ky; ds le{k >wBs dFku fd, x, gksa vkSj muesa Hkh ih-MCY;q-02 liuk dk rks ;gh dguk gS fd mldh HkkHkh tyrh gqbZ dejs ls ckgj vkbZ Fkh vkSj ml oDr vfHk;qDr ikl esa ugha FkkA bldh HkkHkh us lt&laojdj ij¶;we yxk;k Fkk] ftlls vkx yx xbZ FkhA tcfd ih-MCY;q-03 ekaxh viuh lk{; esa ;g Hkh dgrh gS fd y{eh ?kVuk ls pkj&ikap fnu igys gh llqjky vkbZ Fkh vkSj og njoktk [kksydj tyrs gq, ckgj vkbZ Fkh vkSj dSls tyh Fkh] mls irk ugha gSA ih-MCY;q-06 lhrkjke ;g dgrk gS fd ;g vkSj vfHk;qDr nksuksa gh ckgj lks jgs Fks] tcfd ih-MCY;q-03 ekaxh ;g dgrh gS fd bldk ifr Nr ij lks jgk FkkA ih-MCY;q-06 lhrkjke ds vuqlkj y{eh tyrh gqbZ ckgj vkbZ Fkh] og dSls (Uploaded on 07/04/2026 at 01:59:15 PM) (Downloaded on 07/04/2026 at 05:31:28 PM) [2026:RJ-JD:15697-DB] (21 of 35) [MREF-2/2025] tyh Fkh] irk ugha gSA bl izdkj ih-MCY;q-03 ekaxh o ih-MCY;q-06 lhrkjke bl ckr ls vufHkK gSa fd y{eh dSls tyh Fkh] tcfd budh lk{; ls ;g Hkh Li"V gS fd y{eh ?kVuk ls pkj&ikap fnu igys gh llqjky vkbZ FkhA bl ckr dh iqf"V tks dFku y{eh us izn'kZ ih-02 esa fd, gSa] muls Hkh gksrh gS fd og fnukad 21-06-2017 dks gh ihgj ls llqjky vkbZ FkhA ?kVukLFky ds iM+kslh xokg Øe'k% ih-MCY;q-11 deys'k ,oa ih-MCY;q-12 eqds'k Hkh viuh lk{; ds nkSjku ;gh crkrs gSa fd budks lwpuk feyus ij ;s vihykFkhZ ds ;gka nkSM+dj tkrs gSa] rks dejk vanj ls can gksus ij fdokM+ dks rksM+dj y{eh dks ckgj fudkyuk crkrs gSaA tks lk{; bu nksuksa xokgksa us dgh gS] ;g ckr Lo;a ih-MCY;q-02 liuk] ih-MCY;q-03 ekaxh o ih-MCY;q-06 lhrkjke us Hkh ugha nhA ;fn ih-MCY;q-11 deys'k o ih-MCY;q-12 eqds'k dh lk{; ds vuqlkj ftl dejs ds vanj y{eh Fkh] vkSj og vanj ls can Fkk] bl voLFkk esa fdokM+ rksM+us dh fLFkfr esa vanj ls fpVduh ;k tks can djus dqaMh Fkh] og VwVh gqbZ voLFkk esa gksuh pkfg, Fkh] ysfdu bl ckr dh iqf"V uD'kk ekSdk o gkykr ekSdk izn'kZ ih-29] izn'kZ ih-07 o izn'kZ ih-08 ls Hkh ugha gksrh gSA bl izdkj tks dFku Øe'k% ih-MCY;q-02 liuk] ih-MCY;q-03 ekaxh] ih-MCY;q-06 lhrkjke] ih-MCY;q-11 deys'k o ih-MCY;q-12 eqds'k us fd, gSa] bl lanHkZ esa Lo;a vihykFkhZ us Hkh vius dFku varxZr /kkjk 313 naM izfØ;k lafgrk esa dksbZ dFku ugha fd,A ih-MCY;q-27 MkWDVj deysUnz ds vuqlkj blus vihykFkhZ dh pksVksa dk eqvk;uk djrs gq, pksV izfrosnu izn'kZ ih-37 rS;kj fd;k Fkk vkSj bl xokg ds vuqlkj mlds gkFk ij QQksys Fks ,oa flQZ nk,a gkFk ij gh tyus ds fu'kku FksA tks fLFkfr bl xokg us crkbZ gS] og Hkh bl ckr dh iqf"V djrh gS fd tc e`rdk y{eh ds 'kjhj ij IykfLVd dh 'kh'kh ls cpk gqvk inkFkZ Mkyk x;k Fkk] rks ,dne ls vkx yxh FkhA pwafd vihykFkhZ us ,d gkFk ls og 'kh'kh idM+ j[kh Fkh] blh dkj.k ls gh 'kh'kh IykfLVd dh gksus dh otg ls mldk Åij dk Hkkx fldqM+rs gq, dkyk Hkh iM+ x;k FkkA ;fn vihykFkhZ }kjk e`rdk dks tyrs gq, cpkus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk rks ml (Uploaded on 07/04/2026 at 01:59:15 PM) (Downloaded on 07/04/2026 at 05:31:28 PM) [2026:RJ-JD:15697-DB] (22 of 35) [MREF-2/2025] fLFkfr esa mlds nksuksa gkFk tyh gqbZ voLFkk esa gksrsA fQj Hkh Lo;a vihykFkhZ us vius dFku varxZr /kkjk 313 naM izfØ;k lafgrk esa Hkh e`rdk dks cpk, tkus ds laca/k esa Hkh dksbZ dFku ugha fd, gSaA 18- bl izdj.k esa ?kVukLFky ls tks tys gq, xwnM+s] rdh;s tCr djrs gq, tks [kkyh IykfLVd dh cksry Fkh] mUgsa fof/k foKku iz;ksx'kkyk Hksts tkus ij ogka ls izkIr fjiksVZ izn'kZ ih-35 esa Hkh fuEu fu"d"kZ vk;k gS %& "On the Instrumental analysis :-
Presence of residual inflammable petroleum hydrocarbon fractions were detected in the extract of the exhibit A/1 (Packet marked A).
Presence of any inflammable petroleum hydrocarbon could not be detected in the extract of the exhibit B/1 (Packet marked B)."
19- izn'kZ ih-05] tks e`R;qdkfyd dFku Qwykjke lksyadh] rglhynkj }kjk fy;k tkuk crk;k x;k gS] bls ysus okyk mDr xokg fopkj.k U;k;ky; ds le{k lk{; ds nkSjku is'k ugha gqvk gSA ;fn bu dFkuksa dks ugha Hkh ns[kk tk,] rks Hkh ,slk ugha gS fd izn'kZ ih-05 c;kuksa esa e`rdk }kjk eq[; ?kVuk ?kfVr gksus ds lanHkZ esa dksbZ vyx ckr dgh xbZ gksA izn'kZ ih-02 ,oa izn'kZ ih-06 esa e`rdk y{eh us LokHkkfod :i ls dsoy vius ifr }kjk gh tyk, tkus dh ckr dgh gS] tcfd vius lkl&llqj o uun ds fo#) dksbZ dFku ugha fd,A bl izdkj tSlh ?kVuk ?kfVr gqbZ] ogh c;ku mlds }kjk e`R;q ls iwoZ fn;k tkuk izdV gksrk gSA D;ksafd ;fn e`rdk >wBs dFku djrh] rks viuh lkl&llqj vFkok uun ds fo#) Hkh xyr c;ku ns ldrh FkhA 20- bl izdkj mi;qZDr laiw.kZ lk{; dh fLFkfr dks ns[krs gq, fo}ku fopkj.k U;k;ky; }kjk vius fu.kZ; fnukad 29-08-2025 ls tks nks"kflf) (Uploaded on 07/04/2026 at 01:59:15 PM) (Downloaded on 07/04/2026 at 05:31:28 PM) [2026:RJ-JD:15697-DB] (23 of 35) [MREF-2/2025] vijk/k varxZr /kkjk 302 Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk esa dh xbZ gS] og mlh vuq:i ls lgh gksuk ik;k tkrk gS ,oa izn'kZ ih-02 ,oa izn'kZ ih-06 e`R;qdkfyd dFku Hkh vU; lk{; ls laiqf"V gksus ds lkFk&lkFk vihykFkhZ dh vksj ls vius dFku varxZr /kkjk 313 naM izfØ;k lafgrk esa Hkh ?kj ds vanj ?kVuk ?kfVr gksus dk dksbZ fo'ks"k Li"Vhdj.k ;k [kaMu ugha djus ds dkj.k Hkh mDr dFkuksa ij fo'okl ugha djus dk dksbZ dkj.k izdV ugha gksus ls vihykFkhZ dh tks nks"kflf) vijk/k varxZr /kkjk 302 Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk esa fo}ku fopkj.k U;k;ky; us dh gS] mldh iqf"V dh tkrh gSA 21- ltk ds iz'u ij lquk x;kA bl izdj.k esa fo}ku fopkj.k U;k;ky; us vihykFkhZ dh nks"kflf) ds i'pkr~ nks"kfl) vijk/k esa mls e`R;q naMkns'k fn;k gS vkSj bldh iqf"V gsrq gh bl vihy ds lkFk i`Fkd ls jsQjsal Hkh is'k gqvk gSA vihykFkhZ ds ;ksX; vf/koDrk dk ;g dguk gS fd vihykFkhZ dk ;g izFke vijk/k gS vkSj fxj¶rkjh ds i'pkr~ ls ysdj vc rd yEcs le; ls og U;kf;d vfHkj{kk esa py jgk gSA lk{; ls ;g Hkh Li"V gS fd vihykFkhZ dk iwjk ifjokj mlh ij gh vkfJr gSA bl izdj.k dh ifjfLFkfr;ka Hkh bl izdkj dh ugha gS fd ftlesa e`R;q naMkns'k fn;k tkuk gh vko';d gksA bl izdkj vfHkys[k dh rF; o ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa tks e`R;q naMkns'k fn;k x;k gS] og U;k;ksfpr ugha gksus ls U;wure naMkns'k fn, tkus dk fuosnu fd;kA tcfd mDr rdksZa dk fo}ku yksd vfHk;kstd }kjk ;g [kaMu fd;k x;k fd vihykFkhZ }kjk vk'k;iwoZd viuh iRuh ij Toyu'khy inkFkZ Mkydj vxjcÙkh ls tyk;k x;k Fkk] tks fd vijk/k f?kukSuk izd`fr dk gksus ls fo}ku fopkj.k U;k;ky; us bls nqyZHkre ls nqyZHk ekurs gq, ltk ds fcanw ij lqudj foLr`r :i ls fu"d"kZ nsrs gq, tks e`R;q naMkns'k fn;k gS] og U;k;ksfpr gksus ls blh vuq:i izLrqr fd, x, eMZj jsQjsal dh iqf"V djrs gq, ;g vihy [kkfjt djus dk fuosnu fd;kA (Uploaded on 07/04/2026 at 01:59:15 PM) (Downloaded on 07/04/2026 at 05:31:28 PM) [2026:RJ-JD:15697-DB] (24 of 35) [MREF-2/2025] 22- bl izdj.k esa lk{; dh fLFkfr ls ;g Li"V gqvk gS fd vihykFkhZ }kjk viuh iRuh e`rdk y{eh ds dkyh ,oa eksVh gksus dh ckr dks ysdj eueqVko ds pyrs gh tc nksuksa ifr&iRuh jkf= ds le; dejs esa Fks] rc vfHk;qDr }kjk e`rdk y{eh ds xksjh gksus dh nokbZ dgdj] ,d 'kh'kh ls Toyu'khy inkFkZ mlds iwjs 'kjhj ij yxkdj vxjcÙkh ls vkx yxk nh vkSj bl dkj.k ls gh e`rdk dh e`R;q gksrh gSA bl laca/k esa fof/k dh ;g lqLFkkfir fLFkfr gS fd e`R;q naMkns'k nqyZHkre ls nqyZHk (Rarest of rare) ekeys esa gh fn;k tk ldrk gS vkSj bl laca/k esa ekuuh; mPpre U;k;ky; }kjk Bachan Singh Versus State of Punjab Criminal Appeal Nos.
607-608 of 2017; (1982) 3 SCC 24 esa Hkh fn'kk funsZ'k fn, x, gSaA blh lanHkZ esa gh ekuuh; mPpre U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ; Lehna vs. State of Haryana; Appeal (crl.) 733 of 2001a ds Hkh iSjk la[;k 21] 23 ,oa 29 esa Hkh fuEu fn'kk funsZ'k nsrs gq, bl izdj.k esa tgka rhu gR;k,a dh xbZ Fkha] ml fLFkfr esa e`R;q naMkns'k dks vkthou dkjkokl esa cnyk x;k Fkk %& "21. In Machhi Singh's case (supra), it was observed:-
"The following questions may be asked and answered as a test to determine the 'rarest of the rare' case in which death sentence can be inflicted:-
(a) Is there something uncommon about the crime which renders sentence of imprisonment for life inadequate and calls for a death sentence?
(b) Are the circumstances of the crime such that there is no alternative but to impose death sentence even after according maximum weightage to the mitigating circumstances which speak in favour of the offender?"
23. In rarest of rare cases when the collective conscience of the community is so shocked, that it will expect the holders of the judicial power center to inflict death penalty irrespective of their personal opinion as (Uploaded on 07/04/2026 at 01:59:15 PM) (Downloaded on 07/04/2026 at 05:31:28 PM) [2026:RJ-JD:15697-DB] (25 of 35) [MREF-2/2025] regards desirability or otherwise of retaining death penalty, death sentence can be awarded. The community may entertain such sentiment in the following circumstances:-
(1) When the murder is committed in an extremely brutal, grotesque, diabolical, revolting, or dastardly manner so as to arouse intense and extreme indignation of the community.
(2) When the murder is committed for a motive which evinces total depravity and meanness; e.g. murder by hired assassin for money or reward; or cold-blooded murder for gains of a person vis-a-vis whom the murderer is in a dominating position or in a position of trust; or murder is committed in the course for betrayal of the motherland. (3) When murder of a member of a Scheduled Caste or minority community etc., is committed not for personal reasons but in circumstances which arouse social wrath, or in cases of 'bride burning' or 'dowry deaths' or when murder is committed in order to remarry for the sake of extracting dowry once again or to marry another woman on account of infatuation.
(4) When the crime is enormous is proportion. For instance when multiple murders, say of all or almost all the members of a family or a large number of persons of a particular caste, community, or locality, are committed.
(5) When the victim of murder is an innocent child, or a helpless woman or old or infirm person or a person vis-a-vis whom the murderer is in a dominating position, or a public figure generally loved and respected by the community.
(Uploaded on 07/04/2026 at 01:59:15 PM) (Downloaded on 07/04/2026 at 05:31:28 PM) [2026:RJ-JD:15697-DB] (26 of 35) [MREF-2/2025]
29. As the background facts go to show the genesis of dispute between the accused and the other members of his family was land. Accused seems to have taken exception to his father taking away the land from him. As the evidence indicates, he considered his brother, sister-in-law to be responsible for the same. It is also in evidence that 2-3 days before the occurrence, there was a bitter quarrel between the accused and other members of his family. Evidence of PW-7 is to the effect that there used to be constant quarrel between PW-6, deceased Jai Bhagwan, deceased Saroj on one hand and the accused on the other, over ancestral land. It is also in evidence that the deceased Jai Bhagwan was not of moral character and PW-6 had forcibly occupied the land of temple for which villagers had set on fire a piece of their house. Though injuries on accused person do not per se affect prosecution version if reliable; when not explained it assumes importance if they are serious in nature. The fact that the injuries were sustained in the present case by the accused is not disputed. In fact, PW-7 has admitted that PW-6 had given a thorough thrashing to the accused in the court-yard after assaults on the three accused persons. As the medical evidence indicates, the injuries sustained by the accused were of very serious nature. It is true three lives have been lost. But at the same time, the mental condition of the accused which led to the assault cannot be lost sight of. The same may not be relevant to judge culpability. But is certainly a factor while considering question of sentence. There is no evidence of any diabolic planning to commit the crime, though cruel was the act.
Deprived of his livelihood on account of the land being taken away, the accused was, as the evidence shows, exhibiting his displeasure, his resentment. Frequency of the quarrels indicate lack of any sinister planning to take away lives of the deceased. The factual scenario gives impressions of impulsive act and not planned (Uploaded on 07/04/2026 at 01:59:15 PM) (Downloaded on 07/04/2026 at 05:31:28 PM) [2026:RJ-JD:15697-DB] (27 of 35) [MREF-2/2025] assaults. In the peculiar background, death sentence would not be proper. A sentence of imprisonment for life will be more appropriate. The sentence is accordingly modified, while confirming the conviction for offence punishable under Section 302 IPC."
23- blh izdkj ekuuh; mPpre U;k;ky; }kjk Reji Kumar Alias Reji Versus State Of Kerala; 2025 LiveLaw (SC) 457 ds fu.kZ; esa Hkh vfHk;qDr ij viuh iRuh vkSj pkj cPpksa dh gR;k djus dk vijk/k fl) gksus ij Hkh vfHk;qDr dks tks e`R;q naMkns'k fn;k x;k Fkk] mls vkthou dkjkokl esa ifjofrZr fd;k x;k FkkA bl fu.kZ; ds Hkh iSjk la[;k 17 o 18 esa fuEu fLFkfr Li"V dh xbZ gS %& "17. Keeping in view the discussion made in Ramesh A. Naika v. Registrar General, High Court of Karnataka Etc. and considering the facts that the convict-appellant had no prior antecedents; good conduct for the past 16-17 years of incarceration; difficulties in mental health and consistent efforts at being a model prisoner, we find that the imposition of death penalty would be unjustified. He is, therefore, removed from death row. However, considering the severity of the crime, the number of persons killed, that out of five four were his own children, we are of the view that he does not deserve to be set free and direct that he shall spend the remainder of his days in jail, till his last breath, hoping to do acts of penance to atone for the crimes he has committed and particularly for the fact that he extinguished four bright flames.
18. The appeals are partly allowed accordingly. The death sentence is commuted to life imprisonment till the end of natural life. The appeal filed by the convict- appellant is partly allowed."
(Uploaded on 07/04/2026 at 01:59:15 PM) (Downloaded on 07/04/2026 at 05:31:28 PM) [2026:RJ-JD:15697-DB] (28 of 35) [MREF-2/2025] 24- blh izdkj ekuuh; mPpre U;k;ky; }kjk Ramesh A. Naika Versus The Registrar General, High Court Of Karnataka Etc. 2025 LiveLaw (SC) 281 ds fu.kZ; esa Hkh vihykFkhZ ij vius vo;Ld cPpksa dh gR;k djus ds ekeys esa e`R;q naMkns'k fn, tkus ij mls vkthou dkjkokl esa ifjofrZr djrs gq, iSjk la[;k 16 o 17 esa Hkh fuEu fLFkfr Li"V dh xbZ Fkh %& "16. Considering the above exposition on instances, where this Court has found it fit to commute the death sentence into imprisonment for the remainder of natural life, and keeping in view the factors that:
(a) the appellant-convict had no criminal
antecedents;
(b) good relations with the deceased persons;
(c) all mitigating circumstances were not considered by the Trial Court, We direct that the hangman's noose be taken off the appellant-convict's neck, and instead that he remains in prison till the end of his days given by God Almighty.
17. We should not even for a moment be taken to understand that the barbarity of the crime, the helplessness of the two children who met the most unfortunate of ends, and that too at the hands of the very person who bore half the responsibility of bringing them into the world, has escaped us, or we, in any way have condoned such a hideous act, done by the appellant-convict. Ms. Savitha and Ms. Saraswathi, too, were killed for no fault of theirs either (for which the accused already stands tried and convicted separately). Whom a person falls in love with, is not within the human sphere of control - the former fell in love with her colleague, Mr. P. Mohan (PW-19) who was her co-worker, and who incidentally was of a different caste. When told to break off her relationship with him for that reason, she couldn't. Her sister, Smt. Sundari (Uploaded on 07/04/2026 at 01:59:15 PM) (Downloaded on 07/04/2026 at 05:31:28 PM) [2026:RJ-JD:15697-DB] (29 of 35) [MREF-2/2025] and her mother, the latter, both supported their near and dear ones in pursuing their desires. We see nothing wrong with that. The appellant-convict, getting his sister-in-law a job is out of love and affection for the family members of his wife, which, of course, is by extension, his family, and so, for him to expect that his word be taken as the gospel truth which everyone is bound to follow, is unquestionably a case of unjustified high-handedness. It is sad that such a restrictive world-view on part of the appellant-convict became the reason for these senseless acts of violence and depravity. Had he heeded the advice of PW-2, when she told him not to interfere in Ms. Savitha's personal matters, he could have gone on to live a perfectly happy life. After all, it is not without reason that the well-known proverb goes - "live and let live" which is said to mean that people should accept the way other people live and behave, particularly, if their way of doing things is different than one's own. But be that as it may, when the sentence of death is imposed, it should only be imposed if the same is possible, even after an objective consideration of all the factors in favour of the person accused of having committed the offence, which as discussed supra, was not done properly."
25- blh izdkj ekuuh; mPpre U;k;ky; }kjk Eknath Kisan Kumbharkar vs. State of Maharashtra; AIR 2024 SC 5299 ds fu.kZ; esa Hkh firk }kjk viuh xHkZorh iq=h dh gR;k djus ij fn;k x;k e`R;q naMkns'k dks vkthou dkjkokl esa ifjofrZr fd;k x;k FkkA bl fu.kZ; ds Hkh iSjk la[;k 25] 26] 30 o 32 esa fuEu fLFkfr Li"V dh xbZ gS %& "25. Hence, the question which arises for our consideration in the instant case is whether the present case would fall in the category of "rarest of (Uploaded on 07/04/2026 at 01:59:15 PM) (Downloaded on 07/04/2026 at 05:31:28 PM) [2026:RJ-JD:15697-DB] (30 of 35) [MREF-2/2025] rare case" so as to confirm the death penalty or the sentence can be commuted?
26. This Court vide order dated 25/04/2023 had called for a Prison Conduct Report, Probation Officer's Report of Accused, Psychological Evaluation Report of Accused and Mitigation Investigation Report.
30. We have scrutinized the aforesaid reports submitted to this Court. We find that the present case would not fall in the category of "rarest of rare cases"
wherein it can be held that imposition of death penalty is the only alternative. We are of the considered opinion that the present case would fall in the category of middle path as held by this Court in various judgments of this Court.
32. The Appellant was aged about 38 years at the time of commission of the crime. He has no criminal antecedents and there are various other mitigating circumstances existing in his favour as per the reports which we have discussed above. The medical reports of the Appellant would disclose that he has speech issues, and he has undergone an angioplasty in 2014, apart from suffering other serious ailments, as already noted herein above. The conduct report from the prison would disclose that the behaviour of the Appellant in the jail is satisfactory with everyone for the past six years. Considering these factors, we are of the considered view that even though the crime committed by the Appellant is unquestionably grave and unpardonable, it is not appropriate to affirm the death sentence that was awarded to him. The doctrine of "rarest of rare" requires that death sentence should not be imposed only by taking into consideration the grave nature of crime but only if there is no possibility of reformation by a criminal. Being conscious of the fact that sentence of life imprisonment is subject to remission, which would not be appropriate in view of the gruesome crime committed by the Appellant, the course of middle path requires to be adopted in the (Uploaded on 07/04/2026 at 01:59:15 PM) (Downloaded on 07/04/2026 at 05:31:28 PM) [2026:RJ-JD:15697-DB] (31 of 35) [MREF-2/2025] instant case. In that view of the matter, we find that the death penalty needs to be converted to a fixed sentence during which period the Appellant would not be entitled to apply for remission."
26- blh izdkj ls ekuuh; mPpre U;k;ky; }kjk Mohinder Singh Versus State of Punjab; AIR 2013 SUPREME COURT 3622 ds fu.kZ; esa Hkh vfHk;qDr ij viuh iRuh ,oa voLd iq=h dh gR;k djus ij fn, x, e`R;q naMkns'k dks vkthou ifjofrZr fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj blds iSjk la[;k 34 esa Hkh fuEu fLFkfr Li"V dh xbZ gS %& "34. Be that as it may when we come to the question of applying the various principles culled out from the decisions right from the Constitution Bench decision in Bachan Singh (AIR 1980 SC 898) (supra) right up to the case Mohammed Ajmal Mohammadamir Kasab (AIR 2012 SC 3565) (supra) as held by my learned brother Justice P. Sathasivam for the various reasons referred to therein, we find that the case still does not fall within the category of 'rarest of rare case' though it calls for a stringent punishment. Therefore, while modifying the sentence from one of death penalty to that of life imprisonment till the end of his life we apply the earliest decision of this Court reported in Gopal Vinayak Godse Vs. State of Maharashtra & Ors. - AIR 1961 SC 600 wherein this Court held in paragraph 5 as under:-
"It does not say that transportation for life shall be deemed to be transportation for twenty years for all purposes; nor does the amended section which substitutes the words 'imprisonment for life' for 'transportation for life' enable the drawing of any such all-embracing fiction. A sentence of transportation for life or imprisonment for life must prima facie be treated as transportation or (Uploaded on 07/04/2026 at 01:59:15 PM) (Downloaded on 07/04/2026 at 05:31:28 PM) [2026:RJ-JD:15697-DB] (32 of 35) [MREF-2/2025] imprisonment for the whole of the remaining period of the convicted person's natural life."
27- blh izdkj ls ekuuh; mPpre U;k;ky; }kjk Ravindra Trimbak Chouthmal Versus State of Maharashtra; Criminal Appeal No. 252 of 1996 (Arising out of SLP (Crl.) No. 4472 of 1995 ds fu.kZ; esa Hkh vfHk;qDr ij iRuh dh gR;k djrs gq, 'ko ds 09 VqdM+s dj fn, x, Fks vkSj mDr fu.kZ; ds Hkh iSjk la[;k 10 esa fuEu fu"d"kZ fn;k x;k Fkk %& "10. We have given considered thought to the question and we have not been able to place the case in that category which could be regarded as the "rarest of the rare" type. This is so because dowry death has ceased to belong to that species of killing. The increasing number of dowry deaths would bear this. To halt the rising graph, we, at one point, thought to maintain the sentence; but we entertain doubt about the deterrent effect of a death penalty. We, therefore, resist ourselves from upholding the death sentence, much though we would have desired annihilation of a despicable character like the appellant before us. We, therefore, commute the sentence of death to one of R.I. for life imprisonment."
28- blh izdkj ls ekuuh; mPpre U;k;ky; }kjk Lichhamadevi Versus State of Rajasthan; AIR 1988 SC 1785 ds fu.kZ; esa Hkh vfHk;qDrk ij ngst ds fy, tykdj gR;k djus dk vkjksi vijk/k varxZr /kkjk 302 Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk esa nks"kfl) gksus ij mDr fu.kZ; ds Hkh iSjk la[;k 15 o 16 esa fuEu fu"d"kZ fn;k x;k Fkk %& "15. The case before us is not an accidental fire causing the death. This is certainly a case "being put on fire by someone". The deceased having been burnt is not in dispute. It is a case of bride burning. This (Uploaded on 07/04/2026 at 01:59:15 PM) (Downloaded on 07/04/2026 at 05:31:28 PM) [2026:RJ-JD:15697-DB] (33 of 35) [MREF-2/2025] Court in State (Delhi Admn.) v. Lakshman Kumar, 1985 Supp. (2) SCR 898 has observed that in the case of bride burning, death sentence may not be improper. We agree. The person who perpetrate crime without any human consideration must be given the extreme penalty. But in the present case, we do not think that the High Court was justified in awarding death sentence on the accused-appellant. In 1977 she was acquitted by the trial court. In 1985 the High Court reversed her acquittal and gave the extreme penalty. It was after a gap of eight years. When there are two opinions as to the guilt of the accused, by the two Courts, ordinarily the proper sentence would be not death but imprisonment for life. Apart from that, there is no direct evidence that the appellant had sprinkled kerosene on Pushpa and lighted fire on her. There must have been other persons also who have combined and conspired together and committed the murder, It is unfortunate that they are not before the Court. From the judgment of the High Court, it is apparent that the decision to award death sentence is more out of anger than on reasons. The judicial discretion should not be allowed to be swayed by emotions and indignation.
16. In our opinion, having regard to all the facts and circumstances of the case, this is not a fit case for awarding death sentence."
29- bl izdkj mi;qZDr laiw.kZ fu.kZ;ksa esa izfrikfnr fof/kd fLFkfr dks ns[krs gq, bl izdj.k esa Hkh ;gh fLFkfr Fkh fd vihykFkhZ&vfHk;qDr }kjk viuh iRuh e`rdk y{eh ds dkyh vkSj eksVh gksus dh ckr dks ysdj gh >xM+k pyrk jgrk Fkk vkSj blh dkj.k ls gh mlus iwoZ fu;ksftr vk'k; ds rgr mls xksjh djus dk dgdj gh 'kh'kh ls 'kjhj ij Toyu'khy inkFkZ Mkydj vxjcÙkh ls vkx yxk nsrk gS] ftl dkj.k ls y{eh dh e`R;q gks tkrh gSA fo}ku fopkj.k U;k;ky; }kjk vihykFkhZ dh /kkjk 304&ch Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk ds rgr nks"kflf) ugha djrs gq, vijk/k varxZr /kkjk 302 Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk (Uploaded on 07/04/2026 at 01:59:15 PM) (Downloaded on 07/04/2026 at 05:31:28 PM) [2026:RJ-JD:15697-DB] (34 of 35) [MREF-2/2025] esa gh nks"kflf) dh xbZ gSA tcfd bl izdj.k dh ifjfLFkfr;ka bl izdkj dh ugha Fkh fd ftlls fd vijk/k fd, tkus dk rjhdk bruk vlH;] Øwj] fod`r] iS'kkfpd] funZ;h] 'kSrkuhHkjk vkSj ?k`.kkLin gks] ftlls fd ekuork 'keZlkj gqbZ gks vFkok vfHk;qDr }kjk og'khiu dh pje lhek,a gh yka?k nh xbZ gksA bl izdkj tgka e`R;q naMkns'k fn;k tkrk gS] ogka U;k;ky; dks fo'ks"k dkj.k Hkh nsus gksrs gSa vkSj blds fy, ;g crkuk Hkh t:jh gksrk gS fd e`R;q naMkns'k gh ,dek= fodYi FkkA tcfd lk{; ls ;g Hkh Li"V gqvk gS fd ?kVuk ds le; vfHk;qDr yxHkx 23 ls 24 o"kZ dh vk;q dk FkkA ekuuh; mPpre U;k;ky; }kjk Manoj v. State of Madhya Pradesh; (2023) 2 SCC 353 esa tkjh fn'kk&funsZ'kksa ds Øe esa dk;kZy; Fkkukf/kdkjh] iqfyl Fkkuk oYyHkuxj] ftyk mn;iqj ls izkIr fefVxsfVax fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj vfHk;qDr dh orZeku esa vk;q 32 o"kZ gksdj mlds ifjokj esa ekrk&firk] nks cM+h cgusa o ,d NksVk HkkbZ gS ,oa vfHk;qDr fdlh izdkj dh fgalk ;k mis{kk dk f'kdkj ugha gSA vfHk;qDr Lo;a 12oha ikl gksdj izkbosV daiuh esa fQVj dk dke djrk FkkA vfHk;qDr iw.kZ :i ls LoLFk Fkk ,oa mldks ekufld ;k euksoSKkfud jksx vFkok O;fDr dk dksbZ vyxko ugha FkkA vfHk;qDr dk ifjokj ch-ih-,y- Js.kh esa gS ,oa vfHk;qDr dk iwoZ dk dksbZ vkijkf/kd fjdkWMZ Hkh ugha gSA v/kh{kd] dsUnzh; dkjkx`g] t;iqj ls izkIr fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj vfHk;qDr fd'kuyky mQZ fd'kunkl dk dkjkx`g esa vkpj.k larks"kzn gSA bl izdkj ekuuh; mPpre U;k;ky; }kjk mi;qZDr laiw.kZ fu.kZ;ksa esa fn, x, fu"d"kZ ,oa bl izdj.k esa vfHkys[k ij vkbZ fLFkfr dks ns[krs gq, ;g ugha ekuk tk ldrk fd ;g izdj.k nqyZHkre ls nqyZHk (Rarest of rare) dh Js.kh esa vkrk gksA ifj.kkeLo:i fo}ku yksd vfHk;kstd dh vksj ls vihykFkhZ&vfHk;qDr dh izLrqr jsQjsal ds rgr fopkj.k U;k;ky; }kjk tks e`R;q naMkns'k fn;k x;k Fkk] mldh iqf"V djus dh izkFkZuk dh xbZ gS] og Lohdkj fd, tkus ;ksX; ugha gS] cfYd vfHkys[k dh laiw.kZ lk{; dh fLFkfr dks (Uploaded on 07/04/2026 at 01:59:15 PM) (Downloaded on 07/04/2026 at 05:31:28 PM) [2026:RJ-JD:15697-DB] (35 of 35) [MREF-2/2025] ns[krs gq, vihykFkhZ dh ;g vihy vkaf'kd :i ls Lohdkj djrs gq, tks fo}ku fopkj.k U;k;ky; us nks"kfl) vijk/k esa vihykFkhZ dks ftl e`R;q naMkns'k ls nafMr fd;k x;k gS] mls vkthou dkjkokl ¼'ks"k izkd`frd thoudky½ rFkk 50 gtkj #i;s ds vFkZnaM rFkk vFkZnaM tek djkus esa O;frØe gksus ij ,d o"kZ ds dBksj dkjkokl ls nafMr fd;k tkuk U;k;kfpr gksus ls blh vuq:i bl vihy dks Lohdkj fd;k tkuk U;k;ksfpr ik;k tkrk gSA 30- bl izdkj fo}ku fopkj.k U;k;ky; }kjk vius fu.kZ; fnukad 29-08-2025 esa vihykFkhZ&vfHk;qDr dh tks nks"kflf) vijk/k varxZr /kkjk 302 Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk esa dh xbZ Fkh] mldh iqf"V djrs gq, nks"kflf) ds i'pkr~ vius vkns'k fnukad 30-08-2025 ds }kjk tks e`R;q naMkns'k fn;k Fkk] mls vkthou dkjkokl ¼'ks"k izkd`frd thoudky½ rFkk 50 gtkj #i;s ds vFkZnaM rFkk vFkZnaM tek djkus esa O;frØe gksus ij ,d o"kZ ds dBksj dkjkokl esa ifjofrZr fd;k tkrk gSA blh vuq:i vihykFkhZ dh vihy vkaf'kd :i ls Lohdkj dh tkdj vfHk;qDr dks fn, x, e`R;q naMkns'k dh vfHkiqf"V djus gsrq lafLFkr ;g jsQjsal [kkfjt dh tkrh gSA bl fu.kZ; dh ,d izfr lfgr fo}ku fopkj.k U;k;ky; dk vfHkys[k vfoyEc izsf"kr gksA (CHANDRA SHEKHAR SHARMA),J (VINIT KUMAR MATHUR),J 59-60-Vishal-Rajendra/-
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