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"(a) Technical Errors Firstly, the DNA-probe can be contaminated or degraded. This is specially the case with field samples.

The contamination can be caused by bacterial , viral, other non-human DNA or by blood or saliva traces of police officers or laboratory personnel when handling the DNA. The degradation is especially likely when the DNA is in warm, moist conditions. Normally, DNA degrades in a couple of days and vaginal swabs even in a few hours since the vaginal secretions penetrate the DNA of the sperm.