Delhi High Court - Orders
Entertainment Network India Limited vs Phonographic Performance Limited ... on 13 September, 2021
Author: Sanjeev Narula
Bench: Sanjeev Narula
$~21 to 30
* IN THE HIGH COURT OF DELHI AT NEW DELHI
+ C.O.(COMM.IPD-CR) 3/2021
ENTERTAINMENT NETWORK INDIA LIMITED. .... Petitioner
Through: Mr. C Aryama Sundaram, Senior
Advocate with Mr. Abhishek
Malhotra, Ms. Naomi Chandra,
Mr. Kaizad Irani, Ms. Atmaja
Tripathy, Ms. Sanya Dua,
Mr. Gurmukh Choudhri, Anjali
Tiwari, Advocates.
versus
PHONOGRAPHIC PERFORMANCE LIMITED INDIA & ORS.
..... Respondents
Through: Mr. Saikrishna Rajagopal, Mr. Ameet
Datta, Mr. Sidharth Chopra,
Mr. Himanshu Bagai, Mr. Munish
Mehra, Ms. Sonal Chhablani,
Ms. Deepshikha Sarkar, Ms. Pallavi
Sondhi, Ms. Namrata Dubey,
Mr. Vivek Prasad, Advocates for R-7.
Mr. Amit Sibal, Senior Advocate with
Mr. Neel Mason, Ms. Geentanjali
Vishvanthan, Mr. Uday S Chopra,
Mr. Vihan Dang, Mr. Saksham
Dhingra, Mr. Vinay Tripathi, Ms. R.
Ramya, Mr. Siddharth Vardhman,
Ms. Devangini Rai, Mr. Harsh
Kaushik and Mr. Abhay
Chattopadhyay, Advocates for R-6/
Super Cassettes Industries Private
Limited.
Mr. Akhil Sibal, Senior Advocate
with Mr. Ankur Sangal and
C.O.(COMM.IPD-CR) 3/2021 & connected matters Page 1 of 14
Ms. Sucheta Roy, Advocates for
Saregama.
Mr. Harsh Kaushik, Mr. S. S
Ahluwalia, Mr. Abhay Chattopadhay,
Ms. Anushree Rauta, Mr. Mohit
Bangwal, Ms. Astha Pandey and
Ms. Narayini Choudhary Advocates
for R-3/Tips Industries Limited.
Mr. Jagdish Sagar, Advocate for R-
5/Recorded Music Performance Ltd.
Mr. Dayan Krishnan, Senior
Advocate, Mr. Amit Jamsandekar,
Mr. Rishi Agrawala, Mr. Vaibhav
Shukla Ms. Vinita Muley, Ms. Niyati
Kohli, Ms. Megha Bengani, Ms. Puja
Uday Bakshi, Mr. Swanand Tarde,
Advocate for Sony Music
Entertainment India Pvt Limited.
+ C.O.(COMM.IPD-CR) 6/2021
HT MUSIC AND ENTERTAINMENT CO LTD ..... Petitioner
Through: Mr. Abhishek Malhotra, Ms. Naomi
Chandra, Ms. Sanya Dua,
Mr. Gurmukh Choudhri, Ms. Anjali
Tiwari, Advocates.
versus
PHONOGRAPHIC PERFORMANCE LIMITED INDIA & ORS.
..... Respondents
Through: Mr. Saikrishna Rajagopal, Mr. Ameet
Datta, Mr. Sidharth Chopra,
Mr. Himanshu Bagai, Mr. Munish
Mehra, Ms. Sonal Chhablani,
Ms. Deepshikha Sarkar, Ms. Pallavi
Sondhi, Ms. Namrata Dubey,
Mr. Vivek Prasad, Advocates for R-7.
C.O.(COMM.IPD-CR) 3/2021 & connected matters Page 2 of 14
Mr. Amit Sibal, Senior Advocate with
Mr. Neel Mason, Ms. Geentanjali
Vishvanthan, Mr. Uday S Chopra,
Mr. Vihan Dang, Mr. Saksham
Dhingra, Mr. Vinay Tripathi, Ms. R.
Ramya, Mr. Siddharth Vardhman,
Ms. Devangini Rai, Mr. Harsh
Kaushik and Mr. Abhay
Chattopadhyay, Advocates for R-5/
Super Cassettes Industries Private
Limited.
Mr. Akhil Sibal, Senior Advocate
with Mr. Ankur Sangal and
Ms. Sucheta Roy, Advocates for
Saregama.
Mr. Harsh Kaushik, Mr. S. S
Ahluwalia, Mr. Abhay Chattopadhay,
Ms. Anushree Rauta, Mr. Mohit
Bangwal, Ms. Astha Pandey and
Ms. Narayini Choudhary Advocates
for R-3/Tips Industries Limited.
Mr. Jagdish Sagar, Advocate for R-
6/Recorded Music Performance Ltd.
Mr. Dayan Krishnan, Senior
Advocate, Mr. Amit Jamsandekar,
Mr. Rishi Agrawala, Mr. Vaibhav
Shukla Ms. Vinita Muley, Ms. Niyati
Kohli, Ms. Megha Bengani, Ms. Puja
Uday Bakshi, Mr. Swanand Tarde,
Advocate for Sony Music
Entertainment India Pvt Limited.
+ C.O.(COMM.IPD-CR) 7/2021
DIGITAL RADIO MUMBAI BROADCASTING LIMITED
..... Petitioner
Through: Mr. Abhishek Malhotra, Ms. Naomi
Chandra, Ms. Sanya Dua,
Mr. Gurmukh Choudhri, Ms. Anjali
C.O.(COMM.IPD-CR) 3/2021 & connected matters Page 3 of 14
Tiwari, Advocates.
versus
PHONOGRAPHIC PERFORMANCE LIMITED INDIA & ORS.
..... Respondents
Through: Mr. Saikrishna Rajagopal, Mr. Ameet
Datta, Mr. Sidharth Chopra,
Mr. Himanshu Bagai, Mr. Munish
Mehra, Ms. Sonal Chhablani,
Ms. Deepshikha Sarkar, Ms. Pallavi
Sondhi, Ms. Namrata Dubey,
Mr. Vivek Prasad, Advocates for R-7.
Ms. Mamta Jha and Mr. Sambhav
Jain, Advocates for Zee
Entertainment Enterprises Ltd.
Mr. Amit Sibal, Senior Advocate with
Mr. Neel Mason, Ms. Geentanjali
Vishvanthan, Mr. Uday S Chopra,
Mr. Vihan Dang, Mr. Saksham
Dhingra, Mr. Vinay Tripathi, Ms. R.
Ramya, Mr. Siddharth Vardhman,
Ms. Devangini Rai, Mr. Harsh
Kaushik and Mr. Abhay
Chattopadhyay, Advocates for R-6/
Super Cassettes Industries Private
Limited.
Mr. Akhil Sibal, Senior Advocate
with Mr. Ankur Sangal and
Ms. Sucheta Roy, Advocates for
Saregama.
Mr. Jagdish Sagar, Advocate for R-
5/Recorded Music Performance Ltd.
Mr. Dayan Krishnan, Senior
Advocate, Mr. Amit Jamsandekar,
Mr. Rishi Agrawala, Mr. Vaibhav
Shukla Ms. Vinita Muley, Ms. Niyati
Kohli, Ms. Megha Bengani, Ms. Puja
C.O.(COMM.IPD-CR) 3/2021 & connected matters Page 4 of 14
Uday Bakshi, Mr. Swanand Tarde,
Advocate for Sony Music
Entertainment India Pvt Limited.
+ C.O.(COMM.IPD-CR) 8/2021
SOUTH ASIA FM LIMITED ..... Petitioner
Through: Mr. Abhishek Malhotra, Ms. Naomi
Chandra, Ms. Sanya Dua,
Mr. Gurmukh Choudhri, Ms. Anjali
Tiwari, Advocates.
versus
PHONOGRAPHIC PERFORMANCE LIMITED INDIA & ORS.
..... Respondents
Through: Mr. Saikrishna Rajagopal, Mr. Ameet
Datta, Mr. Sidharth Chopra,
Mr. Himanshu Bagai, Mr. Munish
Mehra, Ms. Sonal Chhablani,
Ms. Deepshikha Sarkar, Ms. Pallavi
Sondhi, Ms. Namrata Dubey,
Mr. Vivek Prasad, Advocates for R-6.
Mr. Amit Sibal, Senior Advocate with
Mr. Neel Mason, Ms. Geentanjali
Vishvanthan, Mr. Uday S Chopra,
Mr. Vihan Dang, Mr. Saksham
Dhingra, Mr. Vinay Tripathi, Ms. R.
Ramya, Mr. Siddharth Vardhman,
Ms. Devangini Rai, Mr. Harsh
Kaushik and Mr. Abhay
Chattopadhyay, Advocates for R-5/
Super Cassettes Industries Private
Limited.
Mr. Akhil Sibal, Senior Advocate
with Mr. Ankur Sangal and
Ms. Sucheta Roy, Advocates for
Saregama.
C.O.(COMM.IPD-CR) 3/2021 & connected matters Page 5 of 14
Mr. Jagdish Sagar, Advocate for R-
4/Recorded Music Performance Ltd.
+ C.O.(COMM.IPD-CR) 9/2021
NEXT RADIO LIMITED ..... Petitioner
Through: Mr. Abhishek Malhotra, Ms. Naomi
Chandra, Ms. Sanya Dua,
Mr. Gurmukh Choudhri, Ms. Anjali
Tiwari, Advocates.
versus
PHONOGRAPHIC PERFORMANCE LIMITED INDIA & ORS.
..... Respondents
Through: Mr. Saikrishna Rajagopal, Mr. Ameet
Datta, Mr. Sidharth Chopra,
Mr. Himanshu Bagai, Mr. Munish
Mehra, Ms. Sonal Chhablani,
Ms. Deepshikha Sarkar, Ms. Pallavi
Sondhi, Ms. Namrata Dubey,
Mr. Vivek Prasad, Advocates for R-8.
Ms. Mamta Jha and Mr. Sambhav
Jain, Advocates for Zee
Entertainment Enterprises Ltd.
Mr. Amit Sibal, Senior Advocate with
Mr. Neel Mason, Ms. Geentanjali
Vishvanthan, Mr. Uday S Chopra,
Mr. Vihan Dang, Mr. Saksham
Dhingra, Mr. Vinay Tripathi, Ms. R.
Ramya, Mr. Siddharth Vardhman,
Ms. Devangini Rai, Mr. Harsh
Kaushik and Mr. Abhay
Chattopadhyay, Advocates for R-6/
Super Cassettes Industries Private
Limited.
Mr. Akhil Sibal, Senior Advocate
with Mr. Ankur Sangal and
C.O.(COMM.IPD-CR) 3/2021 & connected matters Page 6 of 14
Ms. Sucheta Roy, Advocates for
Saregama.
Mr. Harsh Kaushik, Mr. S. S
Ahluwalia, Mr. Abhay Chattopadhay,
Ms. Anushree Rauta, Mr. Mohit
Bangwal, Ms. Astha Pandey and
Ms. Narayini Choudhary Advocates
for R-3/Tips Industries Limited.
Mr. Jagdish Sagar, Advocate for R-
7/Recorded Music Performance Ltd.
Mr. Dayan Krishnan, Senior
Advocate, Mr. Amit Jamsandekar,
Mr. Rishi Agrawala, Mr. Vaibhav
Shukla Ms. Vinita Muley, Ms. Niyati
Kohli, Ms. Megha Bengani, Ms. Puja
Uday Bakshi, Mr. Swanand Tarde,
Advocate for Sony Music
Entertainment India Pvt Limited.
+ C.O.(COMM.IPD-CR) 10/2021
D B CORP LTD ..... Petitioner
Through: Mr. Neeraj Kishan Kaul, Senior
Advocate with Mr. Abhishek
Malhotra, Ms. Naomi Chandra,
Mr. Kaizad Irani, Mr. Atmaja
Tripathy, Ms. Sanya Dua,
Mr. Gurmukh Choudhri, Ms. Anjali
Tiwari, Advocates.
versus
PHONOGRAPHIC PERFORMANCE LIMITED & ORS.
..... Respondents
Through: Mr. Saikrishna Rajagopal, Mr. Ameet
Datta, Mr. Sidharth Chopra,
Mr. Himanshu Bagai, Mr. Munish
Mehra, Ms. Sonal Chhablani,
C.O.(COMM.IPD-CR) 3/2021 & connected matters Page 7 of 14
Ms. Deepshikha Sarkar, Ms. Pallavi
Sondhi, Ms. Namrata Dubey,
Mr. Vivek Prasad, Advocates for R-6.
Mr. Amit Sibal, Senior Advocate with
Mr. Neel Mason, Ms. Geentanjali
Vishvanthan, Mr. Uday S Chopra,
Mr. Vihan Dang, Mr. Saksham
Dhingra, Mr. Vinay Tripathi, Ms. R.
Ramya, Mr. Siddharth Vardhman,
Ms. Devangini Rai, Mr. Harsh
Kaushik and Mr. Abhay
Chattopadhyay, Advocates for R-4/
Super Cassettes Industries Private
Limited.
Mr. Akhil Sibal, Senior Advocate
with Mr. Ankur Sangal and
Ms. Sucheta Roy, Advocates for
Saregama.
Mr. Harsh Kaushik, Mr. S. S
Ahluwalia, Mr. Abhay Chattopadhay,
Ms. Anushree Rauta, Mr. Mohit
Bangwal, Ms. Astha Pandey and
Ms. Narayini Choudhary Advocates
for R-3/Tips Industries Limited.
Mr. Jagdish Sagar, Advocate for R-
5/Recorded Music Performance Ltd.
Mr. Dayan Krishnan, Senior
Advocate, Mr. Amit Jamsandekar,
Mr. Rishi Agrawala, Mr. Vaibhav
Shukla Ms. Vinita Muley, Ms. Niyati
Kohli, Ms. Megha Bengani, Ms. Puja
Uday Bakshi, Mr. Swanand Tarde,
Advocate for Sony Music
Entertainment India Pvt Limited.
+ C.O.(COMM.IPD-CR) 11/2021
HT MEDIA LIMITED ..... Petitioner
C.O.(COMM.IPD-CR) 3/2021 & connected matters Page 8 of 14
Through: Mr. Abhishek Malhotra, Ms. Naomi
Chandra, Ms. Sanya Dua,
Mr. Gurmukh Choudhri, Ms. Anjali
Tiwari, Advocates.
versus
PHONOGRAPHIC PERFORMANCE LIMITED INDIA & ORS.
..... Respondents
Through: Mr. Saikrishna Rajagopal, Mr. Ameet
Datta, Mr. Sidharth Chopra,
Mr. Himanshu Bagai, Mr. Munish
Mehra, Ms. Sonal Chhablani,
Ms. Deepshikha Sarkar, Ms. Pallavi
Sondhi, Ms. Namrata Dubey,
Mr. Vivek Prasad, Advocates for R-8.
Ms. Mamta Jha and Mr. Sambhav
Jain, Advocates for Zee
Entertainment Enterprises Ltd.
Mr. Amit Sibal, Senior Advocate with
Mr. Neel Mason, Ms. Geentanjali
Vishvanthan, Mr. Uday S Chopra,
Mr. Vihan Dang, Mr. Saksham
Dhingra, Mr. Vinay Tripathi, Ms. R.
Ramya, Mr. Siddharth Vardhman,
Ms. Devangini Rai, Mr. Harsh
Kaushik and Mr. Abhay
Chattopadhyay, Advocates for R-6/
Super Cassettes Industries Private
Limited.
Mr. Akhil Sibal, Senior Advocate
with Mr. Ankur Sangal and
Ms. Sucheta Roy, Advocates for
Saregama.
Mr. Harsh Kaushik, Mr. S. S
Ahluwalia, Mr. Abhay Chattopadhay,
Ms. Anushree Rauta, Mr. Mohit
Bangwal, Ms. Astha Pandey and
C.O.(COMM.IPD-CR) 3/2021 & connected matters Page 9 of 14
Ms. Narayini Choudhary Advocates
for R-3/Tips Industries Limited.
Mr. Jagdish Sagar, Advocate for R-
7/Recorded Music Performance Ltd.
Mr. Dayan Krishnan, Senior
Advocate, Mr. Amit Jamsandekar,
Mr. Rishi Agrawala, Mr. Vaibhav
Shukla Ms. Vinita Muley, Ms. Niyati
Kohli, Ms. Megha Bengani, Ms. Puja
Uday Bakshi, Mr. Swanand Tarde,
Advocate for Sony Music
Entertainment India Pvt Limited.
+ C.O.(COMM.IPD-CR) 12/2021
RAJASTHAN PATRIKA PRIVATE LIMITED ..... Petitioner
Through: Mr. Raj Shekhar Rao, Senior
Advocate with Mr. Abhishek
Malhotra, Ms. Naomi Chandra,
Mr. Kaizad Irani, Mr. Gurmukh
Choudhri, Mr. Atmaja Tripathy,
Ms. Sanya Dua, Ms. Anjali Tiwari,
Mr. Raghav Kacker, Ms. Sonal Sarda,
Advocates.
versus
PHONOGRAPHIC PERFORMANCE LIMITED INDIA & ORS.
..... Respondents
Through: Mr. Saikrishna Rajagopal, Mr. Ameet
Datta, Mr. Sidharth Chopra,
Mr. Himanshu Bagai, Mr. Munish
Mehra, Ms. Sonal Chhablani,
Ms. Deepshikha Sarkar, Ms. Pallavi
Sondhi, Ms. Namrata Dubey,
Mr. Vivek Prasad, Advocates for R-9.
Ms. Mamta Jha and Mr. Sambhav
Jain, Advocates for Zee
C.O.(COMM.IPD-CR) 3/2021 & connected matters Page 10 of 14
Entertainment Enterprises Ltd.
Mr. Amit Sibal, Senior Advocate with
Mr. Neel Mason, Ms. Geentanjali
Vishvanthan, Mr. Uday S Chopra,
Mr. Vihan Dang, Mr. Saksham
Dhingra, Mr. Vinay Tripathi, Ms. R.
Ramya, Mr. Siddharth Vardhman,
Ms. Devangini Rai, Mr. Harsh
Kaushik and Mr. Abhay
Chattopadhyay, Advocates for R-8/
Super Cassettes Industries Private
Limited.
Mr. Akhil Sibal, Senior Advocate
with Mr. Ankur Sangal and
Ms. Sucheta Roy, Advocates for
Saregama.
Mr. Jagdish Sagar, Advocate for R-
8/Recorded Music Performance Ltd.
Mr. Dayan Krishnan, Senior
Advocate, Mr. Amit Jamsandekar,
Mr. Rishi Agrawala, Mr. Vaibhav
Shukla Ms. Vinita Muley, Ms. Niyati
Kohli, Ms. Megha Bengani, Ms. Puja
Uday Bakshi, Mr. Swanand Tarde,
Advocate for Sony Music
Entertainment India Pvt Limited.
+ C.O.(COMM.IPD-CR) 13/2021
T V TODAY NETWORK LIMITED ..... Petitioner
Through: Mr. Abhishek Malhotra, Ms. Naomi
Chandra, Ms. Sanya Dua,
Mr. Gurmukh Choudhri, Ms. Anjali
Tiwari, Advocates.
versus
PHONOGRAPHIC PERFORMANCE LIMITED INDIA & ORS.
C.O.(COMM.IPD-CR) 3/2021 & connected matters Page 11 of 14
..... Respondents
Through: Mr. Saikrishna Rajagopal, Mr. Ameet
Datta, Mr. Sidharth Chopra, Mr.
Himanshu Bagai, Mr. Munish Mehra,
Ms. Sonal Chhablani, Ms.
Deepshikha Sarkar, Ms. Pallavi
Sondhi, Ms. Namrata Dubey, Mr.
Vivek Prasad, Advocates for R-6.
Mr. Amit Sibal, Senior Advocate with
Mr. Neel Mason, Ms. Geentanjali
Vishvanthan, Mr. Uday S Chopra,
Mr. Vihan Dang, Mr. Saksham
Dhingra, Mr. Vinay Tripathi, Ms. R.
Ramya, Mr. Siddharth Vardhman,
Ms. Devangini Rai, Mr. Harsh
Kaushik and Mr. Abhay
Chattopadhyay, Advocates for R-5/
Super Cassettes Industries Private
Limited.
Mr. Akhil Sibal, Senior Advocate
with Mr. Ankur Sangal and
Ms. Sucheta Roy, Advocates for
Saregama.
Mr. Harsh Kaushik, Mr. S. S
Ahluwalia, Mr. Abhay Chattopadhay,
Ms. Anushree Rauta, Mr. Mohit
Bangwal, Ms. Astha Pandey and
Ms. Narayini Choudhary Advocates
for R-3/Tips Industries Limited.
Mr. Jagdish Sagar, Advocate for R-
4/Recorded Music Performance Ltd.
Mr. Dayan Krishnan, Senior
Advocate, Mr. Amit Jamsandekar,
Mr. Rishi Agrawala, Mr. Vaibhav
Shukla Ms. Vinita Muley, Ms. Niyati
Kohli, Ms. Megha Bengani, Ms. Puja
Uday Bakshi, Mr. Swanand Tarde,
Advocate for Sony Music
C.O.(COMM.IPD-CR) 3/2021 & connected matters Page 12 of 14
Entertainment India Pvt Limited.
+ C.O.(COMM.IPD-CR) 14/2021 & I.A. 11410-11/2021.
MUSIC BROADCAST LIMITED ..... Petitioner
Through: Mr. Sagar Chandra, Ms. Surabhi Iyer,
Ms. Sakshi Pande, Ms. Shubhie Wahi
and Mr. Raghu Sinha, Advocates
versus
TIPS INDUSTRIES LTD. & ORS. ..... Respondents
Through: Mr. Saikrishna Rajagopal, Mr. Ameet
Datta, Mr. Sidharth Chopra, Mr.
Himanshu Bagai, Mr. Munish Mehra,
Ms. Sonal Chhablani, Ms.
Deepshikha Sarkar, Ms. Pallavi
Sondhi, Ms. Namrata Dubey, Mr.
Vivek Prasad, Advocates for R-7.
Mr. Amit Sibal, Senior Advocate with
Mr. Neel Mason, Ms. Geentanjali
Vishvanthan, Mr. Uday S Chopra,
Mr. Vihan Dang, Mr. Saksham
Dhingra, Mr. Vinay Tripathi, Ms. R.
Ramya, Mr. Siddharth Vardhman,
Ms. Devangini Rai, Mr. Harsh
Kaushik and Mr. Abhay
Chattopadhyay, Advocates for R-6/
Super Cassettes Industries Private
Limited.
Mr. Akhil Sibal, Senior Advocate
with Mr. Ankur Sangal and
Ms. Sucheta Roy, Advocates for
Saregama.
Mr. Harsh Kaushik, Mr. S. S
Ahluwalia, Mr. Abhay Chattopadhay,
Ms. Anushree Rauta, Mr. Mohit
Bangwal, Ms. Astha Pandey and
C.O.(COMM.IPD-CR) 3/2021 & connected matters Page 13 of 14
Ms. Narayini Choudhary Advocates
for R-1/Tips Industries Limited.
Mr. Jagdish Sagar, Advocate for R-
9/Recorded Music Performance Ltd.
Mr. Dayan Krishnan, Senior
Advocate, Mr. Amit Jamsandekar,
Mr. Rishi Agrawala, Mr. Vaibhav
Shukla Ms. Vinita Muley, Ms. Niyati
Kohli, Ms. Megha Bengani, Ms. Puja
Uday Bakshi, Mr. Swanand Tarde,
Advocate for Sony Music
Entertainment India Pvt Limited.
CORAM:
HON'BLE MR. JUSTICE SANJEEV NARULA
ORDER
% 13.09.2021 [VIA VIDEO CONFERENCING] I.A. 11349/2021 in C.O.(COMM.IPD-CR) 6/2021, I.A. 11361/2021 in C.O.(COMM.IPD-CR) 7/2021, I.A. 11364/2021 in C.O.(COMM.IPD- CR) 8/2021, I.A. 11367/2021 in C.O.(COMM.IPD-CR) 9/2021, I.A. 11370/2021 in C.O.(COMM.IPD-CR) 10/2021, I.A. 11373/2021 in C.O.(COMM.IPD-CR) 11/2021, I.A. 11384/2021 in C.O.(COMM.IPD- CR) 12/2021, I.A. 11387/2021 in C.O.(COMM.IPD-CR) 13/2021, I.A. 11026/2021 in C.O.(COMM.IPD-CR) 3/2021 and I.A. 11409/2021 in C.O.(COMM.IPD-CR) 14/2021 (for seeking interim relief)
1. Mr. Aryama Sundaram, Senior Counsel has been heard in rejoinder from 4:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m.
2. List on 14th September, 2021 at 3:30 p.m for further rejoinder arguments.
SANJEEV NARULA, J SEPTEMBER 13, 2021 nk C.O.(COMM.IPD-CR) 3/2021 & connected matters Page 14 of 14