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4. No doubt, the Apex Court in the expression in Shiv Kumar Vs. Hukum Chand1 of the Three Judge Bench on the scope of Section 302 Cr.P.C. vis-à-vis Section 225 Cr.P.C. and the expression of the Apex Court in JK International Vs. State (NCT) of Delhi2 on the scope of Sections 190, 225, 301, 302 & 482 Cr.P.C. and at Para 12 observed that the private person who is permitted to conduct prosecution in the Magistrate's Court can engage a counsel to do needful in the Court on his behalf. It further amplifies the position that if a private person is engaged by the aggrieved of the offence committed on him and against any one in whom he is interested he can approach the Magistrate and seek permission to conduct prosecution by himself. It is open to the court to consider his request. If the Court thinks that cause of justice would be served better by granting such permission, the Court would generally accord such permission. It also referred the expression in Dhariwal Industries Limited Vs. Kishore Wadhwani3 of the Two Judge Bench particularly Para 18 on the scope of Section 302 Cr.P.C. holding that power is conferred on the Magistrate to grant permission to the complainant to conduct prosecution independently.

5. No doubt as to the expression of this Court in Mehaboob Unnisa Agarwal Vs. State Section 24(8) proviso Cr.P.C. is available even in a sessions case to assist the prosecution conducting by the prosecutor for a private advocate being engaged by the victim can be permitted to put any further questions in the chief or cross examination. It was in fact the power 1999 (7) Supreme 606 2001 (3) Supreme 214 Crl.A.No.859 of 2016 @ SLP(Criminal) No.5717 of 2012) of the trial court referable to section 165 Evidence Act. Same was no doubt set aside by the Apex Court in the Special Leave to Appeal (Criminal) No.2240/2018 dated 14.05.2018 in the High Court of Judicature of Hyderabad for the State of Telangana and the State of AP Vs. Mahabunisa Begum, saying said concession is contrary to the scheme of the provisions of the code in sessions cases for prosecution therein to be conducted by public prosecutor under Section 225 Cr.P.C., as held in Shiv Kumar supra. Here it is not the case under Section 24(8) proviso Cr.P.C., nor it is a sessions case to conduct prosecution by public prosecutor under Section 225 Cr.P.C., but for under Section 302 Cr.P.C.

2. Any person conducting the prosecution may do so personally or by a pleader."

7. Section 302 Cr.P.C. from the above enables the Magistrate enquiring into or trying a case to permit the prosecution to be conducted by any person and if at all to permit a police officer, he must not below the rank of Inspector and is not one who has taken part in the investigation of the offence where accused is being prosecuted. So far as others, other than Advocate General or Government Advocate or Public Prosecutor or APP concerned, those can conduct prosecution only with permission of Court. Subject to that any person permitted by court to conduct the prosecution may do so personally or by engaging a pleader. The very wording is crystal clear with wide scope and amplitude of the discretion conferred on the trial Magistrate in any enquiry or trial to permit the prosecution to be conducted by any person other than Assistant PP in all summary trial cases or summons cases or warrant cases instituted otherwise than on private complaint. Though Section 301 Cr.P.C. is applicable to all the Courts of criminal jurisdiction, Section 302 Cr.P.C. is not applicable to sessions cases from the specific wording of Section 225 Cr.P.C. that what the Apex Court constitution Bench in Shiv Kumar supra in the year 1999 held particularly at paras 12 to 20 and same only appears considered in the recent short order delivered by the Apex Court in the Special Leave to Appeal (Criminal) No.2240/2018 dated 14.05.2018 in the High Court of Judicature of Hyderabad for the State of Telangana and the State of AP Vs. Mahabunisa Begum, in saying both sides submit permission of private advocate in a sessions case to put any questions additionally by court is against the scheme of the provisions of the code.

9. From the above, it makes no difference between a sessions case triable before a sessions judge or a summary or summons or warrant case triable before a Magistrate or other designated court headed by a sessions judge with powers of a Magistrate. Further the distinction in the wording of conducting prosecution under section 302 Cr.P.C., to assist the prosecution under Section 24(8) proviso of Cr.P.C. and to assist the prosecutor under section 301 Cr.P.C. not came for consideration either before the Apex Court constitution Bench in Shiv Kumar supra of the year 1999 or in its reiteration by the Apex Court in the Special Leave to Appeal (Criminal) No.2240/2018 dated 14.05.2018 in the High Court of Judicature of Hyderabad for the State of Telangana and the State of AP Vs. Mahabunisa Begum, leave about the expressions in between of the Apex Court Constitution Bench in JK International Vs. State (NCT) of Delhi of 2001 and in Dhariwal Industries Limited Vs. Kishore Wadhwani in 2016 of the Apex Court Two Judge Bench. The word prosecution and the word prosecutor are not one and same in meaning, because of the notable difference between the two. What Section 225 Cr.P.C. speaks is that - In every trial before a Court of Session, the prosecution shall be conducted by a Public Prosecutor. Section 225 Cr.P.C confined to trial and not for pre-trial prosecution, though Section 225 Cr.P.C speaks of opening of the case for prosecution by the prosecutor in describing the charge brought against the accused and stating by what evidence he proposes to prove the guilt of the accused, which no doubt for pre-charge enquiry also contemplated by sections 227 & 228 Cr.P.C. It does not mean in a Sessions case the Sessions Judge concerned cannot permit a victim in person or through advocate to assist prosecution. Had it been simply assisting the public prosecutor like under section 301(2) Cr.P.C. of any private person instructs a pleader to prosecute any person in any Court, the Public Prosecutor or Assistant Public Prosecutor in charge of the case shall conduct the prosecution, and the pleader so instructed shall act therein under the directions of the Public Prosecutor or Assistant Public Prosecutor, and may, with the permission of the Court, submit written arguments after the evidence is closed in the case, there is no need of incorporating the proviso to Section 24(8) Cr.P.C. of the right and power of the Court which includes even a Sessions Court to permit the victim to engage an advocate of his or her choice to assist the prosecution. It was in fact a right of the victim recognised and conferred on the Court the power to permit the victim to engage an advocate of her or his choice to assist the prosecution. It is here the crux lies to understand the meaning of prosecution for not defined in the code. However the fact remains that the Constitution Bench of the Apex Court way back in 1959 defined what is meant by prosecution in considering the scope of the lis before it on double jeopardy, viz., in Leo Roy Frey Vs. State of Punjab4 at Para 10 that to prosecute means to seek, to obtain, to enforce or the like by legal process as to prosecute a right or claim in Court of law and otherwise to pursue by legal proceeding to redress or for punishment so to proceed judiciously to accuse of some crime or breach of law or pursue for redressal or punishment of crime or violation of law before legal Tribunal to prosecute a man. Prosecution is in fact a criminal proceeding before court meant for hearing both sides and to pass orders. Prosecutor is having a role in prosecution as one of both sides of the criminal lis. It does not mean public prosecutor alone to conduct prosecution as per Section 301(1) Cr.P.C. and not to permit any private person by Magistrate. That is why Section 302 specifically provides and confers power on a Magistrate to permit the defacto complainant or other person like victim in person or through advocate or even an Inspector and above rank of a police officer to conduct prosecution, though otherwise public prosecutor can conduct prosecution as per Section 301(1) Cr.P.C. in all cases and particularly for sessions cases as per Sections 225 & 226 Cr.P.C. Here for Sessions cases there is no provision to conduct prosecution other than by public prosecutor as per Sections 225 & 226 Cr.P.C., similar to Section 302 Cr.P.C., to protect the rights of the victim on unforeseen side in the adversarial criminal justice system as part of the victimology, power is conferred to victim defined in Section 2(wa) of Cr.P.C. to assist the prosecution under Section 24(8) proviso of Cr.P.C. in the year 2009 by incorporating the proviso for first time and as it is not AIR 1959 SC 375 merely to assist the prosecutor under section 301(2) Cr.P.C. and consideration of the same before the Apex Court constitution Bench expressions earlier to 2009-10, in Shiv Kumar supra of the year 1999 or later in JK International supra of 2001, but for if at all in Dhariwal Industries Limited Vs. Kishore Wadhwani in 2016 of the Apex Court Two Judge Bench, where even it did not came for consideration and in its reiteration by the Apex Court Two Judge Bench in the Special Leave to Appeal (Criminal) No.2240/2018 dated 14.05.2018 in the High Court of Judicature of Hyderabad for the State of Telangana and the State of AP Vs. Mahabunisa Begum, there was no consideration even of what is the scope of Section 24(8) proviso of Cr.P.C. incorporated for first time in the year 2009. No doubt the Apex Court Two Judge Bench in Sundeep Kumar Bafna Vs. State of Maharashtra5 at Para 28 discussed the role of the Public Prosecutor and private counsel in prosecution that as laid down in Thakur Ram Vs. State of Bihar6, in a case of police report a private party has really no locus standi, since the aggrieved party is the State, are strictly senso obiter dicta but it did presage the view that was to be taken by this Court later.