National Green Tribunal
Dr. P.G. Najpandy vs Chief Secretary on 12 July, 2024
Item No. 09
BEFORE THE NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNAL
CENTRAL ZONE BENCH, BHOPAL
(Through Video Conferencing)
Execution Application No. 11/2023(CZ)
In
Original Application No. 76/2021(CZ)
(I.A. No. 137/2023)
Dr. P.G. Najpandey & Ors. Applicant(s)
Vs.
State of Madhya Pradesh& Ors. Respondent(s)
Date of Hearing: 12.07.2024
CORAM: HON'BLE MR. JUSTICE SHEO KUMAR SINGH, JUDICIAL MEMBER
HON'BLE DR. AFROZ AHMAD, EXPERT MEMBER
For Applicant(s): Mr. Prabhat Yadav, Adv.
For Respondent(s) : Mr. Prashant M. Harne, Adv.
Ms. Parul Bhadoria, Adv.
ORDER
1. This Execution Application has been filed to execute the order of the Tribunal passed in O.A. No. 76/2021(CZ) and directions of Hon'ble Supreme Court of India passed in W.P.(C) No. 728/2015. A report was called from the respondents which has been filed.
2. Heard the argument and perused the record.
3. Hon'ble Supreme Court of India in WP(C) 728/2015 vide order dated 29.10.2021 issued directions to take actions against those who sale banned fire crackers. Accordingly, Home Ministry of Govt. of MP issued directions on 31.10.2021 to all Collectors and Superintendent of Police of 1 E.A No.11/2023(CZ) Dr. P.G. Najpandey & Ors. Vs. State of M.P. & Ors. MP for inspection and testing of fire crackers and for taking an undertaking from sellers of fire crackers that they will abide the directions of MP Govt. But this circular of Govt. of MP became a white wash since undertakings were not taken from sellers of fire crackers during the year 2022-23 and thereafter also sampling and testing of fire crackers has not still been done.
4. The contention of the applicant is that the undertaking and testing as narrated by directions issued by the M.P. Govt. have not been carried out, which resulted in violation of direction of Hon'ble Supreme Court and further aggravating the air quality index in the region, adversely affecting the health of the public.
5. Vide order dated 19.10.2023 in above Execution Application No. 11/2023, the orders of the Hon'ble Supreme Court of India dated 23.10.2018 was repeated and orders passed in Original Application No. 76/2021 (CZ) was directed to be enforced in letter and spirit. Some of the observations are quoted below:-
i. The Chief Secretaries and DGPs may issue and circulate an appropriate order in above terms with appropriate enforcement guidelines to all the District Magistrates and Superintendents of Police, PCBs/PCCs. ii. As a consequence, production and sale of crackers other than those mentioned in Suggestions II and III is hereby banned.
iii. The manufacture, sale and use of joined firecrackers (series crackers or laris) is hereby banned as the same causes huge air, noise and solid waste problems.
iv. The sale shall only be through licensed traders and it shall be ensured that these licensed traders are selling those firecrackers which are permitted by this order.2
E.A No.11/2023(CZ) Dr. P.G. Najpandey & Ors. Vs. State of M.P. & Ors.
v. PESO is directed to review the clinical composition of fireworks, particularly reducing Aluminium content, and shall submit its report in respect thereof within a period of two weeks from today. For undertaking this exercise, PESO would also associate FRDC.
vi. PESO will ensure fireworks with permitted chemicals only to be purchased / possessed /sold /used during Diwali and all other religious festivals, of any religion whatsoever, and other occasions like marriages, etc. It shall test and check for the presence of banned chemicals like lithium /arsenic / antimony / lead/mercury. vii. PESO will ensure suspension of the licences of manufacturers of such fireworks items and appropriate disposal of such stock. viii. Extensive public awareness campaigns shall be taken up by the Central Government/State Governments /Schools/ Colleges informing the public about the harmful effects of firecrackers. ix. All the official respondents, and particularly the police, shall ensure that fireworks take place only during the designated time and at designated places, as mentioned above. They shall also ensure that there is no sale of banned firecrackers. In case any violation is found, the Station House Officer (SHO) of the police station of the area concerned shall be held personally liable for such violation and this would amount to committing contempt of the Court, for which such SHO(s) would be proceeded against.
x. The "onus of proof" is on the actor or the developer/industrialist to show that his action is environmentally benign.3
E.A No.11/2023(CZ) Dr. P.G. Najpandey & Ors. Vs. State of M.P. & Ors.
xi. As per the Noise Control rules, the responsibility for enforcement of noise pollution control measures is of the 'authority', which includes authorized officers, District Magistrates, Police Commissioner or any officer not below the rank of Deputy Superintendent of Police designated for the maintenance of air quality standards in respect of noise. There is further provision that any loudspeaker or sound producing instrument /equipment can be used only after obtaining written permission. Festive occasions are defined as notified National or State functions, including the Republic Day, the Independence Day, State Day or other notified day."
6. Considering the fact that earlier directions issued by this Court which have been issued by this Court from time to time in the larger public interest and having found that such use of banned fireworks affects the health of the other innocent citizens including the senior citizens and the children, it is the duty of all the States/State Agencies to see that the directions issued by this Court in the earlier orders reproduced hereinabove are strictly complied with. No authority can be permitted the violation of the directions issued by this Court and permit banned firecrackers under the guise of celebration. Celebration cannot be at the cost of the other's health. Under the guise of celebration, nobody can be permitted to infringe the right to health of the others, guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution of India and nobody can be permitted to play with the life of the others, more particularly the senior citizens and the children. It is made clear that there is no total ban on use of firecrackers. Only those firecrackers are banned, as directed hereinabove, 4 E.A No.11/2023(CZ) Dr. P.G. Najpandey & Ors. Vs. State of M.P. & Ors. which are found to be injurious to health and affecting the health of the citizens, more particularly the senior citizens and the children.
7. In view of the order of passed by Hon'ble Supreme Court of India in Arjun Gopal vs. Union of India dated 29.10.2021 quoted above, we further direct the authorities of the State and respondents to strictly comply the directions issued by the Hon'ble Supreme Court in above quoted case.
8. Learned counsel for the State filed the action taken report in the matter and submitted that the sale of restricted category firecrackers is completely banned in all the districts of Madhya Pradesh and further criminal case has been registered in this regard in district of the State of Madhya Pradesh. Furthermore, on Diwali and other religious festivals in all the districts of Madhya Pradesh regarding the use of green firecrackers (ecofriendly firecrackers) from 08:00 pm to 10:00 pm and the general public has been made aware by disseminating information through various media platforms, publications in newspapers and other sources.
9. That the data about noise pollution and air quality index before and after Diwali has been obtained from Madhya Pradesh Pollution Control Board, for all the districts within the State of Madhya Pradesh. That the tabular representations of noise pollution and air quality index for the State of Madhya Pradesh. The air quality and noise pollution were regularly monitored by the Madhya Pradesh Pollution Control Board and the board has submitted a chart of noise level monitoring during Diwali year 2023, which has been annexed as R-1, which shows that there are decrease in the noise level in the District-Chhindwara and rest of the districts which is normal. Similarly, the noise level of the firecrackers during Diwali, 2023 was examined and parameters are as follows :-
5E.A No.11/2023(CZ) Dr. P.G. Najpandey & Ors. Vs. State of M.P. & Ors.
Noice Level of Firecrackers during Diwali - 2023 Sr. District No. of Within limit Out of limits No. Firecrackers 1. Ashoknagar 6 6 0 2. Balaghat 5 5 0 3. Bhopal 81 81 0 4. Chhindwara 5 5 0 5. Dewas 6 6 0 6. Dhar 1 1 0 7. Guna 6 6 0 8. Gwalior 17 17 0 9. Harda 2 2 0 10. Indore 11 11 0 11. Jabalpur 24 24 0 12. Katni 5 5 0 13. Mandala 9 9 0 14. Narmadapuram 5 5 0 15. Narshingpur 21 21 0 16. Raisen 2 2 0 17. Rajgarh 10 10 0 18. Rewa 9 9 0 19. Sagar 27 27 0 20. Satna 5 5 0 21. Sehore 5 5 0 22. Seoni 10 10 0 23. Shahdol 15 15 0 24. Shajahapur 5 5 0 25. Shivpuri 5 5 0 26. Sidhi 6 6 0 27. Singrauli 1 1 0 28. Ujjain 11 11 0 29. Vidisha 5 5 0
10. It is further submitted that steps have been taken for confiscation of the material which are causing noise pollution in prohibited category. It is further submitted that the State has issued a notification dated 31.10.2021 for control of firecrackers.
11. The copy of the Government order issued on 31.10.2021 provides as follows:-
6E.A No.11/2023(CZ) Dr. P.G. Najpandey & Ors. Vs. State of M.P. & Ors.
"e/;çns'k "kklu x`g foHkkx ea=ky;] oYyHk&Hkou] Hkksiky 462004 Øekad 3914@4040@2020@nks@lh&2 Hkksiky] fnukad 31@10@2021 izfr] 1- leLr ftyk dysDVj, e/;çns'kA 2- leLr iqfyl v/kh{kd] e/;çns'kA fo"k; %&eku- loksZP; U;k;ky; ds }kjk W-P- (C) No- 728/2015 esa fnukad 29-10-2021 dks tkjh vkns'k ds ikyu ds laca/k esAa lanHkZ& bl foHkkx dk i= dekad 142 /4040/2020 / nks lh&2 fnukad 30-102021- mijksä lanfHkZr i= }kjk eku] loksZPp U;k;ky; ds }kjk W-P-(C) No- 728/2015 esa fnukad 29-10-2021 dks tkjh vkns'k dh çfr layXu dj mä vkns'k dk ikyu dM+kbZ ls fd, tkus ds funsZ'k tkjh fd, gSA vuqeR; ,oa çfrcaf/kr iVk[kksa ds fo"k; esa eku- loksZP; U;k;ky; ds fnukad 29-10-2021 ds vkns'k esa foLr`r mYys[k gSA crackers with reduced emission ( Improved crackers) rFkk green crackers vuqeR; gSA fuEufyf[kr iVk[ksa ,oa xfrfof/k;ka çfrcaf/kr gS& i. iVk[ksa ftuds fuekZ.k esa Barium salt dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gksA ii. yM+h ¼tqM+s gq, iVk[ksa@series firecrackers½ esa cus iVk[ks A iii. iVk[ksa ftudh rhozrk foLQksV LFky ls ehVj dh nwjh ij 125 desibal ls vf/kd u gks A iv. iVk[ksa ftuds fuekZ.k esa antimony, lithium, mercury, arsenic, lead, strontium, chromate dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gksA v. iVk[kksa dk bZ&dkelZ daifu;ka vFkok futh O;fä;ksa }kjk vkuykbZu fodz; rFkk xSj yk;lsUlh fodz;A vi. ?kksf"kr 'kkafr {ks= ¼notified silent zone½ ds Hkhrj 100 ehVj nwjh rdA vii. jkf= 8 cts ls igys rFkk jkf= 10 cts ds ckn iVk[ksa pykukA 2- çR;sd ftyk dysDVj ftys ds leLr iVk[kk fuekZrkvksa] Hk.MkjdrkZvksa] Ykk;lslh foØ;drkZvksa ls layXukuqlkj vUMjVsfdax ¼ifjf'k"V pkj½ çkIr djsxa As lansgkLin çfrcaf/kr iVk[kksa dh fLFkfr esa lsEiy ysdj e0iz0 çnw"k.k fu;a=.k e.My dh ç;ksx'kkyk esa fnukad 02-11- 2021 ls Hkstuk lqfuf'pr djsAa mijksä ç;ksx'kkykvksa }kjk çkIr lSEiYl dh tkap dk dk;Z dj lEcfU/kr ftys ds dysDVj dks "kh/kzrk ls fjiksVZ çsf"kr dh tkosxhA mä fjiksVZ ds vk/kkj ij ;qfä;qä fof/klEer dk;Zokgh lqfuf'pr dh tk;sA çR;sd ftys esa de ls de 5- lSaiy eåçå çnw"k.k fu;a=.k e.My dh ç;ksx'kkyk esa Hksts tk;saA 3- ç;ksx'kkykvksa ,oa CSIR NEERI esa iath--r iVk[kk fuekZrkvksa dh lwph ifjf'k"V ^^,d^^ ,oa ^^nks^^ ij layXu gS rFkk ftysokj AQI dh tkudkjh ifjf'k"V ^^rhu^^ ij layXu gSA eku loksZPp U;k;ky;7
E.A No.11/2023(CZ) Dr. P.G. Najpandey & Ors. Vs. State of M.P. & Ors.
}kjk jkT;ksa ds eq[; lfpoksa rFkk x`g lfpoksa dh O;fäxr ftEesnkjh fu;r dh xbZ gSA vr% mä vkns'kksa ds ikyu dh fLFkfr (status of compliance report) dks fnukad 03-11-2021 rd x`g foHkkx] eåçå 'kklu dks [email protected] ij email djsAa lkFk gh fnukad 06-11- 2021 rd mä email ij Action Taken Report vko';d :i ls çsfjr djsAa 4- eku] loksZPp U;k;ky; ds vkns'k ds iSjk&8 esa Li"V mYys[k gS fd iVk[kksa ij iw.kZ çfrca/k ugha gS rFkk mä çfrca/k dsoy çfrcaf/kr ,oa LokLF; ds fy, gkfudkjd iVk[kksa ij ykxw gSA 5- x`g foHkkx eåçå 'kklu ds fnukad 30-10-2021 dks tkjh funsZ'kksa rFkk bu funsZ'kksa dk dM+kbZ ls ,oa çkFkfedrk ls ikyu lqfuf'pr djsaA layXu& ifjf'k"V ,d] nks] rhu ,oa pkj ¼Mk0 jkts"k jkt½ vij eq[; lfpo] eåç0 'kklu] x`g ,oa tsy foHkkx Ik`0--0 3915@4040@2020@ nks@lh&2 Hkksiky] fnukad @10@2021 çfrfyfi & 1- mi lfpo] eq[; lfpo dk;kZy; ea=ky;] HkksikyA 2- vij eq[; lfpo] yksd LokLF; ,oa ifjokj dY;k.k ,oa fpfdRlk f'k{kk foHkkx] ea=ky;] HkksikyA 3- vij eq[; lfpo lfpo] i;kZoj.k foHkkx] ea=ky;] HkksikyA 4- iqfyl egkfuns'kd] eåçå] HkksikyA 5- çeq[k lfpo] Ldwy f'k{kk foHkkx] ea=ky;] HkksikyA 6- çeq[k lfpo] mPp f'k{kk foHkkx] ea=ky;] HkksikyA 7- çeq[k lfpo] tulaidZ foHkkx] ea=ky;] HkksikyA 8- leLr laHkkxk;qä] xåçå 9- lfpo] eåçå i;kZoj.k fu;a=.k e.My HkksikyA 10- leLr iqfyl egkfujh{kd] eåçå 11- foLQksVd vk;qä] ukxiqj ¼egkjk"Vª½ 12- eq[; foLQksVd fu;a=d] isVªkfs y;e ,oa foLQksV;k lqj{kk laxBu] lc lfdZy dk;kZy;] bZ&7/41 ykyk yktir lkslk;Vh] 12 ua- LVki ds ikl] vjsjk dkyksuh] HkksikyA dh vksj lwpukFkZ ,oa vko';d dk;Zokgh gsrq vxzsf"krA vij eq[; lfpo e0izå'kklu] x`g ,oa tsy foHkkx
12. The contention of the applicant is that the undertaking and testing as narrated by directions issued by the M.P. Govt. have not been carried out, which resulted in violation of direction of Hon'ble Supreme Court and further aggravating the air quality index in the region, adversely affecting the health of the public.
8E.A No.11/2023(CZ) Dr. P.G. Najpandey & Ors. Vs. State of M.P. & Ors.
13. Learned counsel for the applicant has further relied on the news item of Times of India published on 01.02.2023 which says that if you live in Madhya Pradesh your life will be five year shorter due to Air Pollution. M.P. is tenth (10th) most polluted State in India. We do not express any opinion about reporting on the Times of India but that is a reporting which expressed the public opinion with regard to the pollution in the area.
14. It is further submitted that the order dated 27.01.2021 regarding use of fire crackers has not been complied with in-spite of the fact that two years has passed since issuing of these directions. Though the District Magistrates of Madhya Pradesh were allotted the duty to enforce the directions but due to reasons best known to the Administrative Authorities, the statutory duty to control the air quality index particularly in Gwalior, Indore, Bhopal and Jabalpur has not been done.
15. The applicant has given figure of the Diwali night on 25.10.2022 and air quality in the different cities are narrated as below :-
City Air Quality Index
Jabalpur 241.00
Katni 240.00
Ratlam 237.00
Bhopal 232.00
Dewas 205.00
Ujjain 214.00
Indore 204.00
Gwalior 203.00
and it has been submitted that the noise pollution went up over the permissible limit at Jabalpur.
16. It is to be noted that the matter of use of fire crackers was taken up by the Principal Bench of this Tribunal in O.A. No. 249/2020 and other connected matters and one of the matter O.A. No. 93/2020(CZ), Dr. P.G. Najpande & Ors. v.
9E.A No.11/2023(CZ) Dr. P.G. Najpandey & Ors. Vs. State of M.P. & Ors. State of M.P. & Ors. was tagged with that original application, which was decided vide order dated 01.12.2020 with the direction and facts as follows :-
1. Direction was also issued for restricting use of fire crackers to green crackers in cities/towns where air quality was 'moderate' or below, only for two hours and only during festivals like Diwali, Chatt, New Year/Christmas Eve etc., as may be specified by the concerned State. The conclusion and directions in the said order are quoted below for ready reference:
"VIII Conclusion and Directions
44. In view of above, having regard to increased adverse health impact of pollution by use of crackers on Covid-19, aggravating risk to lives and health which has led to ban by the Governments of Odisha, Rajasthan, Sikkim, UT Chandigarh, DPCC and by the Calcutta High Court on sale and use of crackers,, applying the 'Sustainable Development' and 'Precautionary' principles, a case is made out for issuing directions for banning sale and use of fire crackers during November 9 to 30 in areas where air quality is 'poor', 'very poor' and 'severe'.
45. Further, case is made out for restricting sale and use of fire crackers in areas with moderate and poor air quality where also on account of Covid-19, there will be serious adverse effects, though less than areas where air quality is poor and above. In such areas, unless covered by the ban or restrictions by the authorities, restrictions on the pattern of those imposed by the Hon'ble Supreme Court vide order dated 23.10.2018, (2019) 13 SCC 523, reproduced 10 E.A No.11/2023(CZ) Dr. P.G. Najpandey & Ors. Vs. State of M.P. & Ors.
in para 32 above will apply i.e. only green crackers be sold and use of crackers will be allowed only for two hours during festivals and not on any other day during November 9 to 30.
48. Accordingly, we direct as follows:
i. At other places, ban/restrictions are optional for the authorities but if there are more stringent measures under orders of the authorities, the same will prevail.
ii. The Chief Secretaries and DGPs of all the States/UTs may issue and circulate an appropriate order in above terms with appropriate enforcement guidelines to all the District Magistrates and Superintendents of Police, PCBs/PCCs.
iii. The CPCB and the State PCBs/PCCs may regularly monitor the air quality during this period which may be uploaded on their respective websites. CPCB may compile information on the subject, including the status of compliance of this order from all the States/UTs and file a consolidated report with data compiled till filing of report, before the next date by e- mail at [email protected] preferably in the form of searchable PDF/OCR Support PDF and not in the form of Image PDF.
2. The Hon'ble Supreme Court considered the matter the health impacts of air quality beyond norms were noted as follows1:
Table 1 1 in Arjun Gopal v Union of India, (2017) 1 SCC 413 11 E.A No.11/2023(CZ) Dr. P.G. Najpandey & Ors. Vs. State of M.P. & Ors.
AQI Associated Health Impacts
Good (0-50) Minimal impact.
Satisfactory May cause minor breathing discomfort to sensitive
(51-100) people.
Moderately May cause breathing discomfort to people with lung
polluted disease such as asthma, and discomfort to people
(101-200) with heart disease, children and older adults.
Poor (201-300) May cause breathing discomfort to people on
prolonged exposure, and discomfort to people with heart disease.
Very Poor May cause respiratory illness to the people on (301-400) prolonged exposure. Effect may be more pronounced in people with lung and heart diseases. Severe May (401- May cause respiratory impact even on healthy
500) people, and serious health impacts on people with lung/heart disease. The health impacts may be experienced even during light physical activity.
3. Air quality grading was noted as follows:
Table 2 AQI Category, Pollutants and Health Breakpoints AQI category PM10 PM2.5 NO2 O3 8-hr CO 8-hr SO2 NH3 Pb 24-hr (Range) 24-hr 24-hr 24-hr (mg/m3) 24-hr 24-hr Good (0-50) 0-50 0-30 0-40 0-50 0-1.0 0-40 0-200 0-0.5 Satisfactory 51-100 31-60 41-80 51-100 1.1-2.0 41-80 201-400 0.5-1.0 (51-100) Moderately 101-250 61-90 81-180 101-168 2.1-10 81-380 401-800 1.1-2.0 polluted (101-200) Poor 251-350 91-120 181-280 169-208 10-17 381-800 801-1200 2.1-3.0 (201-300) Very poor 351-430 121-250 281-400 209-748* 17-34 801-1600 1200-1800 3.1-3.5 (301-400) Severe 430+ 250+ 400+ 748+* 34+ 1600+ 1800+ 3.5+ (401-500)
4. Thereafter, vide order dated 23.10.2018, in Arjun 12 E.A No.11/2023(CZ) Dr. P.G. Najpandey & Ors. Vs. State of M.P. & Ors.
Gopal v. Union of India, (2019) 13 SCC 523 2, while banning certain categories of fire crackers and directing regulation of the remaining, it was inter-alia directed that on Diwali days or other festivals, fire crackers will be used strictly between 8 p.m. to 10 p.m. only with different timings for some other festivals. Further, the Union of India, Government of NCT of Delhi and the State Governments of NCR would permit community fire crackers only (for Diwali and other festivals, etc. as mentioned above), wherever it can be done. The operative part of the order is as follows:
"48. We are of the opinion that the aforesaid suggestions strike a nice balance between the two competing interests. We accept the aforesaid measures as suggested by the Union of India and direct the Union of India and other authorities concerned to implement the same with immediate effect. In view thereof, the following specific directions are issued:
48.1 The crackers with reduced emission (improved crackers) and green crackers, as mentioned in Suggestions II and III above only would be permitted to be manufactured and sold.
48.2 As a consequence, production and sale of crackers other than those mentioned in Suggestions II and III is hereby banned.
48.3 The manufacture, sale and use of joined firecrackers (series crackers or laris) is 2 Para 48 13 E.A No.11/2023(CZ) Dr. P.G. Najpandey & Ors. Vs. State of M.P. & Ors.
hereby banned as the same causes huge air, noise and solid waste problems.
48.4 The sale shall only be through licensed traders and it shall be ensured that these licensed traders are selling those firecrackers which are permitted by this order.
48.5 No e-commerce websites, including Flipkart, Amazon, etc., shall accept any online orders and effect online sales. Any such e-commerce companies found selling crackers online will be hauled up for contempt of court and the Court may also pass, in that eventuality, orders of monetary penalties as well.
48.6 Barium salts in the fireworks is also hereby banned.
48.7 PESO is directed to review the clinical
composition of fireworks, particularly
reducing Aluminium content, and shall
submit its report in respect thereof within a period of two weeks from today. For undertaking this exercise, PESO would also associate FRDC.
48.8 Even those crackers which have already been produced and they do not fulfil the conditions mentioned in Suggestions II and III above will not be allowed to be sold in Delhi and NCR.
48.9 PESO will ensure fireworks with permitted chemicals only to be purchased / possessed /sold /used during Diwali and all other religious festivals, of any religion 14 E.A No.11/2023(CZ) Dr. P.G. Najpandey & Ors. Vs. State of M.P. & Ors.
whatsoever, and other occasions like marriages, etc. It shall test and check for the presence of banned chemicals like lithium /arsenic / antimony / lead/mercury.
48.10 PESO will ensure suspension of the licences of manufacturers of such fireworks items and appropriate disposal of such stock.
48.11 PESO will ensure that only those crackers whose decibel (sound) level are within the limits are allowed in the market and will ensure to take action by suspending the licences of the manufacturers on such violations and disposal of such lots. To add to it, as mentioned in the order dated 12-9- 2017, the directions issued and restrictions imposed in the order passed by this Court on 18-7-2005 in Noise Pollution shall continue to be in force.
48.12 Directions 4 to 9 and 11 contained in the order dated 12-9-2017 shall continue to operate and are reiterated again.
48.13 Extensive public awareness campaigns shall be taken up by the Central Government/State Governments /Schools/ Colleges informing the public about the harmful effects of firecrackers.
48.14 On Diwali days or on any other festivals like Gurupurab, etc., when such fireworks generally take place, it would strictly be from 8.00 p.m. till 10.00 p.m. only. On Christmas eve and New Year's eve, when such fireworks start around midnight i.e. 12.00 15 E.A No.11/2023(CZ) Dr. P.G. Najpandey & Ors. Vs. State of M.P. & Ors.
a.m., it would be from 11.55 p.m. till 12.30 a.m. only.
48.15 The Union of India, Government of NCT of Delhi and the State Governments of NCR would permit community firecracking only (for Diwali and other festivals, etc. as mentioned above), wherever it can be done.
For this purpose, particular area/fields would be pre-identified and predesignated by the authorities concerned. This exercise shall be completed within a period of one week from today so that the public at large is informed about the designated places one week before Diwali. The areas designated now for the purpose of Diwali shall be valid for community firecracking on other occasions/festivals as well, as mentioned above. Even for marriages and other occasions, sale of improved crackers and green crackers is only permitted. Insofar as other States are concerned, an endeavour shall be made by them also to explore the feasibility of community firecracking.
However, it is made clear that Direction 48.14 pertaining to the duration within which fireworks can take place on all such occasions would be applicable throughout India. Similarly, Direction 48.13 for extensive public awareness campaigns is also a pan India direction.
48.16 All the official respondents, and particularly the police, shall ensure that fireworks take place only during the designated time and at designated places, as mentioned above.
They shall also ensure that there is no sale of 16 E.A No.11/2023(CZ) Dr. P.G. Najpandey & Ors. Vs. State of M.P. & Ors.
banned firecrackers. In case any violation is found, the Station House Officer (SHO) of the police station of the area concerned shall be held personally liable for such violation and this would amount to committing contempt of the Court, for which such SHO(s) would be proceeded against.
48.17 CPCB and respective State Pollution Control Boards/Pollution Control Committees (SPCBs/PCCs) of the States and Union Territories shall carry out short- term monitoring in their cities for 14 days (commencing from 7 days prior to Diwali and ending 7 days after Diwali) for the parameters namely, aluminium, barium, iron apart from the regulatory parameters against the short-term Ambient Air Quality Criteria Values (AAQCVs) proposed by CPCB with regard to bursting of firecrackers. This will help in generation of data on pollution caused by the bursting of firecrackers and would be helpful for regulation and control quantity of aluminium, barium and iron used in the manufacture of firecrackers.
49. One clarification needs to be given at this stage. Our discussion pertaining to the arguments based on Article 19(1)(g), Article 25 as well as the argument of loss of substantial revenue and unemployment, in cases the manufacture and sale of the firecrackers is totally banned, is prima facie and we have not given our conclusive determination. It is because of want of detailed studies on various aspects which have been mentioned and taken note of 17 E.A No.11/2023(CZ) Dr. P.G. Najpandey & Ors. Vs. State of M.P. & Ors.
during discussion in this order. However, we also make it clear that, prima facie, we do not find much merit in these arguments for which we have given our reasons in brief.
50. Having regard to the overall circumstances, we have decided that, for the time being, a balanced approach to tackle this problem is needed, which may take care of the concerns of both the parties and, at the same time, provide a reasonable and adequate solution. When the picture would become clearer after the requisite studies/research is undertaken, more stringent measures can be adopted in future if the situation so warrants."
5. While issuing the above directions, 'Precautionary' principle was invoked with the following observations:
" xxx xxx xxx 37 The aforesaid findings are sufficient to negate the arguments of the opposite side that there is absence of scientific study about the adverse effect of firecrackers during Diwali. In environmental law, "precautionary principle" is one of the well-recognised principles which is followed to save the environment. It is rightly argued by the petitioners that this principle does not need exact studies/material. The very word "precautionary" indicates that such a measure is taken by way of precaution which can be resorted to even in the absence of definite studies. In Vellore Citizens' Welfare Forum [Vellore Citizens' Welfare 18 E.A No.11/2023(CZ) Dr. P.G. Najpandey & Ors. Vs. State of M.P. & Ors.
Forum v. Union of India, (1996) 5 SCC 647], this Court explained the principle in the following manner: (SCC pp. 658 & 660, paras 11 & 14-16)
11. xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx
(ii) Where there are threats of serious and irreversible damage, lack of scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing measures to prevent environmental degradation.
(iii) The "onus of proof" is on the actor or the developer/industrialist to show that his action is environmentally benign.
6. A study has been conducted about the nexus of Covid-19 and air pollution using relevant data and attributable fraction. It is opined that both the air pollutant PM2.5 and the SARS-CoV-2 virus enter the lungs via the bronchial system (portal organ), with potential systemic health impacts through the blood circulation. Both PM2.5 and SARS-CoV-2 cause vascular endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, thrombosis, and an increase in immune cells. The SARSCoV-2 infection facilitates the induction of endothelial inflammation in several organs as a direct consequence of viral cytotoxic effects and the host inflammatory response, which can aggravate pre-existing chronic respiratory and vascular (coronary) dysfunction, and cause lung injury by alveolar damage, as well as stroke and myocardial infarction by inducing plaque rupture. Potential common path physiological mechanisms of increased risk thus relate to endothelial injury and pathways that regulate immune function. Further, there are 19 E.A No.11/2023(CZ) Dr. P.G. Najpandey & Ors. Vs. State of M.P. & Ors.
strong indications of increased susceptibility to viral infections from exposure to air pollution.
Lung injuries, including the life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome and respiratory failure, as well as acute coronary syndrome, arrhythmia, myocarditis, and heart failure, were shown to be clinically dominant, leading to critical complications of COVID-19. Recent studies in China, the USA, as well as Europe indicate that patients with cardiovascular risk factors or established cardiovascular disease and other comorbid conditions are predisposed to myocardial injury during the course of COVID-19. From the available information, it thus follows that air pollution-induced inflammation leads to greater vulnerability and less resiliency, and the pre- conditions increase the host vulnerability. Air pollution causes adverse events through myocardial infarction and stroke, and it is an additional factor capable of increasing blood pressure, while there is emerging evidence for a link with type 2 diabetes and a possible contribution to obesity and enhanced insulin resistance. Bronchopulmonary and cardiovascular pre- conditions, including hypertension, diabetes, coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, asthma, COPD, and acute lower respiratory illness, all negatively influenced by air pollution, lead to a substantially higher mortality risk in COVID-19. Furthermore, it seems likely that fine particulates prolong the atmospheric lifetime of infectious viruses, thus favouring transmission. It is possible that future research will reveal additional pathways that mediate the relationship between air pollution and the risk of death from COVID-19.
15. In article by Aparna Banerjea titled 'After studies, it's clear that air pollution contributes to Covid 20 E.A No.11/2023(CZ) Dr. P.G. Najpandey & Ors. Vs. State of M.P. & Ors.
mortality: ICMR' Mint, 27 October 2020', it is mentioned that the ICMR studies have proved that long-term exposure to air pollution has been linked to an increased risk of dying from Covid-19. It is further stated that there have been studies from Europe and US, where they have looked at polluted areas and have compared mortality during lockdown and correlation with pollution. "It is found that pollution is contributing to mortality in COVID, that's well established by studies," said Dr. Balram Bhargava, DG ICMR, in a health ministry briefing today.
According to a study, published in Cardiovascular Research, scientists estimated that about 15% of deaths worldwide from COVID-19 could be attributed to long-term exposure to air pollution. In Europe the proportion was about 19%, in North America it was 17%, and in East Asia about 27%.
7. There is a statement by Jharkhand chapter of Indian Medical Association (IMA) that smoke from firecrackers during Diwali can turn out to be fatal for Covid-19 patients. The report particularly mentions the names of the State President Dr. A.K. Singh and Dr. Pradeep Bhattacharjee. It is also further mentioned that winter dry air can aggravate breathing difficulties, especially among those suffering from lung ailments. Smoke from crackers can turn out to be recipe for disaster. Pollutants released will remain suspended in cool air for a long duration.
8. I.A. No. 112/2020 has been filed in OA No. 93/2020(CZ), Dr. P.G. Najpande & Anr. vs. State of M.P. & Ors., by the applicant stating that inspite of order of this Tribunal, the bursting of fire crackers took place at Jabalpur, Bhopal, Indore and Gwalior. As a result, there was increase in Covid cases in Madhya Pradesh after Deepawali.
9. As already laid down by the Hon'ble Supreme Court, discussed in the order of this Tribunal dated 09.11.2020, the laid down air 21 E.A No.11/2023(CZ) Dr. P.G. Najpandey & Ors. Vs. State of M.P. & Ors.
quality and noise level norms under the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981 and noise level under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 have to be maintained to give effect to the principle of Sustainable Development of which Precautionary principle is a part. Since mere passing of order does not ensure compliance, necessary coercive measures have to be taken. Even if there are other sources of pollution and meteorological conditions contributing to the air pollution, it does not justify ignoring acknowledged pollution by bursting of fire crackers adding to the air and noise pollution, beyond statutory norms. Right to business is not absolute. There is no right to violate air quality and noise level norms. This being a crime under the law of the land cannot be a right. Exceeding of the norms, adversely affect the health and cannot be allowed. Nobody has a right to carry on business at the cost of health of others. All licenses already given or which may be given are inherently subject to overriding requirement of preventing damage to the environment and the public health.
10. We have already quoted the air quality norms. We may also note the standards of noise level, prescribed under Rule 3 read with the Schedule to the Noise Pollution (Regulation & Control) Rules, 2000 (Noise Control Rules) as follows:
"SCHEDULE (see rule 3(l) and 4(l) Ambient Air Quality Standards in respect of Noise Area Code Category of Limits in dB(A) Leq* Area/Zone Day Time Night Time (A) Industrial area 75 70 (B) Commercial area 65 55 (C) Residential area 55 45 (D) Silence Zone 50 40 Note:-
1. Day time shall mean from 6.00 a.m. to 10.00 p.m.
2. Night time shall mean from 10.00 p.m. to 6.00 a.m. 22 E.A No.11/2023(CZ) Dr. P.G. Najpandey & Ors. Vs. State of M.P. & Ors.
3. Mixed categories of areas may be declared as one of the four above mentioned categories by the competent authority.
*dB(A) Leq denotes the time weighted average of the level of sound in decibels on scale A which is relatable to human hearing.
A "decibel" is a unit in which noise is measured.
"A", in dB(A) Leq, denotes the frequency weighting in the measurement of noise and corresponds to frequency response characteristics of the human ear.
Leq : It is an energy mean of the noise level, over a specified period."
11. As per the Noise Control rules, the responsibility for enforcement of noise pollution control measures is of the 'authority', which includes authorized officers, District Magistrates, Police Commissioner or any officer not below the rank of Deputy Superintendent of Police designated for the maintenance of air quality standards in respect of noise. There is further provision that any loudspeaker or sound producing instrument /equipment can be used only after obtaining written permission. Festive occasions are defined as notified National or State functions, including the Republic Day, the Independence Day, State Day or other notified day.
12. Remedial action against violation of noise level norms as well as air quality norms has been subject matter of judgements of the Hon'ble Supreme Court. Reference may be made to the judgment of the Hon'ble Supreme Court dealing with the noise pollution in Re: Noise Pollution- implementation of the Laws for Restricting Use of Loudspeakers and High- Volume Producing Sound Systems, (2005) 5 SCC 733.
13. This Tribunal in O.A No. 519/2016, Hardeep Singh & 23 E.A No.11/2023(CZ) Dr. P.G. Najpandey & Ors. Vs. State of M.P. & Ors.
Ors. v. SDMC & Ors. dealt with the steps for enforcement of the directions of the Hon'ble Supreme Court on the subject of noise pollution. Noise pollution is an offence under the Noise Control Rules as also under IPC Sections 268, 285, 286, 290, 291 etc. Noticing large scale violation of Noise norms, this Tribunal required CPCB to lay down compensation regime. After expert studies, report dated 12.06.2020 was filed which was considered by this Tribunal vide order dated 11.08.2020. The compensation regime suggested by the CPCB is as follows:
Sr. Violation of Noise Rules Compensation (in Action to be taken No. Rupees) to be paid by designated by defaulter authority
1. Xxx Xxx Xxx
2. Xxx Xxx Xxx
3. Xxx Xxx Xxx
4. Bursting of Firecrackers beyond the prescribed time limit prescribed (Hon'ble Supreme Court and Clause 5A (2) and 6
(iv)7- 8 Residential Silence / Zone Commercial /Mixed Zone Silence Zone 4(1) Violation by 1,000 3,000 Individual/ Household 4(2) Violation during 10,000 20,000 Fine to be paid by Procession Organizer a. Public Rallies b. Barat during marriage Religious event 4(3) First Violation within a 20,000 Fine to be paid by fixed Premises: Organizer and a. Function organized by Owner of the place.
RWA, b. Marriage Function c. Public Function d. Institution function e. Banquet Hall f. Open ground functions 24 E.A No.11/2023(CZ) Dr. P.G. Najpandey & Ors. Vs. State of M.P. & Ors.
4(4) Second Violation within 40,000
a fixed Premises:
a. Function organized by
RWA,
b. Marriage Function
c. Public Function
d. Institution function
e. Banquet Hall Open
ground Function
"
4(5) More than Two 1,00,000 and action Sealing of Premises
Violation within a fixed under EP Act.
Premises:
a. Function organized
by RWA,
b. Marriage Function
c. Public Function
d. Institution function
e. Banquet Hall
Open ground function
Note:
xxx xxx xxx
7. Sound emitting fire crackers shall not be burst in silence zone or during' night time in each zone."
8. xxx xxx xxx
9. It may be noted that imposition of fine for notification of Rule 5A (1) falls within the purview of Motor Vehicle Rules, 2019"
14. Accordingly, the above needs to be followed against violation of prohibition/restriction on bursting of crackers. Apart from the scale of compensation, applicable for noise, equal amount of compensation is liable to be paid for violation of air norms. Thus, the rate of compensation has to be double of the above scale. The word 'fine' is infact compensation. Polluter pays principle 25 E.A No.11/2023(CZ) Dr. P.G. Najpandey & Ors. Vs. State of M.P. & Ors.
is part of environmental law not only under section 20 of the NGT Act but also has to be applied by law enforcing agency to enforce environmental norms. For second violation and more than two violations, deterrent amount in the form of double compensation will be payable for cases covered by Para 4(1) & 4(2) of the above table also. Further, it is clarified that 'second' violation does not mean second day. Second violation includes violation on same day or continuous violation.
The amount of compensation collected may be credited to a separate account to be called 'District Environment Compensation Fund' to be maintained by the District Magistrate."
17. Hon'ble the Supreme Court of India in (2017) 16 SCC page 280 para 72 held that the health of the people must take precedence over any commercial or other interest of the applicant or any of the permanent licensee and therefore a greater regulation is necessary which could eventually result in a prohibition.
18. The provisions as contained in Rule 15 relating to marking on exclusives and packages and Rule 84 relating for temporary shops for possession and sale of fireworks during festivals of the explosive rules shall be strictly enforces.
19. It was further directed that the public authorities and the District Magistrate concerned will ensure that fireworks are not burst in silence zones, i.e. an area of 100 mtr. Away from the hospitals, nursing homes, primary, district health care centers, education institutions, courts, religious places or any other area that may be declared as silence zone by the authorities concerned.
26E.A No.11/2023(CZ) Dr. P.G. Najpandey & Ors. Vs. State of M.P. & Ors.
20. The department of education was directed to formulated a plan of action, in not more than 15 days to reach out to challenge in schools to the school stops, volunteer and NGOs to sensitized and educate school children on the health hazards or ill effects breathing polluted air, including i.e. is air polluted due to fireworks.
21. The school children should be encouraged to reduce, if not eliminate, bursting of fireworks, as part of any festivities. The manufacture, sale and use of joint fire crackers (series crackers or laries) was banned as the same was used air, soil and solid waste problems.
22. In light of the directions issued by the Hon'ble Supreme Court of India the State has already banned the barium salts in fireworks.
23. On Diwali days or on any other festivals like Gurupurab, etc., when such fireworks generally take place, it would strictly be from 8.00 p.m. till 10.00 p.m. only. On Christmas Eve and New Year's Eve, when such fireworks start around midnight i.e. 12.00 a.m., it would be from 11.55 p.m. till 12.30 a.m. only. 48.15. The Union of India, Government of NCT of Delhi and the State Governments of NCR would permit community fire cracking only (for Diwali and other festivals, etc. as mentioned above), wherever it can be done. For this purpose, particular area/fields would be pre-identified and predesignated by the authorities concerned. This exercise shall be completed within a period of one week from today so that the public at large is informed about the designated places one week before Diwali. The areas designated now for the purpose of Diwali shall be valid for community fire cracking on other occasions/festivals as well, as mentioned above. Even for marriages and other occasions, sale of improved crackers and green crackers is only permitted. Insofar as other States are concerned, an 27 E.A No.11/2023(CZ) Dr. P.G. Najpandey & Ors. Vs. State of M.P. & Ors. endeavour shall be made by them also to explore the feasibility of community fire cracking. However, it is made clear that Direction 48.14 pertaining to the duration within which fireworks can take place on all such occasions would be applicable throughout India. Similarly, Direction 48.13 for extensive public awareness campaigns is also a pan India direction.
24. All the official respondents, and particularly the police, shall ensure that fireworks take place only during the designated time and at designated places, as mentioned above. They shall also ensure that there is no sale of banned firecrackers. In case any violation is found, the Station House Officer (SHO) of the police station of the area concerned shall be held personally liable for such violation and this would amount to committing contempt of the Court, for which such SHO(s) would be proceeded against.
48.17. CPCB and respective State Pollution Control Boards/Pollution Control Committees (SPCBs/PCCs) of the States and Union Territories shall carry out short-term monitoring in their cities for 14 days (commencing from 7 days prior to Diwali and ending 7 days after Diwali) for the parameters namely, aluminum, barium, iron apart from the regulatory parameters against the short-term Ambient Air Quality Criteria Values (AAQCVs) proposed by CPCB with regard to bursting of firecrackers. This will help in generation of data on pollution caused by the bursting of firecrackers and would be helpful for regulation and control quantity of aluminum, barium and iron used in the manufacture of firecrackers.
25. It is unfortunate that despite the various directions issued by this Court referred to hereinabove, there is a blatant violation of various directions issued by this Court and it is alleged that manufacture, sale and use of banned fireworks have been continued. Even though they are banned, the manufacturing, selling and using of joined firecrackers have been continued 28 E.A No.11/2023(CZ) Dr. P.G. Najpandey & Ors. Vs. State of M.P. & Ors. and the same is being used in blatant violation of the directions issued by this Court. It is reported that even under the guise of 'green crackers' banned chemicals firecrackers are being sold and there is a mislabeling on the boxes and even the QR codes provided on the boxes of 'green crackers' are alleged to be fake.
26. Considering the fact that earlier directions issued by this Court which have been issued by this Court from time to time in the larger public interest and having found that such use of banned fireworks affects the health of the other innocent citizens including the senior citizens and the children, it is the duty of all the States/State Agencies to see that the directions issued by this Court in the earlier orders reproduced hereinabove are strictly complied with. No authority can be permitted the violation of the directions issued by this Court and permit banned firecrackers under the guise of celebration.
Celebration cannot be at the cost of the other's health. Under the guise of celebration, nobody can be permitted to infringe the right to health of the others, guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution of India and nobody can be permitted to play with the life of the others, more particularly the senior citizens and the children. It is made clear that there is no total ban on use of firecrackers. Only those firecrackers are banned, as directed hereinabove, which are found to be injurious to health and affecting the health of the citizens, more particularly the senior citizens and the children.
27. Again reiterate the directions issued by this Court earlier reproduced hereinabove including banning the use of Barium Salts in the firecrackers and manufacturing and selling joined firecrackers and other directions issued by this Court reproduced hereinabove.
28. In view of the above facts, we direct -
29E.A No.11/2023(CZ) Dr. P.G. Najpandey & Ors. Vs. State of M.P. & Ors. i. That the order passed by Hon'ble Supreme Court of India in Arjun Gopal v. Union of India (2017) 16 SCC 280, W.P. 728/2015 order dated 29.10.2021 and order passed by this Tribunal in original application no. 249/2020(PB) & in original application no.
76/2021(CZ) must be complied with.
ii. Directions issued by the State of M.P. vide letter no.
3914/4040/2020/2/C-2 dated 31.10.2021 must be strictly complied with.
iii. We direct to restrict use of fire crackers in cities/towns where air quality is 'moderate' or below to green crackers only and for duration of not more than two hours and only for celebration of any specified festival or occasion will continue. Such festivals will be specified by the States/District Magistrates. Other than specified festivals, prior permission of the District Magistrate of the area will be required for use of crackers for limited period which will be given having regard to the local conditions of impact on public health. The District Magistrate will take into account 24-hour average air quality with regard to PM2.5 and PM10 on the corresponding date of the previous year.
iv. The District Magistrate on a complaint or otherwise will assess and recover compensation from violators of the above directions on the parameters already mentioned above. Any victim of pollution, apart from other remedies, can approach the District Magistrate for compensation, by showing evidence of individual damage, out of the compensation fund available and if no such claim is made for six months after collection of the compensation, the amount can be spent for restoration of the environment in the District.
30E.A No.11/2023(CZ) Dr. P.G. Najpandey & Ors. Vs. State of M.P. & Ors.
v. Respondents are directed to ensure that the prohibited fire crackers likes series fire crackers and in which barium salt has been used should be restricted and necessary legal action be initiated against the use of barium salt crackers.
29. In view of the order of passed by Hon'ble Supreme Court of India in Arjun Gopal vs. Union of India dated 29.10.2021 quoted above, we further direct the authorities of the State and respondents to strictly comply the directions issued by the Hon'ble Supreme Court in above quoted case and in light of the order dated 31.10.2021 be communicated to all the District Magistrates of District of Madhya Pradesh.
30. The District Magistrate, Gwalior, Indore, Bhopal and Jabalpur are further directed to periodically monitor the air quality and in case of below the standard as prescribed, the necessary action must be initiated to maintain the air quality in the area.
31. The State Pollution Control Board and Collector concerned will periodically monitor in future occasions also.
32. With these observations Execution Application No. 11/2023 stands disposed of.
Sheo Kumar Singh, JM Dr. Afroz Ahmad, EM 12th July, 2024 E.A No.11/2023(CZ) PN 31 E.A No.11/2023(CZ) Dr. P.G. Najpandey & Ors. Vs. State of M.P. & Ors.