Bombay High Court
Ramesh Devrao Gutte vs The State Of Maharashtra & Anr on 31 July, 2013
Author: T. V. Nalawade
Bench: T. V. Nalawade
Cri. Appln. No. 2960/13 & Ors.
1
IN THE HIGH COURT AT BOMBAY
APPELLATE SIDE, BENCH AT AURANGABAD
CRIMINAL APPLICATION NO. 2960 OF 2013
Ramesh Devrao Gutte ....Applicant.
Versus
The State of Maharashtra & Anr. ....Respondents.
Mr. S.V. Mundhe, Advocate for applicant.
Mr. S.B. Pulkundwar, APP for State.
WITH
CRIMINAL APPLICATION NO. 3209 OF 2013
Vijay s/o. Kishanrao Lomate ....Applicant.
Versus
The State of Maharashtra ....Respondent.
Mr. G.P. Shinde, Advocate for applicant.
Mr. S.B. Pulkundwar, APP for State.
WITH
CRIMINAL APPLICATION NO. 3165 OF 2013
Shivraj s/o. Madhavrao Mugave ....Applicant.
Versus
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2
The State of Maharashtra ....Respondent.
Mr. G.P. Shinde, Advocate for applicant.
Mr. S.B. Pulkundwar, APP for State.
WITH
CRIMINAL APPLICATION NO. 3080 OF 2013
Versus
Digambar s/o. Madhavrao Tapaskar ....Applicant.
The State of Maharashtra & Anr. ....Respondents.
Mr. G.G. Suryawanshi, Advocate for applicant.
Mr. S.B. Pulkundwar, APP for State.
AND
CRIMINAL APPLICATION NO. 2992 OF 2013
Vasant Madhavrao Ravangaonkar ....Applicant.
Versus
The State of Maharashtra & Anr. ....Respondents.
Mr. P.R. Adkine, Advocate for applicant.
Mr. S.B. Pulkundwar, APP for State.
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3
WITH
CRIMINAL APPLICATION NO. 2986 OF 2013
Dattatraya Pochiram Ailwar ....Applicant.
Versus
The State of Maharashtra & Anr. ....Respondents.
Mr. P.R. Adkine, Advocate for applicant.
Mr. S.B. Pulkundwar, APP for State.
WITH
CRIMINAL APPLICATION NO. 1922 OF 2013
Gujabai Hunna Rathod and Ors. ....Applicants.
Versus
The State of Maharashtra & Ors. ....Respondents.
Mr. S.B. Talekar, Advocate for applicants.
Mr. S.B. Pulkundwar, APP for State.
WITH
CRIMINAL APPLICATION NO. 1923 OF 2013
Sunil s/o. Kashinathrao Targude ....Applicant.
Versus
The State of Maharashtra & Ors ....Respondents.
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Mr. S.B. Talekar, Advocate for applicants.
Mr. S.B. Pulkundwar, APP for State.
WITH
CRIMINAL APPLICATION NO. 2852 OF 2013
Pravin s/o. Baburao Phulari ....Applicant.
Versus
The State of Maharashtra & Anr. ....Respondents.
Mr. P.R. Adkine, Advocate for applicant.
Mr. S.B. Pulkundwar, APP for State.
WITH
CRIMINAL APPLICATION NO. 3496 OF 2013
Vishambhar Vithal Singanwad ....Applicant.
Versus
The State of Maharashtra & Anr. ....Respondents.
Mr. P.R. Adkine, Advocate for applicant.
Mr. S.B. Pulkundwar, APP for State.
WITH
CRIMINAL APPLICATION NO. 3409 OF 2013
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Vasant Madhavrao Ravangaonkar ....Applicant.
Versus
The State of Maharashtra & Anr. ....Respondents.
Mr. P.R. Adkine, Advocate for applicant.
Mr. S.B. Pulkundwar, APP for State.
WITH
CRIMINAL APPLICATION NO. 3410 OF 2013
Dattatray Pochiram Ailwar ....Applicant.
Versus
The State of Maharashtra & Anr. ....Respondents.
Mr. P.R. Adkine, Advocate for applicant.
Mr. S.B. Pulkundwar, APP for State.
WITH
CRIMINAL APPLICATION NO. 3429 OF 2013
Pravin s/o. Baburao Phulari ....Applicant.
Versus
The State of Maharashtra & Anr. ....Respondents.
Mr. P.R. Adkine, Advocate for applicant.
Mr. S.B. Pulkundwar, APP for State.
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6
CORAM : T. V. NALAWADE, J.
DATED : 31st July, 2013.
ORDER :
1. Criminal Application No. 3409, 3410, 3429, 3496 of 2013 are filed in C.R. No. 15/2013 registered in Mukhed Police Station, District Nanded. This crime is registered in respect of the work executed in ig Gavthan of village Akharaga. Criminal Application Nos. 2960, 3209, 3165, 3080 of 2013 are filed in C.R. No. 23/2013 registered in Loha Police Station, District Nanded and Criminal Application Nos. 2992, 2986, 1992, 1923 and 2852 of 2013 are filed in C.R. No. 13/2013 registered in Mukhed Police Station, District Nanded. All the applications are filed for relief of anticipatory bail. Both the sides are heard.
2. There is allegation of misappropriation of Government money and there is also allegation of creation of false record in respect of work executed and in respect of labour force used for execution of the work. These works were executed under National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme and Maharashtra Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme. All the crimes came to be registered after giving directions by concern Judicial Magistrate, First Class under section 156 (3) of Criminal Procedure Code in ::: Downloaded on - 27/08/2013 21:13:45 ::: Cri. Appln. No. 2960/13 & Ors.
7private complaints filed by some persons of the respective regions. Initially the investigation was being carried by the concern police stations. When many such instances were noticed, the investigation came to be handed over to crime branch. The crimes are registered for offences punishable under sections 420, 467, 468, 471, 409, 34 etc. of I.P.C.
3. The counsel appearing for the applicants referred the provisions of Maharashtra Employment Guarantee Act, 1977, National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 and Maharashtra Amendment Act, 2006 which amended Maharashtra Employment Guarantee Act, 1977. Both the sides showed some Government Resolutions, Circulars and letters issued by the concern department of the Government for implementing the schemes and the provisions of the aforesaid Acts. It can be said that the Officers are trying to blame each other and submissions were advanced to the effect that there was no responsibility of the Officers who have come to the Court in respect of execution of the work or the creation of the record. It was submitted for the Members of Gram Panchayat that the Revenue Officers and Officers of Zilla Parishad are responsible for everything and on the other hand, argument was advanced for Tahsildar, Block Development Officer (B.D.O.), Agricultural Officer that it was ::: Downloaded on - 27/08/2013 21:13:45 ::: Cri. Appln. No. 2960/13 & Ors.
8responsibility of Gram Panchayat. Some of the applicants are also from technical side and they are working with Zilla Parishad and it was submitted for them that they had no administrative power with regard to sanction of the amount and so, they cannot be held responsible.
4. This Court has gone through the provisions of aforesaid three Acts, the Government Resolutions, the Circulars and the correspondence made by the concern department of the Government with the Officers, who were implementing the scheme. The aforesaid Acts and the other record show that Maharashtra State Government had already started schemes for giving employment to unskilled labours from rural area. All such schemes were brought under one Act by the State under the Act of 1977. When National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 (hereinafter referred to as 'the Central Act') was enacted, this State made amendment to aforesaid Act of 1977 to incorporate the provisions of Central Act. The amendment Act came to be called as Maharashtra Employment Guarantee (Amendment) Act, 2006. There are allegations against the applicants that after the year 2010 the amount was misappropriated by creating false record and so, it can be said that the provisions of either Central Act or the Amendment Act of 2006 need to be considered.
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95. Under section 6 of the Act of 1977, Collector was responsible for implementation of the scheme. He was expected to prepare project and he was also to take care of implementation of the scheme in his district. He was the implementing Officer for the district. For Panchayat Samiti Level, for implementation of the scheme, 'Samiti Officer' was appointed under section 10 of the Act of 1977. It was provided that Samiti Officer shall not be below the rank of Tahsildar/B.D.O. Due to the amendment of year 2006, the Collector came to be called as District Programme Officer [Section 2 (A) (III)]. Under the Amended Act, Samiti Officer is called as "Programme Officer"
6. Under the Act of 1977 [section 2 (d)] Government Departments and also Local Body like Gram Panchayat were implementing agency. Section 6-1B of Amended Act, 2006 shows that Gram Panchayat is still implementing agency for some works.
Implementing agency is expected to maintain the accounts of employment and also the expenditure. The provision is made to see that funds are directly placed at the disposal of the implementing agency like Village Panchayat.
7. Section 7 (3) of the Act of 1977 provided that the ::: Downloaded on - 27/08/2013 21:13:45 ::: Cri. Appln. No. 2960/13 & Ors.
10registration of names and addresses of persons, who wanted to take benefit of the scheme, was to be done at the headquarter of Gramsevak or Talathi within whose jurisdiction, the village where the person resided was situated. Section 8 (1) of this Act provided that the Officer appointed for registration was to make inquiry as he deemed fit at the time of registration. This Officer was expected to send list of these names to Samiti Officer. After the registration, the persons, who are so enrolled, were required to apply for getting work. Provision was made for giving power to Talathi/ Gramsevak and also Samiti Officer to receive such applications. Under section 10 of this Act, Samiti Officer was given power to direct such applicants to particular work, which was started under the Scheme. Section 6-1B (6) (7) of the amendment of the year 2006 provided that the Programme Officer was to supply the muster roles, list of works and Gram Panchayat was given power to allocate the work to such applicants. In view of section 6-1C (v) of Amended Act, it is the duty of the Gram Panchayat to register household (in the past individuals were registered, but due to amendment, entire family is registered as household) after making inquiry as it deems fit. The Gram Panchayat is expected to issue job cards to the household which should bear photographs of the adult male members of the household. The job cards remain valid for the period of five years ::: Downloaded on - 27/08/2013 21:13:45 ::: Cri. Appln. No. 2960/13 & Ors.
11from the date of issue and they can be renewed after that. Under Amended Act, Gram Panchayat is given power to strike off name of household and take back job card. Under section 6 (1) (v) (3), Programme Officer has also power to receive applications for allotting work. Under section 6 (vii) of Amended Act, Officers like B.D.O. need to be appointed as Programm Officer at Panchayat Samiti level to supervise the work undertaken at Panchayat Samiti level including the work of Village Panchayat.
8. Section 6 (viii) (2 to 5) of Amended Act shows that Programme Officer is to assist the Panchayat Samiti. He needs to prepare plan of work for Block [Block consists of 10 villages]. He is expected to monitor projects of Gram Panchayat within his Block.
He is to sanction the payment of unemployment allowance. He is to ensure the payment of wages to labours from his Block. He is to ensure local audit of the work through Gram-Sabha etc. The Programme Officer (B.D.O.) can take help of Assistant Programme Officer. It appears that Assistant Programme Officers were used from the service people of Zilla Parishad or Revenue Department.
9. Clause 3 of (viii) (c) given under section 16-1A, 16-1B
(v) (8) of Amended Act 2006 shows that the person to whom work is provided must be informed by writing letter on the address ::: Downloaded on - 27/08/2013 21:13:45 ::: Cri. Appln. No. 2960/13 & Ors.
12given in the job card about the allotment of work. Public notice of it is also required to be affixed in the office of Gram Panchayat and the office of Programme Officer. Gram Panchayat is expected to supply information of households registered to Programme Officer.
10. The Government Resolution dated 5.6.2010, 8.6.2010 and Circular dated 28.9.2010 of the State Government show that the Government did decentralization of the work of technical sanction and administrative sanction in respect of work undertaken under the Central Act. The power of administrative sanction in respect of the implementing agency (Gram Panchayat) is given to B.D.O. and the power of administrative sanction in respect of other work (done through department which is called as a line work) is given to Tahsildar. Though there are such provisions, the present matters show that it is the Tahsildar who exercised administrative power for according administrative sanction.
11. In respect of work which is to be executed by Gram Panchayat, the Engineer of that division of Zilla Parishad is expected to give technical sanction. For other work for which Tahsildar is expected to accord administrative sanction, for line ::: Downloaded on - 27/08/2013 21:13:45 ::: Cri. Appln. No. 2960/13 & Ors.
13work, the Tahsildar was expected to use the man power of the State Government from the concerned technical department.
However, under the provisions, the Committee of Tahsildar, B.D.O. and Deputy Engineer or Technical Officer appointed for division was expected to supervise the technical side of the work executed through Gram Panchayat also. Thus, under the provisions, Tahsildar continues to work for the Schemes implemented through the Local Body like Gram Panchayat. The Circular dated 16.12.2010 shows that four technical pannels came to be created for assistance and supervision of work to be executed through Local Bodies like Gram Panchayat. They are expected to work under B.D.O. As already observed, Tahsildar continued to keep administrative control and so, it can be said that it is the Tahsildar, who kept control over these pannels also. Under the aforesaid provisions, it is provided that 50% of the work of the scheme is to be got done through Local Bodies like Gram Panchayat and the remaining work is to be done through Government department called as line section or line agency (Circular dated 28.9.2010). Circular dated 14.3.2011 shows that B.D.O. was to get funds for the work to be executed through the Gram Panchayat. The Circular dated 4.3.2011 shows that Gram Panchayat can do the work of Panand road and plant trees etc. This work can also be done by line agency. The correspondence ::: Downloaded on - 27/08/2013 21:13:45 ::: Cri. Appln. No. 2960/13 & Ors.
14shows that arrangement is made to see that most of the works can be done through Local Bodies and also through line agency.
Letter dated 29.3.2011 gives list of more works which can be done by Gram Panchayat. Letter dated 4.3.2011 shows that payments to labour should be made either in the account opened in bank or in post office.
12. The letter dated 12.5.2011 gives procedure for making payment of wages to labours. It also shows that Gram Sevak, Gram Rojgar Sevak, Gram Panchayat Sarpanch and B.D.O. are involved in the process of preparation of bills in respect of wages of labour. It is the B.D.O., who is expected to be sanctioning authority and the authority certifying the muster roll.
However, the present matters show that the previous procedure was continued and the Tahsildar was given control of the implementation. Gram Rojgar Sevak needs to be appointed by Gram Panchayat and he works under Gram Sevak and Gram Panchayat.
13. Letter dated 16.12.2010 of department of Government shows that for giving assistance and for supervision of the work which is done through Local Bodies like Gram Panchayat, four kinds of Technical Officers need to be used. They ::: Downloaded on - 27/08/2013 21:13:45 ::: Cri. Appln. No. 2960/13 & Ors.
15are as under :-
(i) Civil Engineer (Diploma Holder),
(ii) Agricultural Engineer (Degree Holder),
(iii) Agricultural Officer ((Degree Holder in Agriculture) and
(iv) Degree Holder from Forestry (If such person is not available, then Degree Holder of Agriculture is to be used).
It can be said that as per the nature of work to be executed aforesaid technical experts were to participate in the implementation of the scheme. In the present matters, when the work involved of soil conservation or water conservation, the Agricultural Officer of the Zilla Parishad came to be used.
14. A list of duties of Circle Agricultural Officer, Tahsil Agricultural Officer and Assistant Agricultural Officer was shown to this Court. The duty list shows that they need to be involved when the work of soil conservation and water conservation etc. is undertaken under the aforesaid schemes. These Officers are expected to maintain and supervise the work of measurement, muster roll, labour register etc. The Agricultural Assistant is expected to mark attendance of labours. Even Circle Agricultural Officer is expected to remain present personally atleast on 12 incidents of distribution of wages to be made by subordinates.
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1615. The provisions of the Act of 1977, the Amendment Act of 2006 and the Central Act show that such policy decision was taken with two objectives. The first object was to provide work to unskilled labours from rural area and the second object was to see that through the work done by using such labour force, there is overall development of rural area. The use of machinery is to be avoided as far as possible. The work is to be supplied to the persons within the radius of 5 k.m. from their residential places. Schedule III of Amended Act shows that if work is given beyond this limit of 5 k.m., 10% of wages as extra wages for additional transportation expenses and living expenses need to be given to such labours. In view of these provisions, the allegations made that the work was given to persons of other villages cannot be considered seriously. There are provisions to see that the persons of the same village are given work, but if the work is not available in the vicinity of their village, they can be given work at other places. However, it is necessary to see as to whether false record of the names and addresses of persons was created and false record of the distribution of wages is made as per the allegations made in the aforesaid cases.
16. Crime No. 15/13 is registered in respect of work ::: Downloaded on - 27/08/2013 21:13:45 ::: Cri. Appln. No. 2960/13 & Ors.
17shown to be executed in village Akharga. The work involved the construction of Panand Road (Kaccha road) as follows :-
(i) Akharja - Rathodwadi Tanda, Panand
(ii) Mahadev Temple - Loca Tanda, Panand
(iii) Rathodwadi Tanda - Bhavani Tanda, Panand
(iv) Rathodwadi - Mahadev Temple, Panand
(v) Smashanbhumi, funeral place to field of Shrikrushna, Panand etc.
17. In C.R No. 15/13 the record like the technical proposal, technical sanction and administrative sanction was shown to this Court. As per this record Deputy Engineer of this sub division Mukhed was incharge of technical wing and he gave technical sancion. (Atleast three such sanctions came to be shown). In respect of this work administrative sanction was given by Tahsildar.
18. In C.R. No. 15/2013, there is the record showing that false names were used to create the list of household. The list included names of some persons who were employed elsewhere and who could not have worked under the scheme. There are statements of many persons and they show that they had never applied for job card and they never worked under the scheme of ::: Downloaded on - 27/08/2013 21:13:45 ::: Cri. Appln. No. 2960/13 & Ors.
18the Government. Thus, their statements show that false record of job card and the distribution of wages was prepared. It can be said that the record in respect of the accounts which needs to be opened either in bank or in post office was also falsely created.
One Smt. Mayawati Kamble was working as volunteer under different scheme of the Government and there is her statement to that effect. There is the record to show that one Balaji Shrirame was appointed as Gram Rojgar Sevak in meeting dated 9.2.2012 by this Gram Panchayat, but record shows that he worked as labour also under this scheme. Different periods are there which are marked in computer list. The lists also show that for the same period, the same names were used at two different places. It was shown that Balaji worked for Akharga - Honwajwadi Panand and also Akarga - Rathodwadi Panand during period 1.5.2012 to 14.5.2012. This name was used for the work of Rathodwadi -
Bhavani Tanda, Panand and Akharga - Smashanbhumi Panand for the period 15.5.2012 to 21.5.2012. There are so many such persons. There are statements of so many other persons like Jaywant Kesgir, Balaji Shrirame, Sakharam Shrirame, Madhav Kesgir, Ganesh Gangner and others. They show that these persons never worked at the sites and for the period shown in the lists prepared by the Officers. There are one or two statements of persons showing that they did work at the places and for the ::: Downloaded on - 27/08/2013 21:13:45 ::: Cri. Appln. No. 2960/13 & Ors.
19period and allegations in their regard are false. There are many statements of the persons showing that they obtained job cards at other places and false record of job card was prepared for these village in their names.
19. The investigating agency prepared panchanama of aforesaid few sites where the work was to be executed. The panchanama shows that work of Rathodwadi to Smashabhumi was not at all executed (value Rs. 13.76 lakh). The work of Akharga to Honwajwadi Tanda Panand was partly executed and that too by using J.C.B. machine and by only spreading earth. It was noticed that work of Akharga to Honwajwadi Tanda Panand was not at all executed (value of Rs. 18.06 lakh). Thus, not only the false record of the distribution of labour charges was created, but most of the work was not executed and false record of execution of work was created.
20. In crime No. 15/2013 the Officers like Engineer of this division, Assistant Programme Officer, Nayab Tahsildar and Tahsildar have prayed for relief of anticipatory bail. In view of the record, it can be said that Tahsildar was exercising power of administrative sanction. The work of measurement, technical sanction was with the applicant, who was engineer for this ::: Downloaded on - 27/08/2013 21:13:45 ::: Cri. Appln. No. 2960/13 & Ors.
20division. Two Assistant Programme Officers were assisting Tahsildar and they were Nayab Tasildars. In view of these circumstances, it cannot be said that these applicants were not involved in the execution of aforesaid work. They were expected to see that correct list of household was made, false names are not included and payments were actually made to the household persons shown in the list. The Engineer was expected to see that the work was executed before making proposal for administrative sanction. In view of these circumstances, this Court holds that no relief can be granted to the applicants from the aforesaid applications.
21. The applicants from Criminal Application Nos. 2960, 3209, 3165 and 3080 of 2013 are Agricultural Supervisor, Agricultural Sevak, Circle Agricultural Officer and Tahsil Agricultural Officer, respectively. The crime was registered in respect of the work of graded bunding which was taken up for village Hindola-Loha. This work was done in the private lands of some farmers and the object behind it was soil conservation. The papers of investigation include the statements of many persons like Ankush Rathod of Devla Tanda. The statements of all the persons from Devla Tanda show that they had never worked on site, they were not paid any wages in respect of this work etc. All ::: Downloaded on - 27/08/2013 21:13:45 ::: Cri. Appln. No. 2960/13 & Ors.
21the six members of the family of Ankush were shown in the list of this work. Thus, the investigation shows that names of persons of different places were used when they had actually not worked at this site. There is allegation that machinery like J.C.B. was used for doing this work. The farmers have shown ignorance as to how the work was executed in their field when their statements came to be recorded. Thus, there is material to show that false record of doing the work through labours is created. The record shows that the administrative sanction was given by Tahsildar. The muster roll in respect of the labour force are signed by Agricultural Supervisor, Circle Agricultural Officer, Tahsil Agriculture Officer and Agricultural Assistant (Sevak). On the basis of this record, the bill of wages was prepared. The observations with regard to the duties of this Officers are already made. In view of these circumstances, this Court holds that it is not possible to infer that these Officers had not played any role in preparation of aforesaid false record. So, this Court holds that no relief can be granted to the aforesaid applicants also.
22. In Crime No. 13/2013 following applications are filed.
Criminal Application No. 2992/2013 is filed by Assistant Programme Officer (Nayab Tahsildar), Criminal Application No. 2986/2013 is filed by Assistant Programme Officer (Nayab ::: Downloaded on - 27/08/2013 21:13:45 ::: Cri. Appln. No. 2960/13 & Ors.
22Tahsildar), Criminal Application No. 1992/2013 is filed by Sarpanch, Gramsevak, Rojgar Sevak, Junior Engineer of Panchayat Samiti and Post Master. Criminal Application No. 1923/2013 is filed by Sarpanch and Criminal Application No. 2852/2013 is filed by Tahsildar. This crime is registered in respect of the work of planting trees by the side of road. The work of construction of road was done for village Jirga, Tahsil Mukhed. There was also work of digging wells. The papers of investigation include statements of many persons and they show that they did not work under aforesaid scheme for this work. They were not paid anything as wages under the scheme. Some statements are of persons, who were working with Forest Department and their names are shown as labouers for this work. There is statement of one teacher Babulal Rathod showing that his name is falsely included in the list. This record shows that false job cards were prepared in some cases, the names of deceased were used, (death certificates of those persons are collected by the investigating agency.) The papers of investigation show that when the investigation was started, attempt was made to tamper with the record by using whitener and by writing new names. For this work Tahsildar was empowered for administrative sanction.
Deputy Engineer of this Sub Division was incharge of technical wing. Nayab Tahsildars were expected to assist the Programme ::: Downloaded on - 27/08/2013 21:13:45 ::: Cri. Appln. No. 2960/13 & Ors.
23Officer and their designations are given as Assistant Programme Officers. As per the duties prescribed, Rojgar Sevak was expected to prepare the list of persons, who were to be given work. There is similar work with Gram Sevak and Sarpanch. Their powers and duties are already discussed. There are allegations against Post Master that he opened accounts in false names when those persons had not come for opening the accounts. Through these accounts, the wages were paid. This record is sufficient to show the involvement of all the applicants in this crime.
23. It is unfortunate that schemes meant for upliftment of poor persons from rural area and the schemes meant for overall development of rural area are not implemented as per expectation. It is unfortunate that the officers who are expected to discharge their duties honestly are creating false record of implementation and they are virtually defeating the objects behind the schemes. The entire nation suffers due to the conduct of such persons. These days more and more funds are given for Local Bodies and the person like Sarpanch, Gram Sevak etc. are expected to use the funds properly. This is required for decentralization of power under any democratic system. Due to the conduct of persons like applicants the policy makers hesitate in giving powers directly to Gram Panchayats. In view of these ::: Downloaded on - 27/08/2013 21:13:45 ::: Cri. Appln. No. 2960/13 & Ors.
24circumstances and the record, this Court holds that in such cases, no lenient view can be taken and no concession can be given to anybody. Such economic offences need to be dealt with firmly and at every stage. Custodial interrogation is a must in such cases.
Only after custodial interrogation, more material can be collected and more similar instances can be detected. So all the applications stand rejected.
ig [ T. V. NALAWADE, J. ]
ssc/
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