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During the subsistence of the East India Company, a dual system of judicial control prevailed. Within the Presidency towns of Calcutta, Madras and Bombay, Crown Courts, or King's Courts administered justice and these courts were creatures of Charters issued by the Crown, and they had jurisdiction to issue prerogative writs. Outside the Presidency Towns the East India Company manned and maintained courts familiarly known as Company courts. These courts had no powers to issue any prerogative writs. It was only in 1861 when the company courts and the Crown courts were merged that this dual administration of justice disappeared. The Supreme Court at Fort William was established by Charter in the year 1774. The East India Company bad obtained in I765 the grant of the Diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. In 1772 the Company set up a system of civil courts and these were not courts of His Majesty, the King of England; nor did they administer law of England though they were manned by European servants of the Company. After I790 the company took up criminal administration of jurisdiction into its hands and administered the Muhammadan Criminal Law. Appeals from the civil courts went to the Sadar Diwani adalath and the appeals from the Criminal Courts went to the Sadar Nizamath Adalath. The establishment of the Supreme Court at Fort William in Bengal resulted in clash of jurisdiction between the company servants outside the presidency town and the Supreme Court and why any student of history is familiar with the famous "Patna" and "Cossijurrah" cases. The Supreme Court entertained proceedings against the officers of the Company's Courts in respect of their official acts and the company's Government promptly employed military force to prevent the orders of the court from being carried out. This caused widespread tumult and uproar which reach-.6d the shores of England. Lord Macaulay in his Essays Vol. III at page 368 describes the rule of the Supreme Court as reign of terror heightened by mystery. He observed, "No man knew what was next to be anticipated from this strange tribunal; it came from beyond the black water, as the people of India with mysterious harrow called the sea; it consisted of Judges not one of whom was familiar with the usage of the millions over whom they claimed boundless authority. Its records were kept in unknown characters; its sentences were pronounced in unknown sounds. No Mahratta invasion had ever spread through the province such dismay as this inroad of English lawyers; all the Injustice of former oppressors, Asiastic and Europeans appeared as a blessing compared with the justice of the Supreme Court."