Allahabad High Court
Sunita Rani W/O Rajeev Kumar And Ors. vs Chairman, Greater Noida Industrial ... on 26 July, 2007
Equivalent citations: 2007(4)AWC3396
Author: B.S. Chauhan
Bench: B.S. Chauhan, Rakesh Sharma
JUDGMENT B.S. Chauhan, J.
1. This writ petition has been filed for quashing the order dated 18.01.2005 cancelling the draw of plots, for allotment of plots made in favour of the petitioners on that date in the category of 1000 sq. mtrs. and also for quashing the subsequent orders rejecting the representations filed by the petitioners in pursuance of the order of this Court.
2. The facts and circumstances giving rise to this case are that the Greater NOIDA Industrial development Authority (hereinafter called the Authority) announced a Scheme on 22.10.2004 for allotment of residential plots in Greater NOIDA of different sizes, i.e., 200, 300, 350, 500, 754 and 1000 metres. The Authority fixed 22.11.2004 as the last date for submitting the application forms. The draw of lots started on 17th January, 2005, for smaller plots. Draw of lots for 1000 metres' category started on 18/1/2005 and lots for 36 plots were drawn. However, at the time of draw of lots for 37th plot, an incident happened as one person who was volunteering to take out the slip out of transparent boxes was caught with one extra slip which had dropped down from his person. A hue and cry was raised by the public present there, as they doubted the transparency in the draw of lots. An F.I.R. was lodged against the said person under Sections 420, 467 and 468 I.P.C. The Authority could not proceed with further allotment and it was deferred for the next day. On next day, i.e. on 19/1/2005 the draw of lots started from the very beginning, cancelling the draw of lots made on 18.01.2005. Some of the persons who had been successful in the said draw of lots held on 18th January, 2005, but remained unsuccessful on 19/01/2005 filed Writ Petition No. 2192 of 2005 before this Court challenging the said cancellation, which disposed of by this Court vide judgment and order dated 20th January, 2005 before this Court challenging the said cancellation, which was disposed of by this Court vide judgment and order dated 20th January, 2005 directing the Chairman of the Authority to decide the grievance of the petitioners in case they file a comprehensive representation before him and the allotment so made was directed to be subject to the said decision of the Chairman. Representation was filed by the petitioners in pursuance of the order of this Court dated 20th January, 2005 and the same was rejected vide order dated 05.10.2005. Hence this petition.
3. Shri Amit Khemka, learned Counsel for the petitioners submitted that the act of cancellation of draw of 37 lots held on 18.01.2005'ls illegal and without any justification; nobody had examined the slip found in possession of one of the volunteers and it could not be asserted as to what extent it could effect the draw of lots; there was no material in possession of the Authority to presume that the draw of 37 plots was not transparent or that it suffered from some illegality. The order of fresh draw of lots was made without waiting for the outcome of the enquiry and it was nothing but a pressure tactics which compelled the Authority to take such a drastic decision.
4. On the other hand, S/Shri R.N. Singh and Shashi Nandan, learned Senior Counsels and S/Shri Shashi Kant Gupta, Manjeet Singh Ahluwalia, M.K. Gupta, Swapnil Kumar and Pradeep Kumar, learned Counsel appearing for the respondents have submitted that after the slip had fallen from the body of the said volunteer, the Authority decided to cancel the said draw of lots as the draw stood vitiated; the draw of lots in favour of the petitioners on 18.01.2005 did not create any vested rights in their favour, which can be enforced through writ jurisdiction; petition suffers from non-joinder of parties as allottee of draw of lots dated 19/1/2005 have not been impleaded. It was further submitted that if the Authority, itself, reached the conclusion that there was a possibility of mal practice and cancelled the draw of lots, this Court should not sit in appeal against the said order in exercise of its power of judicial review. The power of judicial review is exercised against the decision making process and not against the decision itself. There is no allegation of mala fide or bias in either the representations filed by the petitioners, or in this petition. Therefore, in such a fact-situation, the petition is liable to be dismissed.
5. We have considered the rival submissions made by the learned Counsel' for the parties and perused the record.
6. The first issue involved herein is as to whether in such a fact-situation, it was desirable to cancel the draw of lots and order for a fresh draw on the next date?
7. Admittedly, a slip had fallen from the person of one of the volunteers, while drawing lot for 38th plot. The possibility of malpractice in a similar manner in earlier cases cannot be ruled out. Such an action may be a case of malpractice, collusion or fraud.
8. The Hon'ble Supreme Court in Smt. Shrisht Dhawan v. Shaw Brothers observed as follows:
Fraud and collusion vitiate even the most solemn proceedings in any civilised system of jurisprudence. It has been identified as an act of trickery or deceit.
9. Similar view has been reiterated by the Apex Court in District Collector & Chairman, Vizianagaram Social Welfare Residential School Society, Vizianagaram and Anr. v. M. Tripura Sundari Devi ; Union of India and Ors. v. M. Bhaskaran 1995 Suppl. (4) SCC 100; United India Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Rajendra Singh and Ors. , and A.V. Papayya Sastry and Ors. v. Govt of Andhra Pradesh and Ors. .
10. The Hon'ble Supreme Court in The Bihar School Examination Board v. Subhas Chandra Sinha and Ors. , considered the cancellation of the entire examination because of the use of mass copying, and observed as under:
This is not a case of any particular individual who is being charged with adoption of unfair means but of the conduct of all the examinees or at least a vast majority of them at a particular centre. If it is not a question of charging any one individually with unfair means but to condemn the examination as ineffective for the purpose it was held, must the Board give an opportunity to all the candidates to represent their cases? We think not. It was not necessary for the Board to give an opportunity to the candidates if the examinations as a whole were being cancelled. The Board had not charged any one with unfair means so that he could claim to defend himself. The examination was vitiated by adoption of unfair means on a mass scale. In these circumstances it would be wrong to insist that the Board must hold a detailed inquiry into the matter and examine each individual case to satisfy itself which of the candidates had not adopted unfair means. The examination as a whole had to go.
11. After referring to the aforesaid decision, the Supreme Court in Chairman J & K State Board of Education v. Feyaz Ahmed Malik and Ors. emphasised that the Board is entrusted with the duty of proper conduct of examinations.
12. In Krishan Yadav and Anr. v. State of Haryana and Ors. , the Hon'ble Supreme Court observed as follows:
It is highly regrettable that the holders of public offices both big and small have forgotten that the offices entrusted to them are sacred trust.... The only proper course open to us is to set aside the entire selection. The plea was made that innocent candidates should not be penalised for the misdeeds of others. We are unable to accept this argument When the entire selection is stinking, conceived in fraud and delivered in deceit, individual innocence has no place as "Fraud unravels everything". To put it in other words, the entire selection is arbitrary. It is that which is faulted and not the individual candidates. Accordingly, we hereby set aside the selection of Taxation Inspectors.
13. In Onkar Lal Bajaj and Ors. v. Union of India and Anr. , while dealing with cancellation en mass of allotment of retail outlets for petroleum products, the Apex Court held as under:
The contention of the learned Solicitor General that in order to uphold the probity in governance, ensure fair play in action and in larger public interest, the Government took a decision to cancel the allotments is clearly an afterthought besides untenable even otherwise.
The mere reason that a 'controversy' has been raised by itself cannot clothe the Government with the power to pass such a drastic order which has a devastating effect on a large number of people. In governance, controversies are bound to arise. In a given situation, depending upon facts and figures it may be legally permissible to resort to such en masse cancellation where executive finds that prima facie a large number of such selections were fainted and segregation of good and bad would be difficult and time consuming affair. That is, however, not the case. Here the controversy raised was in respect of 5 to 10%, as earlier indicated. In such a situation, en masse cancellation would be unjustified and arbitrary. It seems that the impugned order was a result of panic reaction of the Government. No facts and figures were gone into. Without application of mind to any of relevant consideration, a decision was taken to cancel all allotments. The impugned action is clearly against fair play in action. It cannot be held to be reasonable. It is nothing but arbitrary.
14. In B. Ramanjini and Ors. v. State of Andhra Pradesh and Ors. the Supreme Court enlightened what approach the Courts should adopt while dealing with matters relating to cancellation of examination and after referring to The Bihar School Examination Board (supra) observed:
Further, even if it was not a case of mass copying or leakage of question papers or such other circumstance, it is clear In the conduct of the examination, a fair procedure has to be adopted.... In such matters wide latitude should be shown to the interfere with the action taken by the Government which is in possession of the necessary information and takes action upon the same. The court ought no to take the action lightly and interfere with the same particularly when there was some material for the Government to act one way or the other.
(Emphasis added)
15. In Delhi Development Authority and Anr. v. UEE Electrical Engg. (P) Ltd. and Anr. , the Hon'ble Supreme Court while describing the grounds on which administrative action is subject to control by judicial review observed:
Doubtless, he who seeks to invalidate or nullify any act or order must establish the charge of bad faith, an abuse or a misuse by the authority of its powers. While the indirect motive or purpose, or bad faith or personal ill-will is not to be established except on clear proof thereof, it is obviously difficult to establish the state of a man's mind, for that is what the employee has to establish in this case, though this may sometimes be done. The difficulty is not lessened when one has to establish that a person apparently acting on the legitimate exercise of power has, in fact, been acting mala fide in the sense of pursuing an illegitimate aim. It is not law that mala fide in the sense of improper motive should be established only by direct evidence. But it must be discernible from the order impugned or must be shown from the established surrounding factors which preceded the order.
16. A Division Bench of this Court in the case of Union of India and Ors. v. Akchhay Kumar Singh and Ors. 2000 Lab. I.C. 735 considered the scope of interference in such matters and held as follows:
In a matter like the one on hand, the competent authority, in our opinion, does not decide a lis between the complainant on one hand and candidates seeking appointment on the other so as to be obliged to hold an enquiry in consonance with the rules of natural justice. Its decision is not to be judged from judicial or even quasi judicial standards and since exercise of power to scrap recruitment is not regulated by objectively determinable factors, even "reasonable suspicion" as to the process of recruitment being vitiated by malpractices or corrupt means would suffice. Surrounding circumstances e.g. the necessity to scrap the recruitment for preservation of public faith in the recruitment process will also do. The competent authority, in our opinion, is not required to hold a formal enquiry in tune with the principles of natural justice and ascertain the truth or otherwise of the complaints as to malpractice in the recruitment process as condition precedent to cancelling the recruitment process. All that is expected of the competent authority in such a situation is that it would act in 'good faith' and take a 'bona fide' decision whether to scrap or not to scrap the recruitment.... Notings on the original file produced before us would show that the matter was examined and decision to scrap the recruitment was taken after due deliberation. Such decision, in our opinion is not open to challenge under Article 226 of the Constitution of India on the ground that there was no material to substantiate the allegations of malpractice.... Learned Single Judge, in our opinion, was not right in judging the impugned decision on the touchstone of the standards meant for judging judicial or quasi-judicial decision affecting vested rights of individuals.
17. In the appeal against the aforesaid decision, the Hon'ble Supreme Court in the case of Union of India and Ors. v. Tarun Kumar Singh and Ors. while upholding the judgment observed as follows:
...in view of the allegation of malpractice, the departmental authorities has held an enquiry into the matter and the result of that enquiry has revealed gross irregularities and illegalities as referred to in the judgment of the Division Bench of Allahabad High Court. Consequently the process of selection which stands vitiated by adoption or large scale malpractice to a public office, cannot be permitted to be sustained by Court of Law.
18. In Union of India v. Joseph P. Cherian , the Hon'ble Supreme Court reconsidered the whole issue and held that in case of mass-malpractice, there could be no scope of examining an individual's case. While deciding the said case, reliance had also been placed on the judgments of the Hon'ble Supreme Court in P. Ratnakar Rao and Ors. v. Government of Andhra Pradesh and Ors. ; Kendriya Vidyalay Sangathan and Ors. v. Ajay Kumar Das and Ors. ; and Union of India and Ors. v. O. Chakradhar .
19. In Balka Singh and Ors. v. State of Punjab 1975 Supp. S.C.R. 129 the Hon'ble Supreme Court considered a similar issue, placing reliance upon its earlier judgment in Zwinglee Ariel v. State of Mandhya Pradesh and held as under:
The Court must make an attempt to separate grain from the chaff, the truth from the falsehood, yet this could only be possible when the true is separable from the falsehood. Where the grain cannot be separated, from the chaff because the grain and the chaff are so inextricably mixed up that in the process of separation, the Court would have to reconstruct an absolutely new case for the prosecution by divorcing the essential details presented by the prosecution completely from the context and the background against which they are made, then this principle will not apply.
20. In Union of India and Ors. v. Tarun K. Singh and Ors. , the Apex Court held that in case the enquiry is conducted by the departmental authorities and it revealed gross irregularities and illegalities in selection, the order of cancellation' of the process of selection was not warranted to be interfered.
21. In L.I.C. of India v. Sushil , the Apex Court held that decision taken by the Committee after examining the materials on record should not be disturbed.
22. In view of the above, it can be held that where the Authority takes a "bona fide" decision in "good faith", considering the facts and circumstances involved therein, the Court, in exercise of its, powers in judicial review, should not quash the order, and particularly, in a case where allegations of mala fide are not there and even if the allegations have been made, no material to substantiate such allegations has been placed on record.
23. The case in hand requires consideration in the light of the aforesaid settled legal propositions. Admittedly, the person who was asked to participate in the process of selection was found with an extra slip. It had fallen down and the public present' therein started shouting and created an unruly scene. Criminal prosecution was launched against the said person. He was arrested on the spot. The Committee, consisting of three senior officers of the Authority, which was responsible for draw of lots, made a recommendation on the said date to cancel the said draw of lots and requested the Chairman of the Authority to pass an order for holding the draw of lots de novo on the next day. Certain other suggestions were also made in the said report. The said officers gave the complete detail how the incident occurred and how the people present therein became aggressive. There was a serious doubt regarding the transparency of the system. Therefore, to maintain the said transparency and also the "bona fides", recommendation was made to cancel the said draw of lots. The order rejecting the representation submitted by the petitioners, in pursuance of the order of this Court, was passed on the basis of the reports of the Enquiry Committee dated 21.10.2005 and 15.11.2005, according to which, it is evident that the slips of the names of the allottees and the corresponding number of their respective plots drawn on 18.01.2005 were not preserved. Thus, no record is available with the Authority to even ascertain whether the petitioners had been successful in the draw of lots held on 18/1/2005. This apart, neither all the successful allottees of the said date and nor of the subsequent date are parties before us. In such a fact situation the Authority cannot be directed to reconsider the case. As the atmosphere had become very hostile, the record of draw of lots could net be brought back intact. The photography made on 18.01.2005 could not throw light on the entire episode, for the reason that the camera was moving sometimes on the slips containing the number of the plots; sometimes on the slips-containing the names of allottees. The camera had never been focussed on the persons who were there to draw the lots. Therefore, it was difficult to find out whether the draw of lots had been made up to 37 numbers of plots properly.
24. The order dated 18.01.2005 is not a part of the record. None or the. parties made any attempt to place the same on record, though the prayer has been made to quash the same. In view of the law laid down by the Hon'ble Supreme Court in Surendra Singh v. Union of India AIR 1986 SC 2106, that if an order is not a part of the record, it cannot be quashed by the Court, it is not possible to grant any relief to the petitioners.
25. Scope of judicial review is limited, and tit applies only in cases where irrelevant aspects have been taken into consideration while passing the order is such which could not be passed by a reasonable Tribunal or the order suffers from mala fide or bias. In the instant case, no allegations of mala fides have been alleged what to talk of substantiating the same. In view thereof, the petition is liable to be dismissed.
26. Be that, as it. may, the question does arise regarding the locus standi of the petitioners or as to whether the said draw of lots had created any vested rights in favour of the petitioners which could be enforced through writ jurisdiction.
27. In Delhi Development Authority v. Pushpendra Kumar Jain , allotment of flats was cancelled by Delhi Development Authority, which came for consideration before the Hon'ble Apex Court. After considering all aspect the Court held as under:
Now coming to the other ground, we are unable to find any legal basis for holding that the respondent obtained a vested right to allotment on the draw of lots. Since DDA is a public authority and because the number of applicants are always more than the number of flats available, the system of drawing of lots is being resorted to with a view to identify the allottee. It is only a mode, a method, a process to identify the allottee, i.e., it is a process of selection. If is not allotment by itself. Mere identification or selection of the allottee does not clothe the person selected with a legal right to allotment.
28. A similar view has been taken by the Hon'ble Supreme Court in State of Sikkim v. Smt Kama Theengh and Ors. observing that the person in whose favour a lot has been drawn, has no vested right to the allotment of the said plot, for the reason that this action of initial allotment is still at a proposal stage, and has not turned into a firm allotment. In case the Authority has taken a decision and there was no allegation of bias against any of the officers of the Authority, the question of interfering with the decision of cancellation taken by the Authority could not arise.
29. In view, of the above, we are of the considered opinion that as the rights of the petitioners in the draw of lots had not crystallised and transformed into vested rights and remained only to the extent of being a proposal, cancellation of such allotments would not amount to legal injury to the petitioners, which can enable them to maintain the writ petition.
30. In the facts and circumstances of this case, we are further of the view that the action of the authority in resorting to a fresh procedure of allotment cannot be termed as arbitrary in as much as the same ensures a fair action without any prejudice to the rights of anyone. The allotment is a distribution of public largesse and the authority therefore has to have enough play in the joints for achieving the target of legally valid allotments.
31. The petition is accordingly dismissed. No costs.