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• Important injectable drugs for pain are the opiate analgesics. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as diclofenac (1 mg/kg) and ibuprofen can also be given orally and rectally, as can paracetamol (15 mg/kg).
• There are three situations where an opiate might be given: o Preoperatively o Intraoperatively o Postoperatively • Opiate premedication is rarely indicated, although an injured patient in pain may have been given an opiate before coming to the operating room.
Anaesthesia& Pain Control in Children • Ketamine anaesthesia is widely used for children in rural centres (see pages 14-14 to 14-21), but is also good for pain control. • Children suffer from pain as much as adults, but may show it in different ways.
• Make surgical procedures as painless as possible:
 o Oral paracetamol can be given several hours prior to operation o Local anaesthetics (bupivacaine 0.25%, not to exceed 1 ml/kg) administered in the operating room can decrease incisional pain o Paracetamol (10-15 mg/kg every 4-6 hours) administered by mouth or rectally is a safe and effective method for controlling postoperative pain  o For more severe pain, use intravenous narcotics (morphine sulfate 0.05-0.1 mg/kg IV) every 2-4 hours o Ibuprofen 10 mg/kg can be administered by mouth every 6-8 hours  o Codeine suspension 0.5-1 mg/kg can be administered by mouth every 6 hours, as needed.