Bombay High Court
Sharvan Dashrath Datrange vs State Of Maharashtra on 13 January, 1997
Equivalent citations: 1998CRILJ1196
Author: Vishnu Sahai
Bench: Ranjana Desai, Vishnu Sahai
JUDGMENT Vishnu Sahai, J.
1. The appellant aggrieved by the judgment and Order dated 12-12-1983, passed by the Additional Sessions Judge, Greater Bombay in Sessions Case No. 389 of 1982, convicting and sentencing him to undergo a separate sentence of seven years R.I. under both Ss. 392, r/w. 397, r/w 34, IPC and 394, IPC, Sentences to run concurrently has come up in appeal before us.
2. Briefly stated the prosecution case runs as under :-
The informant Sakharam Shankar Lokhande (P.W. 1) at the time of the incident was serving in Bharat Petroleum as a Watchman. On 16-4-1982, he had been assigned duty at Wadibunder from 4 p.m. to midnight. After finishing his duty at about 12-15 a.m. when he had reached the footway between Wadibunder and Dockyard Railway Station, the appellant, co-accused Ashok Tukaram Salve and Abdul Salam Yusuf Jaitapkar met him. Ashok Tukaram Salve and appellant caught hold of him. The informant pushed them and started running. He fell with his right cheek on the ground. Ashok Tukaram Salve, thereafter assaulted him with razoor on his left thigh and right hand. He thereafter took his wrist watch. The appellant took out Rs. 200/- which was in the hip pocket of his trousers. Thereafter the appellant and others ran away. The complainant thereafter went to the Station Master Dockyard Railway Station. The Station Master gave First Aid. Thereafter a Police Constable accompanied him to V.T. Railway Police Station. At the said Police Station he lodged his complaint.
From the V.T. Railway Police Station he was sent to St. George's Hospital. At the said Hospital Dr. Vijaykumar Purshottam Ved (P.W. 9) medically examined him at 1-20 a.m. and found on his person two incised wounds. One of them was (3" x 1/4" x 1/4") muscle deep was situated on the right cheek and the other which was about (4" x 1/4" x 1/4") into skin deep was situated on the left thigh. The said Doctor also found an abrasion on his left eye-brow.
The evidence shows that the informant Sakharam Shankar Lokhande (P.W. 1) reached at about 4 a.m. Police Station Ghatkopar. There S.I. Balkrishna Mahadeo Babar (P.W. 11) recorded Exhibit 29 and registered on its basis C.R. No. A-113 of 1982.
2B. The evidence also shows that at about 12-30 a.m. the same night Police Constable Maruti Ishwar Shinde and Head constable Ramdas Parekh were called by P.S.I. Babar at V.T. Railway Police Station and were told that one person was robbed at Dockyard Railway Line. They accompanied P.S.I. Babar by the first local train at 4-15 a.m. to Dockyard Railway Station. They went to the place of incident. P.S.I. Babar remained there. Maruti Ishwar Shinde along with Ramdas Parekh started searching for the appellant and others. They saw two persons going in suspicious circumstances at a distance of about 25 feet from the railway line. On seeing them, they started running. Maruti Shinde (P.W. 2) caught Ashok Tukaram Salve and Head Constable Ramdas Kishan Parekh (P.W. 3) caught the appellant.
At about 4-15 a.m. the appellant and Ashok Tukaram Salve were brought to S.I. Babar. S.I. Babar sent for public panchas. One out of them was Shatrughan More (P.W. 5). The appellant and Ashok Tukaram Salve were interrogated and expressed their willingness to get recoveries effected. Consequently Ashok Tukaram Salve and the Appellant in the company of Shatrughan More, P.S.I. Babar and other police personnel went to a place near two Railway chawls near Wadibunder Road. There was a small ditch covered by a stone. The appellant removed the stone and thereafter Ashok Tukaram Salve took out two razors (Arts. 7 and 8) and two currency notes of Rs. 100/- each from the ditch. The said articles were taken in possession under a panchanama.
3. The investigation in the case was conducted by Sub-Inspector Balkrishna Mahadeo Babar in the usual manner. During the course of the same co-accused Abdul Salam Yusuf Jaitapkar was arrested. On seeing him the complainant identified him as the third accused in the case. During the course of the investigation the watch belonging to the complainant was also recovered. It was shown to the complainant. He identified it during the trial. After completing the investigation the charge sheet was submitted against the appellant and Ashok Tukaram Salve on 12-7-1982.
4. The case was committed to the Court of the Sessions in the usual manner. In the trial Court the appellant. Ashok Tukaram Salve and Abdul Salam Yusuf Jaitapkar were charged on a common dual count namely 392 r/w 34, IPC and 394, IPC. In addition the appellant and Ashok Tukaram Salve were charged u/S. 392 r/w 397, IPC. To the said charges the appellant and others pleaded not guilty and claimed to be tried.
In the trial Court in all the prosecution examined as many as 11 witnesses. Only one out of them namely Sakharam Shankar Lokhande, P.W. 1 (the victim and informant) is an eyewitness. In defence no witness was examined.
The learned trial Judge believed the evidence vis a vis the appellant and co-accused Ashok Tukaram Salve. He convicted and sentenced the appellant in the manner stated in paragraph 1 of this judgment. He also convicted and sentenced Ashok Tukaram Salve in an identical manner. He, however, acquitted Abdul Salam Yusuf Jaitapkar.
5. We have heard Mr. R. V. Kini for Appellant and Mrs. Shilpa Pingulkar for the Respondent. We have also perused the depositions of the prosecution witnesses, the material exhibits tendered by the prosecution, the statement of the appellant recorded u/S. 313, Cr.P.C. and the impugned judgment.
After giving anxious consideration to the matter we are of the view that this Appeal deserves to be partly allowed. In our view the appellant deserves to be acquitted for the offence u/S. 392 r/w 397 r/w 34, IPC and instead deserves to be convicted for the offence u/S. 392, IPC r/w 34, IPC. In our view the appellant has been rightly convicted u/S. 394, IPC. We, however, feel that the sentence of seven years R.I. awarded to him under that count is unduly excessive.
6. The evidence which clinches the involvement of the appellant in the instant crime is that of the victim, Sakharam Shankar Lokhande (P.W. 1), Constable Maruti Ishwar Shinde (P.W. 2) and Head Constable Ramdas Kishan Parekh (P.W. 3).
In paragraph 2 of the judgment while giving out the prosecution case we have mentioned the manner in which the victim was robbed. In short the victim stated that while he was returning after his duty and at about 12-15 a.m. had reached the footway from Wadibunder to Dockyard Railway Station, the appellant and co-accused persons met him. Co-accused Ashok Tukaram Salve used his razor on his left thigh and right hand and took his wrist watch and the appellant took out Rs. 200/- which was in the form of two currency notes of Rs. 100/- each from the hip pocket of his trouser. He further stated that thereafter he went to the Station Master V.T. Police Station who sent him for medical aid and at about 4 a.m. he lodged his FIR. In the FIR as well as in his statement the complainant has nominated the appellant.
7. We have gone through the statement of the informant and we find that it inspires implicit evidence. The manner of the incident as described by him is corroborated by a prompt FIR of the incident wherein he was named the appellant. It is also corroborated by the nature of injuries received by him. He categorically stated that co-accused Ashok Tukaram Salve assaulted him with a razor and as seen in the earlier part of this judgment Dr. Vijaykumar Purshottam Ved (P.W. 9) found two incised wounds on the person of the informant. Thus the medical evidence corroborates his evidence.
8. We have been taken through the statement of the informant and we find that the same indicates that he is a wholly independent person and had no rancour against the appellant. In the absence of the same in our judgment, for no plausible rhyme or reasons, the informant would not have falsely implicated him.
9. Corroboration is also forthcoming to the prosecution case by the circumstance that within four hours of the incident the appellant was arrested by police constable Maruti Shinde (P.W. 2) and Head Constable Ramdas Parekh (P.W. 3). The evidence of Head Constable Parekh is that they had apprehended the appellant at about 4-15 a.m. the same night. We have seen that the incident took place four hours earlier i.e. at about 12-15 a.m. It is significant to point out that after his arrest in the presence of public panch Shaturghan Shahu More (P.W. 5) and S.I. Balkrishna Mahadeo Babar (P.W. 11) under a Panchanama two currency notes of the denomination of Rs. 100/- each which are alleged to have been taken out by the appellant from the pocket of trousers of the informant were taken out by Ashok Tukaram Salve from a ditch, the stone covering which, was removed by the appellant. This recovery strengthens the statement of the complainant that it was the appellant who had taken out the said two currency notes from the pocket of his trousers.
9A. Again we find that neither Head Constable Parekh nor police constable Maruti Shinde nor P.S.I. Babar nor the public panch More had any axe to grind against the appellant. All of them are wholly independent witnesses and that being so we are not inclined to believe that unless the appellant was arrested in the manner stated by them and the recovery took place in the manner disclosed above they would have come out with a concocted version.
9B. It is true that there is no immutable rule of appreciation of evidence that the testimony of independent witnesses should be ipso facto accepted but all the same the circumstance that witnesses are independent goes miles and miles to ensure their truthfulness.
9C. Criminal Courts decide cases and the question of acceptance of evidence of witnesses on sound common sense and when they find witnesses to be wholly independent they endeavour of fathom the reason as to why their evidence should not be accepted. Ordinarily it is a safe and sound rule of appreciation of evidence to accept the testimony of an independent witness provided it is consonance with probabilities. It is better if it is corroborated by in-built guarantees which ensure the truthfulness of the prosecution case, such as a prompt FIR, recoveries at the instance of accused persons and the presence of injuries eye-witness etc. As seen above these guarantees are forthcoming in the instant case.
9D. Weighed on the said yardstick the evidence of Sakharam Lokhande, Maruti Shinde, Ramdas Parekh, Shatrughan More and P.S.I. Babar inspires confidence. We accordingly accept it.
10. For the said reasons in our view the learned trial Judge acted correctly, in accepting the involvement of the appellant established in the instant case.
11. One of the questions which remain is whether the learned trial Judge was justified in convicting the appellant u/Ss. 392 r/w. 397 r/w 34 and 394, IPC. We have thoughtfully reflected over the said question and our answer is that he fell in error in convicting the appellant u/S. 392, r/w 397, r/w 34, IPC instead he should have only convicted him u/S. 392, r/w 34, IPC. We however, feel he was right in convicting the appellant u/S. 394, IPC but in our view the sentence awarded to the appellant on that count is unduly excessive and warrants to be reduced.
11A. Section 397 of the IPC reads thus :-
"Robbery, or dacoity, with attempt to cause death or grievous hurt :-
"If at the time of committing robbery or dacoity, the offender uses any deadly weapon, or causes grievous hurt to any person, or attempts to cause death or grievous hurt to any person, the imprisonment with which such offender shall be punished shall not be less than seven years."
A perusal of the section would show that an act would only fall within its mischief if at the time of committing robbery or dacoity the offender :-
(a) uses any deadly weapon; or
(b) causes grievous hurt to any person; or
(c) attempts to cause death or grievous hurt to any person.
In the instant case we have gone through the evidence adduced by the prosecution and we find that the act of the appellant falls neither within the ambit of (a) nor in that of (b) or (c).
There is no evidence that at the time of committing robbery the appellant used any deadly weapon or caused grievous hurt or made any attempt to cause death or grievous hurt to any person.
11B. We with to emphasis that the liability u/S. 397, IPC is individual and not constructive. This would become crystal clear from an analysis of the text of S. 397, IPC.
12. We feel that for the said reasons the conviction of the appellant u/S. 392 read with 397, IPC read with 34, IPC cannot be sustained. In our view instead an offence under S. 392 read with 34, IPC is brought home against him.
13. In our judgment the conviction of the appellant u/S. 394, IPC has been rightly recorded by the learned trial Judge. Section 394 of the IPC reads thus :-
"Voluntarily causing hurt in committing robbery :-
If any person, in committing or in attempting to commit robbery, voluntarily caused hurt, such person, and any other person jointly concerned in committing or attempting to commit such robbery, shall be punished with imprisonment for life, or with rigorous imprisonment for a term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine."
A perusal of the text of the section would show that not only the person who actually causes hurt but an associate of his/her would be equally liable for the mischief contemplated by the section.
13A. Thus unlike S. 397, IPC wherein the liability is only individual the liability u/S. 394, IPC is both individual and vicarious.
13B. In the instant case the evidence is that the appellant was an active associate and a co-participant with co-accused Ashok Tukaram Salve, who is alleged to have assaulted the victim with knife while committing robbery. In that view of the matter he would still be liable under S. 394, IPC in spite of the fact that there is no allegation that he caused or attempted to cause any hurt to the victim.
14. The only question which survived is what should be the quantum of sentence to be awarded to the appellant u/S. 392, r/w 34 and 394, IPC.
Mr. R. V. Kini, learned counsel for the appellant with his customary persuasive advocacy urged that bearing in mind :- that the incident had taken place over 13 years ago, that no injury was caused by the appellant; and the appellant was aged 23 years at the time of the incident, it is a fit case in which his sentence on both the counts be reduced to the period already undergone by him and instead some fine which should be directed to be paid as compensation to the victim be imposed.
Mrs. Shilpa Pingulkar, learned Additional Public Prosecutor with her suave but equally effective advocacy repelled the said contention and advocated that if we were to fall a prey to the submission of Mr. Kini, we would almost be judicially abetting the commission of highly antisocial offences like robbery in the metropolis of Bombay. She urged that such an approach would vitiate the even tempo of life in Bombay.
We have carefully considered the rival contentions.
Although the submission of Mr. Kini appeared to be pregnant with substance on the first blush but on a deeper reflection we found the submission of Mrs. Pingulkar to be more weighty.
15. All the same the dilemna staring us is the quantum of sentence. Mr. Kini is right in contending that the appellant was aged about 23 years at the time of the incident. The correctness of his submission is vindicated by the fact that in the statement of the appellant recorded u/S. 313, Cr.P.C. on 30-11-1983, he has mentioned his age as 25 years, meaning thereby that at the time of the incident, i.e. on 17-4-1982, he was aged slightly over 23 years.
In the decision Raisul v. State of U.P. the Apex Court has held that the estimate of age given in the statement recorded under S. 313, Cr.P.C. should be accepted as correct and the Court would not be justified in substituting it by its own estimate. Fortunately here there is no observation of the trial Judge that the age given out by the appellant was not correct. This means that the appellant was aged slightly over 23 years at the time of the incident, an impressionable age in the contention of Mr. Kini. Mr. Kini is also right that from the material on record it does not appear that the appellant either caused an injury to the victim or has any adverse criminal antecedants.
In such a situation, having due deference to the submission of Mrs. Shilpa Pingulkar, we feel that the ends of justice would be amply satisfied if the appellant is awarded a separate sentence of three years R.I. on both the counts, namely 392 r/w 34, IPC and 394, IPC.
16. In the result this appeal is partly allowed and partly dismissed. We acquit the appellant for the offence u/S. 392, r/w 397, r/w 34, IPC and set aside his sentence of seven years of R.I. on that count. Instead we convict him for the offence u/S. 392 r/w 34, IPC and sentence him to undergo three years' R.I. Although we confirm the conviction of appellant u/S. 394, IPC but we reduce his sentence from seven years R.I. to three years R.I. We direct that the sentences of the appellant u/S. 392 r/w 34, IPC and 394, IPC shall run concurrently. The appellant is on bail. He shall be taken into custody forthwith to serve out the sentences awarded to him.
Before parting with this judgment we would like to put on record our appreciation for the assistance rendered to us by the learned counsel for the parties in the disposal of this appeal.
In case an application for a certified copy of this judgment is made by counsel for the parties, the same shall be issued on an expedited basis.
17. Order accordingly.