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The rights of a copyright owner are sometimes called restricted rights and acts which do not constitute infringement (exceptions contained in Section 52) are called permitted acts. The author P. Narayanan (supra) clarifies these rights into five main categories as under-

7.2 Negative right Copyright is not a positive right but a negative right, that is, the right to stop others from exploiting the work without the copyright owners' consent or licence. Thus where, for instance, the work is derived from some other work in which copyright subsists as in the case of translation, adaptation or abridgement of a literary work the author of such work can stop others from exploiting it but cannot himself exploit that work without the consent or licence of the original work from which the work has been derived.