Supreme Court of India
Kamal Kishore Lakshman vs Management Of Pan American World ... on 3 December, 1986
Equivalent citations: AIR1987SC229, [1987(54)FLR43], JT1986(1)SC946, (1987)ILLJ107SC, 1986(2)SCALE922, (1987)1SCC146, 1987(1)UJ147(SC), AIR 1987 SUPREME COURT 229, 1987 LAB. I. C. 218, (1987) 1 APLJ 17.2, 1987 UJ(SC) 1 147, 1987 4 SERVLR 281, 1987 ICR 169, 1987 (1) SCC 146, 1987 (18) LAWYER 31, 1987 ICR 51, 1987 (1) UJ (SC) 117, (1986) JT 946 (SC), 1987 SCC (L&S) 25, 1986 LABLR 234(2), (1986) 3 SCJ 706, (1987) 1 SCWR 150, (1987) 70 FJR 65, (1987) 54 FACLR 43, (1987) 1 LABLJ 107, (1987) 1 LAB LN 83, (1987) 1 SERVLR 792, (1986) 4 SUPREME 476, (1987) 1 CURCC 1, (1987) 1 CURLR 26
Author: Ranganath Misra
Bench: P.N. Bhagwati, Ranganath Misra
JUDGMENT Ranganath Misra, J.
1. This appeal by special leave assails the Award dated June 13 1980 passed by the Presiding Officer, Labour Court, Delhi. The following question was referred for adjudication:
Whether the termination of services of Shri Kamal Kishore Lakshman is illegal and/or unjustified; and if so, to what relief is he entitled and what directions are necessary in this respect?
2. The appellant was employed by respondent No. 1 on regular vacancy as a Cargo Mail service Representative at Palam Airport His services were terminated on March 15, 1974. The appellant maintains that termination was bad and contrary to principles of natural justice and demanded reinstatement with full back wages and other service benefits. The management resisted this claim and contended that the appellant while on leave in February 1974 had gone to Hong Kong and returned to Delhi in Flight No. PA-1 in the morning of February 22, 1974. During his absence from India, two aluminium foot lockers had been received on February 19, 1974. Those lockers where not meant for New Delhi and had been deposited with the Customs authorities and were taken from Customs custody for being despatched to proper destination in the Company's flight PA-002. These two trunks were not loaded in the flight but Were taken out at the instance of Chandu Lal (co-employee) by taxi and delivered at the house of the appellant. When questioned Chandu Lal accepted ', these allegations. The management undertook some preliminary enquiry and when the appellant arrived in India on February 22, 1974, he too was questioned. His stand and the explanation where not acceptable to the employer and it took the stand that the management had lost confidence in the employee and termination in the circumstances was bona fide and was in accordance with the provisions for separation of employees according to conditions of service.
3. Admittedly no domestic enquiry had been held but before the Labour Court both parties led evidence. The Labour Court considered the entire evidence keeping in mind the legal position indicated by this Court in some decisions and came to the following conclusion:
I am of the clear opinion that the action of the management of Pan-Am was promoted only by the desire to have operational efficiency and the decision to separate Kamal Kishore Lakshman was taken only because operational efficiency was endangered in continuing Lakshman in service when there were grave suspicion against Mr. Lakshman about being involved in avoidance of customs duties in respect of goods in the two aluminium foot lockers.
The Labour Court also further found that Lakshman had undertaken a trip to Bangkok and Hong Kong in suspicious circumstances and held that:
What is indicated is that in the totality of circumstances the management lost confidence in Lakshman and his involvement in smuggling activities could not be said to be a fanciful or whimsical matter. The order had to be made for a 'good reason' and the reference to the recent happenings in the order of termination does not cast a stigma, but only complies with the requirement of;the, Separation Rules.
4. The co-employee Chandu Lal for his involvement in the same incident also suffered termination of service and lost before the Labour Court. Chandu Lal's appeal (C.A. No. 10667 of 1983) was disposed of by this Court on 19.4.1985, this Court held that want of confidence in an employee did point out an adverse facet in his character and if termination was grounded on such facet of the employee, it amounted to a stigma. Such termination would therefore not amount to retrenchment. In the absence of an inquiry in an appropriate disciplinary proceeding, there could not be a valid order made terminating service. After holding that the termination was bad and accepting the employees' plea that there was loss of confidence, it was concluded that the employee was not to be restored to service. The court ordered lump sum amount to be paid by way of compensation.
5. The appellants's Special Leave Petition, however, was dismissed apparently on the basis of guilty conduct and though his case and Chandu Lal's case suffered from the defect, the appellant had the larger share of responsibility. After the judgment in Chandu Lal's case was delivered a review application was filed being Section 4 P. No 771 of 1985. this Court by its order dated 24.7.1986 accepted the review and restored his special leave petition. Leave was granted and the appeal was directed to be heard.
6. Though new life was injected into the appellant's case by the ratio of Chandu Lal's decision, at the hearing learned Counsel for the appellant focussed his attention to show that the foundation of the judgment of this Court in Chandu Lal's appeal was based upon an untenable view. According to learned Counsel termination of service for loss of confidence amounted to retrenchment and nothing more.
7. Having heard learned Counsel, we are inclined to reiterate the view taken in Chandu Lal's case that the plea of loss of confidence in the employee indeed casts a stigma. As was pointed out in Roble v. Green (1985) 2 Q.B. 315 the employee is expected to promote the employer's interests in connection with which he has been employed and a necessary implication which must be engrafted on such a contract is that the servant undertook to serve his master with good faith and fidelity. This view has been accepted by several High Courts in India and meets with our approval. In the absence of a statutory definition of the world 'stigma', we shall refer to its meaning as available in dictionaries,
8. According to Webster's New World Dictionary it is something that detracts from the character or reputation of a person, a mark, sign, etc. indicating that something is not considered normal or standard. The Legal Thesaurus by Burton gives the meaning of the word to be blemish, defect, disgrace, disrepute, imputation, mark of disgrace or shame. They Webster's IIIrd New International Dictionary gives the meaning as a mark or label indicating a deviation from a norm. According to yet another Dictionary 'stigma' is a matter for moral reproach.
9. Loss of confidence by the employer in the employee is a feature which certainly affects the character or reputation of the employee and, therefore, this Court correctly held in Chandu Lal's case that allegation of loss of confidence amounted to a stigma. The ratio in Jagdish Mitter's case also supports this conclusion.
10. Retrenchment as defined in Section 2(oo) of the Industrial Disputes Act and as held by this Court in several cases means termination of service for any reason whatsoever otherwise than punishment inflicted by way of disciplinary action and the other exceptions indicated therein. In the present case though no formal domestic inquiry had been held, the employer took the stand in the adjudication that termination was grounded upon loss of confidence and substantiated that allegation by leading evidence. The legal position firmly established is that if there has been no appropriate domestic enquiry or no enquiry at all before disciplinary action is taken, it is open to the employer to ask for such opportunity in the course of adjudication. In the facts of the present case, the order of separation grounded upon loss of confidence has been justified before the Labour Court and the Labour Court has come to that conclusion upon assessment of the evidence.
11. Several decisions were relied upon by appellant's learned Counsel in support of his contention that the conclusion in Chandu Lal's case that loss of confidence amounted to stigma was wrong. We have not been shown a single case other than Chandu Lal's where this aspect has been directly considered. Whether termination is grounded upon stigma would not vary from case to case depending upon whether it involves a government servant or a workman. But the procedural safeguards appear to be different when termination is sought to be founded upon stigma. If disciplinary inquiry has not preceded the prejudicial order in the case of a Government servant the action would be bad while in the case of a workman the order could be justified even in the course of adjudication before the appropriate Tribunal under the Industrial Disputes Act even though no inquiry had been undertaken earlier.
12. Mr. Mohanty finally contended that since in Chandu Lal's case a lump sum compensation has been awarded, a similar direction should be given in this case. Dr. Anand Prakash for the employer rightly indicated that the role played by Chandu Lal and the appellant in the wrongful act differed and the appellant's responsibility appeared to be more. Perhaps it was on that footing that this Court had initially declined to interfere when the appellant's leave application had come up. Yet, we suggested that a sum of Rs. 25,000/- may be paid by way of compensation on humanitarian consideration and though Dr. Anand Prakash agreed to do so, that appellant who was present in Court, was not prepared to accept the same. The question of compensation, therefore, docs not arise.
13. The appeal fails and is dismissed. In the peculiar circumstances of the case we direct parties to pay their own costs.