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(ii) Whether, on the same assumption, the material discloses the ingredients of forgery as defined in Sections 463 and 464 IPC, and the aggravated forms alleged under Sections 467, 468 and 471 IPC, including the requirements of a "false document", intent to commit fraud, and the concept of "valuable security"?

(iii) Whether continuation of the criminal proceedings, in the totality of the circumstances, amounts to an abuse of process warranting interference under Section 482 CrPC, applying the principles in Bhajan Lal, Rajiv Thapar v. Madan Lal Kapoor,10 and more recent decisions such as Pradeep Kumar Kesarwani?

31. Once cheating under Section 415 is not made out, the charges under Sections 419 and 420 necessarily collapse.

FORGERY AND "FALSE DOCUMENT": SECTIONS 463, 464, 467, 468, 471 IPC

32. The complaint also invokes the cluster of forgery provisions: Section 463 (forgery), Section 464 (false document), Section 467 (forgery of valuable security, etc.), Section 468 (forgery for the purpose of cheating), and Section 471 (using as genuine a forged document). It is thus necessary to recall the statutory framework.

38. The reasoning is then carried further by describing the complainant as the 'sole victim' because his identification proof was not furnished, and by treating it as a 'necessary corollary' that all other legal heirs must have joined hands against him. That reverses the proper test. The court is required to identify, qua each accused, the act that discloses their participation in the alleged offence and the mens rea that animates it. A 'necessary corollary' in logic is not a substitute for statutory ingredients in criminal law. The deposition of the complainant's son (CW-1) does not cure this gap: it essentially reiterates the complaint and attributes involvement to 'each of the accused persons' in broad terms, without explaining who drafted the affidavit, who signed as the complainant, who presented the affidavit, or who stood to gain anything more than what succession law already conferred on every heir. Therefore, the ingredient of "making a false document" is not satisfied. Indeed, at the summoning stage, as argued by Respondent No. 2, the Magistrate is not expected to weigh the evidence, but there must nevertheless be a factual foundation beyond omnibus assertions before invoking serious forgery provisions with the aid of Section 34 IPC against the accused.