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under the ID Act was considered with reference to its functional efficacy. The Heavy Engineering case, as held earlier, had proceeded on common law principles and the concession by the counsel.

As noted, the appellant, to start with, was a statutory authority but pending appeal in this court, due to change in law and in order to be in tune with open economy, it became a company registered under the Companies Act. To consider its sweep on the effect of Heavy Engineering case on the interpretation of the phrase 'appropriate Government', it would be necessary to recapitulate the Preamble, Fundamental Rights (Part III) and Directive Principle (Part IV) - trinity setting out the conscience of the Constitution deriving from the source "We, the people", a charter to establish an egalitarian social order in which social and economic justice with dignity of person and equality of status and opportunity, are assured to every citizen in a socialist democratic Bharat Republic. The Constitution, the Supreme law heralds to achieve the above goals under the rule of law. Life of law is not logic but is one of experience, Constitution provides an enduring instrument, designed to meet the changing needs of each succeeding generation altering and adjusting the unequal conditions to pave way for social and economic democracy within the spirit drawn from the Constitution. So too, the legal redressal within the said parameters. The words in the Constitution or in an Act are but a framework of the concept which may change more than words themselves consistent with the march of law. Constitutional issues require interpretation broadly not by play of words or without the acceptance of the line of their growth, Preamble of the Constitution, as its integral part, is people including workmen, harmoniously blending the details enumerated in the Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles. The Act is a social welfare measure to further the general interest of the community of workmen as opposed to the particular interest of the individual enterpreneur. It seeks to achieve a public purpose, i.e., regulated conditions of contract labour and to abolish it when it is found to be of perennial nature etc. The individual interest can, therefore, no longer stem the forward flowing tide and must, of necessity, give way to the broader public purpose of establishing social and economic democracy in which every workmen realises socio- economic justice assured in the preamble, Articles 14,15 and 21 and the Directive Principles of the Constitution.

The 42nd Constitution (Amendment) Act, 1976, brought explicitly in the Preamble socialist and secular concepts in sovereign democratic republic of Bharat with effect form January 3,1977. The Preamble was held as part of Constitution in His Holiness Kesavananda Bharati Sripadagalavaru vs. State of Kerala [1973 Supp. SCR 1]. The provisions of the Constitution including Fundamental Rights are alterable but the result thereof should be consistent with the basic foundation and the basic structure of the Constitution. Republican and democratic form of Government, secular character of the Constitution, separation of powers, dignity and freedom to the individual are basic features and foundations easily discernible, not only from the Preamble but the whole scheme of the Constitution. In S.R. Bommai vs. Union of India [(1994) 3 SCC 1], it was held that Preamble of the Constitution is the basic feature. Either prior to 42nd Constitution (Amendmet) Act, or thereafter, though the word "socialist" was not expressly brought out separately in the main parts of the Constitution, i.e., in the Chapters on Fundamental Rights or the Directive Principles, its seed- beds are right to participation in public offices, right to seek consideration for appointment to an office or post; right to life and right to equality which would amplify the roots of socialism in democratic form of Government; right to equality of status and of opportunity, right to equal access to public places and right to freedoms, protective discrimination, abolition of untouchability, its practice in any form an constitutional offence, as guaranteed in Part III & IV i.e., Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles which to every citizen are Fundamental Rights. In Minerva Mills Ltd. & Ors. vs. Union of India & Ors. [(1981 (1) SCR 206 = AIR 1980 SC 1789], the Constitution Bench had held that the Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles are two wheels of the chariot in establishing the egalitarian social order. Right to life enshrined in Article 21 means something more than survival of animal existence. It would include the right to live with human dignity [vide Francis Coralie Mullin vs. The Administrator, Union Territory of Delhi & Ors. (AIR 1981 SC 746 para 3); Olga Tellis vs. Bombay Municipal Corporation vs. D.T.C. Mazdoor Congress [AIR 1991 SC 101 para 223,234 and 259 = (1991) supp. 1 SCC 600]. Right to means of livelihood and the right to dignity, right to health, right to potable water, right to pollution free environment and right to life. Social justice has been held to be Fundamental right in consumer Eduction and Research Centre vs. Union of India [(1995) 3 SCC 42 = 1995 (1) SCALE 354 at 375]. The Directive Principles in our Constitution are fore-runners of the U.N.O. Convention on Right to Development as inalienable human right and every persons and all people are entitled to participate in, contribute to and enjoy economic, social cultural and political development in which all human right, fundamental freedoms would be fully realised. It is the responsibility of the State as well as the individuals, singly and collectively, for the development taking into account the need for fuller responsibility for the human rights, fundamental freedoms as well as the duties to the community which alone can ensure free and complete fulfilment of the human being. They promote and protect an appropriate social and economic order in democracy for development. The State should provide facilities and opportunities to ensure development and to eliminate all obstacles to development by appropriate economic and social reforms so as to eradicate all social injustice. These principles are imbedded, as stated earlier, as integral part of our Constitution in the Directive Principles. Therefore , the Directive Principles now stand elevated to inelienable fundamental human rights. Even they are justiciable by themselves. Social and economic democracy is the foundation for stable political democracy. To make them a way of life in the Indian polity, law as a social engineer, is to create just social order, remove the inequalities in social and economic life and socio-economic disabilities with which people are languishing; and to require positive opportunities and facilities as individuals and groups of persons for development of human personality in our civilised democratic set up so that every individual would strive constantly to rise t higher levels. Dr. Ambedkar, in his closing speech in the Constituent Assembly on November 25, 1949, had lucidly elucidated the meaning of social and political democracy. He stated that it means a way of life which recognised liberty, equality and franternity as the principles of life. They form an integral union. One cannot divorce from the other; otherwise it would defeat the very purpose of democracy. Without equality, liberty would produce supremacy of the few over the many equality without liberty would kill the initiative to improve the individual`s excellence, political equality without socio-economic equality would run the rusk of democratic institutions to suffer a set back. Therefore, for establishment of just social order in which social and economic democracy would be a way of life inequalities in income should be removed and every endeavour be made to eliminate inequalities in status through the rule of law.

"Socialism" brought into the preamble and its sweep elaborately was considered by this Court in several judgments. It was held that the meaning of the word "socialism" in the Preamble of the Constitution was expressly brought in the Constitution to establish an egalitarian social order through rule of law as its basis structure. In Minerva Mills Ltd. case, the Constitution Bench had considered the meaning of the word "socialism" to crystalise a socialistic state securing to its people socio-economic justice by interplay of the Fundamental rights and the Directive Principles. In D.S. Nakara & Ors. v. Union of India [(1983) 2 SCR 165], another Constitution Bench had held that the democratic socialism achieves socio- economic revolution to end poverty, ignorance, disease and inequality of opportunity. The basic framework of socialism was held to provide security from cradle to grave. The less equipped person shall be assured to decent minimum standard of life to prevent exploitation in any form, equitable distribution of national cake and to push the disadvantaged to the upper ladder of life. It was further held that the Preamble directs the centers of power, the Legislative, Executive and Judiciary, to strive to shift up from a wholly feudal exploited slave society to a vibrant, throbbing socialist welfare society which is a long march; but during the journey to the fulfilment of goal, every State action, whenever taken, must be directed and must be so interpreted as to take the society towards that goal. Dr. V.K.R.V Rao, one of the eminent economists of India in his "Indian Socialism - retrospect and prospect" has stated that equitable distribution of the income and maximisation of the production is the object of socialism under the Constitution to solve the problems of umemployment, low income and mass poverty and to bring about a significant improvement in the national standard of living. he also stated that to bring about socialism, deliberate and purposive action on the part of the State, in regard to production as sell as distribution and the necessary savings, investment, use of human skills and use of science and technology should be brought about. Changes in property relations, taxation, public expenditure, education and the social services are necessary to make a socialist State under the Constitution, a reality. It must also bring about, apart from distribution of income, full employment as also increase in the production. In State of Karnataka v. Shri Ranganatha Reddy & Anr. [(1978) 1 SCR 641], a Bench of nine judges of this Court, considering the nationalisation of the contract carriages, had held that the aim of socialism is the distribution of the material resources of the community in such a way as to subserve the commonhood. The principle embodied in Article 39(b) of the Constitution is one of the essential directives to bring about the distribution of the material resources. It would give full play to the distributive justice. It fulfills the basic purpose of re- structuring the economic order. Article 39(b), therefore, has a social mission. it embraces the entire material resources of the community. Its task is to distribute such resources. Its goal is to undertake distribution as best to subserve the common good. In Sanjeev Coke Manufacturing Co. v. Bharat Cooking Coal Ltd. & Anr. [(1983) 1 SCR 1000], another Constitution Bench interpreted the word "socialism"

The Preamble of the Constitution is the epitome of the basic structure built in the Constitution guaranteeing justice - social, economic and political - equality of status and of opportunity with dignity of person and fraternity.

To establish an egalitarian social order, the trinity, the Preamble, the Fundamental Rights in Part III and Directive Principles of State Policy (for short, 'Directives') in Chapter IV of the Constitution delineated the socio-economic justice. The word justice envision in the Preamble is used in broad spectrum to harmonise individual right with the general welfare of the society. The Constitution is the supreme law. The purpose of law is realisation of justice whose content and scope vary depending upon the prevailing social environment. Every social and economic change causes change in the law. In a democracy governed by rule of law, it is not possible to change the legal basis of socio-