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Showing contexts for: laparoscopy in Ashok Jain S/O Sh. C.P. Jain vs Bhandari Health Care Pvt. Ltd. Through ... on 8 January, 2020Matching Fragments
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ifjoknh dh vksj ls Jh ,l ,l gksjk o lqJh xslw gksjk]+ vf/koDrk
foi{kh la- 1 ls 4 dh vksj ls Jh foTth vxzoky] vf/koDrk
foi{kh la- 5 dh vksj ls Jh jrus'k ;kno] vf/koDrk
foi{kh la- 6 dh vksj ls Jh ih lh tSu] vf/koDrk
foi{kh la- 7 dh vksj ls Jhefr xk;=h tks'kh o Jh foey 'kekZ] vf/koDrk
fu.kZ; fnukad 08 tuojh] 2020
jkT; vk;ksx jktLFkku t;iqj ¼}kjk Jh dey dqekj ckxM+h] lnL;]U;kf;d½
;g ifjokn Ashok Jain dh vksj ls Bhandari Health Care Pvt. Ltd.
& ors. ds fo:) /kkjk 17 miHkksDrk laj{k.k vf/kfu;e esa bl vk;ksx esa fnukad
23-12-2014 dks is'k fd;k x;k gSaA
izdj.k ds rF; bl izdkj gS fd ifjoknh dh iq=h lksukyh tSu tks fd 18
o"kZ dh Fkh] PMT ijh{kk dh rS;kjh dj jgh Fkh] isV esa nnZ ds dkj.k HkaMkjh
gkWLihVy esa HkrhZ gqbZA vizkFkhZ la- 3 ls 6 }kjk Minor appendix dk operation
djuk Fkk ijUrq mldk ifj.kke lksukyh tSu dh e`R;q gksuk fudykA ejht ds
ifjtuksa dks crk;k Laparoscopy ds tfj;s operation fd;k tkosxk] operation
ds nkSjku ejht dh Right iliac artery dV x;h ftlls Hkkjh ek=k esa [kwu cg
x;kA cPph dk B. P- dkQh fxjrk pyk x;k] cPph dks hypoxia gks x;k] dksbZ
proper trained staff ugha FkkA gkWLihVy esa [kwu dk bartke ugha Fkk tcfd
vkikr fLFkfr esa [kwu dh vko';drk gks] rks bldh O;oLFkk vfuok;Z Hkh gSa ]
fo'ks"kK ltZu ugha FkkA gkWLihVy dh ykijokgh ds dkj.k appendix ds operation
ds nkSjku vlko/kkuh ls Vascular Artery dV x;hA ifjoknh miHkksDrk gSaA
vizkFkhZ la- 3 gkWLihVy dk eSustesaV djrk gSa] vizkFkhZ la- 3 ls 6 dh ykijokgh
ds fy, ftEEksnkj gSaA
fnukad 14-03-2014 dks ifjoknh dh cPph ds isV esa nnZ gqvk] HkaMkjh
gkWLihVy esa Mk- ds ,e HkaMkjh dks fn[kk;k x;k] mls lksuksxzkQh dh lykg nh
x;h] lksuksxzkQh VsLV ds ckn dgk x;k fd colitis gSa] 7 fnu dh nokbZ nh x;hA
fnukad 15-03-2014 dks ejht ds isV esa T;knk nnZ gqvk] Mk- ds ,e HkaMkjh dks
fn[kk;k x;k] Mk- ds ,e HkaMkjh us HkrhZ djkus dh lykg nh rFkk dgk fd
Appendix Pain gSa] nokbZ;kW nh] ifjoknh us iSlks dk Hkqxrku fd;kA
fnukad 16-03-2014 dks lqcg lksukyh ds [kwu dh tkap dh x;h tks lHkh
lgh Fkh] nksigj esa lksuksxzkQh dh x;h ijUrq dksbZ diagnose ugha gqvk] gkWLihVy
ds Mk;jsDVj }kjk ;g dgk x;k fd lgh fLFkfr operation theatre esa ys tkus
ds ckn clear gksxh] ifjoknh us operation dh C.D. cukus dk dgk ijUrq badkj
dj fn;k] ejht dks operation theatre esa f'kQV fd;k x;k] fdlh izdkj ds
diagnose ds ckjs esa ugha crk;k x;kA vizkFkhZ la- 3 ls 5 us operation fd;k
rFkk ,d ?kaVs ckn [kwu ykus dk dgk] 6 ;wfuV [kwu dh ekax dh x;h] gkWLihVy
esa CyM cSad ugha Fkk] ml le; ejht dh fLFkfr ugha crk;h x;h] ejht dks 4-
45 ih-,e- ij operation theatre es fy;k x;k] 5-52 ih-,e- ij Anaesthesia
fn;k x;k rFkk vizkFkhZ la- 3 ls 5 dh ykijokgh ls Right iliac artery dV x;h]
ftlls Hkkjh ek=k esa [kwu cg x;k] mlds ckn vizk FkhZ la- 3 ls 5 us Open
laparotomy djus dh lwpuk nh x;h] gkWLihVy esa CyM dk bartke ugha Fkk]
6-30 ih-,e- ij [kwu dk bartke djus dk dgk x;k] ejht ds ifjtu 6-40 ih-
,e- CyM cSad igqWps rc rd ejht 'kkWd o dksek esa vk pqdh Fkh] ifjoknh okil
7-00 cts gkWLihVy [kwu ysdj igqWps] bl nkSjku vizkFkhZ la- 6 Hkh operation esa
Hkkx ys fy;k] cPph dh lgh fLFkfr ugha crk;h x;h] 7-15 ls 8-22 rd operation
pyk] 8-23 ij cPph dks operation theatre ls ckgj yk;k x;k] cPph Ventilator
ij Fkh] fpfdRldks us crk;k fd Artery iapj gks x;h Fkh ftls fjis;j dj fn;k
x;k gSa] cPph dks ICU eas j[kk x;k] dqN le; i'pkr ifjtuksa dks ckgj ls
ns[kus dh btktr nh x;h rks ns[kk fd cPph ds dksbZ Movement ugha Fkk]
vizkFkhZ la- 3 us crk;k cPph dh fLFkfr Stable gSa tcfd B. P- fujUrj fxj jgk
Fkk] 6 ;wfuV [kwu vkSj ykus dk dgk x;kA fnukad 16-03-2014 dks High risk
consent latter lkbZu djus dk dgk ijUrq ifjtuksa us badkj dj fn;kA fnukad
17-03-2014 dks lqcg crk;k fd cPph dh fLFkfr [kjkc gSaA
fnukad 23-03-2014 dks ICU eas cPph Ventilator ij Fkh] 11-29 ih-,e- ij
mldh e`R;q gks x;h] bldh lwpuk ejht dh ekrk dks nh x;h] ejht dh lgh
fLFkfr ifjtuksa dks dHkh ugha crk;h x;h] ejht dh Laparoscopy ltZjh dh
x;h] cPph ds dksbZ VsLV ugha fd;s x;s] ;gkW rd dh cYM xqzi dk Hkh VsLV ugha
fd;k x;k tc Laparoscopy isV esa Mkyh x;h rks cPph dh Artery iapj gks x;h]
ftldh tkudkjh 5-46 ih-,e- ij gqbZ]B. P. cgqr T;knk de gks x;k] cPph gsejst
'kkWd esa vk x;h] Vascular fjis;j vizkFkhZ la- 6 }kjk fd;k x;k] fpfdRldks us
dgk fdArtery dh ejEer dj nh x;h gSa ijUrq [kwu uqdlku ds ckjs esa dqN
ugha crk;k x;kA fnukad 22-03-2014 dks High risk isij ij lkbZu djus ds fy,
dgk x;k] ejht ds ifjtuksa us badkj dj fn;k] ifjoknh dks dgk x;k fd ;fn
dkxtkr ij lkbZu ugha djksxs rks dksbZ Hkh fpfdRld vkxs bZykt ugha djsxk]
igys dkxtkr ij gLrk{kj djus dh eukgh dk uksV fy[k fn;k x;k Fkk] fnukad
22-03-2014 dks gLrk{kj fd;s ijUrq mu dkxtkr ij fnukad 16-03-2014 vafdr
gks x;h] cPph ds hypoxia gks x;k Fkk] cPph dks tc operation theatre esa ys
tk;k x;k rks mldh fLFkfr vPNh Fkh] ekewyh appendix ds operation dk
ifj.kke cPph dh e`R;q jgk] ;g dHkh ugha crk;k fd cPph dh Artery dSls dVh]
cPph ds ifjtuksa dks crk;k x;k fd cPph dk 'ko highly infectious case gks
pqdk gSa] iksLVekVZe ugha djkuk pkfg,] operation 15&20 fefuV dk crk;k x;k
Fkk] vLirky esa [kwu dk bartke ugha Fkk rFkk uk gh igys djus dk dgk x;k]
fpfdRld operation ds lkbZM bQsDV o dkWEiyhds'ku ds fy, rS;kj ugha Fks]
operation ds ckn dgk x;k fd cPph vka[ks [kksy jgh gSa rFkk lkal ys jgh gSa
tcfd cPph dks ckgj yk;k x;k rc mlds Ambu bag yxk gqvk Fkk rFkk
Ventilator ij Fkh] tc cPph dks operation theatre ls ckgj yk;k x;k rks cPph
dk B. P- 91&47 Fkk] flVh Ldsu ds vuqlkj cPph ds hypoxia gks x;k Fkk] cPph
dks fnukad 15-03-2014 dks HkrhZ djk fn;k Fkk ijUrq 24 ?kaVs ckn vkWijs'ku fd;k
x;kA bl operation esa 200&300 ,e ,y [kwu dk uqdlku gksrk gSa ijUrq 6
;wfuV cYM dh ekax dh x;h] Vascular Artery] Appendix ls 3&4 bap dh nwjh
ij Fkh fQj ;g dSls dV x;h]ICU easa cPph ds [kwu p
Ikfjoknh ds vuqlkj ejht dk cgqr NksVk Operation Fkk ijUrq vizkFkhZx.k us blls bUdkj fd;k gSaA vizkFkhZ ds vuqkj ejht ds nwljk Appendix Attact Fkk rFkk Operation ds nkSjku Laparoscopy ls Laparotomy esa Hkh Convert fd;k es x;k fQj Hkh Blood dh Advance O;oLFkk ugha dh x;hA gkWLihVy esas blood Bank ugha FkkA fnukad 17-03-2014 dks hypoxia gqvk rks ;g gkWLihVy dh T;knk xyrh gS D;ksfd fnukad 16-03-2014 dh jkf= rd 6 ;wfuV [kwu p<k fn;k x;k Fkk rFkk ejht Ventilator ij Fkk] mlds ckotwn hypoxia dSls gks x;kA ejht fnukad 15-03-2014 dks HkrhZ gqvk] fnukad 16-03-2014 dks Operation gqvk gSa o fnukad 23-03-2014 dks e`R;q gqbZ gSaA bl nkSjku ejht dh B.P. o SPO2 dh fLFkfr fuEu izdkj jgh %& Date B.P. SPO2 16.03.2014 (8.23 P.M.) 91/47 98% with 100% oxygenation 16.03.2014 (11.06 50/30 Not Recordable P.M.) 17.03.2014 (1.16 A.M.) 129/72 100% 17.03.2014 (2.05 A.M.) 142/86 100% 16.03.2014 (9.02 P.M.) 73/35 97% 16.03.2014 (10.00 73/28 100% P.M.) 16.03.2014 (11.06 50/30 Not Recordable P.M.) 16.03.2014 (11.08 60/30 Not Recordable P.M.) 16.03.2014 (11.11 82/31 P.M.) 16.03.2014 (11.35 135/95 Not Recordable P.M.) 16.03.2014 (11.58 72/37 99% P.M.) 17.03.2014 (1.16 A.M.) 129/72 100% 17.03.2014 (2.05 A.M.) 142/86 100% 17.03.2014 (3.38 A.M.) 141/84 98% 17.03.2014 (3.11 A.M.) 133/90 97% 17.03.2014 (4.45 A.M.) 139/96 96% 17.03.2014 (6.00 A.M.) 146/100 97% 17.03.2014 (6.30 P.M.) 159/94 95% 17.03.2014 (6.46 A.M.) 140/70 96% 17.03.2014 (10.30 134/83 100% A.M.) 17.03.2014 (12.30 132/69 99% P.M.) 17.03.2014 (1.16 P.M.) 132/70 99% 17.03.2014 (1.45 P.M.) 138/84 99% 17.03.2014 (3.10 P.M.) 138/84 (Norad 3ml/hr.) 17.03.2014 (4.00 P.M.) 141/83 100% 17.03.2014 (6.10 P.M.) 115/79 94% 17.03.2014 (6.50 P.M.) 135/66 95% 17.03.2014 (9.00 P.M.) 110/70 99% With CMV 18.03.2014 (1.00 A.M.) 120/80 (On Norad @ 98% (On VCM) 4ml/hr.) 18.03.2014 (3.00 A.M.) 180/110 98% 18.03.2014 (5.00 A.M.) 100/60 (On Norad @ 98% (On VCM) 4ml/hr.) 18.03.2014 (7.00 A.M.) 110/60 (On Norad.) 98% (On VCM) 18.03.2014 (9.00 A.M.) 116/80 (With Nor adr 96% support) 18.03.2014 (9.00 A.M.) 131/170 99˚ 18.03.2014 (4.00 P.M.) 148/120 With Norad 97% 18.03.2014 (5.00 P.M.) 140/100 98% With FlO2 80% 18.03.2014 (7.10 P.M.) 127/107 98% 18.03.2014 (10.00 122/100 99% P.M.) 18.03.2014 (11.55 132/100 100% P.M.) 19.03.2014 (7.00 A.M.) 143/112 100% 19.03.2014 at 9.00 140/90 97% 19.03.2014 (10.15 140/90 Without 98% A.M.) Vasoperssin support 19.03.2014 (6.00 P.M.) 129/96 99% 19.03.2014 (10.30 110/64 98% On SIMV A.M.) 19.03.2014 (3.00 P.M.) 130/100 99% 19.03.2014 (5.00 P.M.) 130/103 19.03.2014 (8.45 P.M.) 111/88 100% 19.03.2014 (10.00 100/60 100% P.M.) 20.03.2014 At 12 130/80 (as Norad @ 100% Midnight 5ml/hr.) 20.03.2014 3.00 P.M. 114/98 100% 20.03.2014 5.00 P.M. 125/90 100% 20.03.2014 6.00 A.M. 140/92 99% 20.03.2014 10.00 A.M. 140/100 98% 20.03.2014 11.15 A.M. 80/45 98-99% 20.03.2014 2.30 P.M. 150/100 89% 20.03.2014 10.00 A.M. 140/100 98% 20.03.2014 2.00 P.M. 168/rs 100% 20.03.2014 2.45 P.M. 190/135 100% 20.03.2014 5.45 P.M. 190/135 100% 20.03.2014 8.35 P.M. 120/84 97% 20.03.2014 8.46 P.M. 128/91 90% 20.03.2014 9.20 P.M. B/W 120-80/86-60 100% 20.03.2014 10.30 P.M. 100/60 (Norad) 98% 21.03.2014 At 12 Mid 114/76 100% night 21.03.2014 2.00 A.M. 124/84 (on Norad @ 100% (on VCM) 3ml/hr.) 21.03.2014 4.00 A.M. 100/60 ( ) 100% (on VCM) 21.03.2014 6.00 A.M. 124/84 99% 21.03.2014 7.00 A.M. 120/84 (on Norad ) 99% 21.03.2014 11.30 A.M. 82/59 (on Norad) 95% 21.03.2014 9.00 A.M. 140/110 mmhg 98% 21.03.2014 12.45 P.M. 117/84 (Norad 2 amp 100% 15ml/hr.) 21.03.2014 2.45 P.M. 122/88 100% 21.03.2014 3.05 P.M. 64/45 92% 21.03.2014 3.20 P.M. 135/122 94% 21.03.2014 3.30 P.M. 123/83 94% 21.03.2014 3.45 P.M. 108/77 98% 21.03.2014 3.50 P.M. 88/56 98% 21.03.2014 4.00 P.M. 142/112 94% 21.03.2014 5.00 P.M. 102/58 mmHg 21.03.2014 6.30 P.M. 170/100 (fluctuating) 92% 21.03.2014 3.05 P.M. 64/45 100% 21.03.2014 7.15 P.M. 116/55 93/m 21.03.2014 8.00 P.M. 142/126 100% 21.03.2014 4.45 P.M. 78/39 91% 21.03.2014 4.50 P.M. 135/92 91% 21.03.2014 5.30 P.M. 171/132 100% 21.03.2014 3.05 P.M. 64/45 92% 21.03.2014 9.30 P.M. 140/113 100% 21.03.2014 11.00 P.M. 168/113 98% 22.03.2014 1.00 A.M. 119/60 100% 22.03.2014 3.00 A.M. 120/72 100% 22.03.2014 5.00 A.M. 126/84 100% 22.03.2014 6.00 A.M. 100/60 100% 22.03.2014 10.45 A.M. 128/100 97% 22.03.2014 9.00 A.M. 150/100 95% 22.03.2014 5.45 P.M. 157/86 100% 22.03.2014 7.00PA.M. 116/67 100% 22.03.2014 7.25 A.M. 104/51 NR 22.03.2014 7.30 A.M. 104/51 100% 22.03.2014 4.00 P.M. 146/90 99% 22.03.2014 4.30 P.M. 138/79 100% 22.03.2014 8.10 P.M. 60/40 76% 22.03.2014 8.15 P.M. 125/73 100% 22.03.2014 10.00 P.M. 116/70 100% 22.03.2014 At 12 Mid 150/87 100% night 23.03.2014 2.00 A.M. 140/86 100% 23.03.2014 4.00 A.M. 160/100 99% 23.03.2014 6.00 A.M. 142/92 100% 23.03.2014 10.00 P.M. 126/76 96% 23.03.2014 11.30 A.M. 115/60 92% 23.03.2014 12.20 P.M. 126/76 90% 23.03.2014 1.00 P.M. 130/77 90% 23.03.2014 1.30 P.M. 134/72 91% 23.03.2014 2.00 P.M. 145/70 94% 23.03.2014 2.35 P.M. 147/73 92% 23.03.2014 3.30 P.M. 128/78 93% 23.03.2014 4.10 P.M. 92% 23.03.2014 4.20 P.M. 135/76 91% 23.03.2014 7.00 P.M. 124/64 94% 23.03.2014 10.00 P.M. 108/80 96% 23.03.2014 10.25 P.M. 108/41 Not recordable 23.03.2014 10.35 P.M. 110/75 96% 23.03.2014 10.45 P.M. 90/60 96% 23.03.2014 11.05 P.M. 90/40 Not recordable blls ;g izrhr gksrk gSa fd ejht ds Highpertension ¼High blood pressure½ Hkh gqvk Fkk] Hypotension ¼ Low Blood pressure½ Hkh gqvkA ejht dh fofHkUu tkap djk;h x;h tks T;knkrj [kwu ls lacaf/kr Fkh] mldk fooj.k fuEu izdkj gSa %& 14.03.2014 HAEMATOLOGY ROUTINE Investigation Result Units Reference Interval Methodology Haemogolbin 12.2 gm% ( 11.0-15.0 ) CyanmethHb Cptical detec Total Leucocyte 7700 cell/cu ( 4000 - 10,000 ) Impendence Cell Counter Count Polymorph 59 % ( 42 - 80 ) Lymphocytes 35 % ( 20 - 40 ) Eosinophils 05 % ( 01 - 06 ) Monocytes 01 % ( 0-9) Basophils 0 % ( 0 - 02 ) Red Blood Cells 3.94 Million ( 3.8 - 4.8 )Impendence Cell Counter Platelet Count 2.09 lakhs/c ( 1.5 - 4.5 )Impendence Cell Counter P.C.V. 36.5 % ( 37 - 47 )Impendence Cell Counter M.C.V. 92.6 fl ( 83 - 101)Impendence Cell Counter M.C.H. 31 pg ( 27 - 32)Impendence Cell Counter M.C.H.C. 33 % ( 31.5 - 34.5)Impendence Cell Counter 16.03.2014 Investigation Result Units Reference Interval Methodology Hb 12.2 15.0 TLC 7700 20400 Platelet 1.34 BT/CT 3'10/5' 10 Glucose F 92 224.8 (70 - 99) Creatinine 0.95 Alk. Phos. 82 (20 - 140) TBil/D.Bil 0.77 (0.2 - 1.2) Alb 3.9 (3.4 - 5.4) Globulin 2.05 (2.0 - 3.5) Na 141 144.7 Electrolytes K 3.9 3.26 Cl 101 111.1 17.03.2014 Investigation Result Units Reference Interval Methodology Hb 15.0 TLC 20400 Platelet 1.34 BT/CT Glucose F 224.8 224.8 (70 - 99) Urea 30.12 Creatinine 1.9 SGOT SGPT Alk. Phos. 82 (20 - 140) TBil/D.Bil 0.77 (0.2 - 1.2) Alb 3.9 (3.4 - 5.4) Globulin 2.05 (2.0 - 3.5) Na 144.7 Electrolytes K 3.26 Cl 111.1 18.03.2014 HAEMATOLOGY ROUTINE Investigation Result Units Reference Interval Methodology Haemogolbin 13.9 gm% ( 11.0-15.0 ) CyanmethHb Cptical detec Total Leucocyte 24900 cell/cu ( 4000 - 10,000 ) Impendence Cell Counter Count Polymorph 85 % ( 42 - 80 ) Lymphocytes 12 % ( 20 - 40 ) Eosinophils 01 % ( 01 - 06 ) Monocytes 02 % ( 0-9) Basophils 0 % ( 0 - 02 ) Red Blood Cells 4.38 Million ( 3.8 - 4.8 )Impendence Cell Counter Platelet Count 1.0 lakhs/c ( 1.5 - 4.5 )Impendence Cell Counter P.C.V. 41.6 % ( 37 - 47 )Impendence Cell Counter M.C.V. 95 fl ( 83 - 101)Impendence Cell Counter M.C.H. 31.7 pg ( 27 - 32)Impendence Cell Counter M.C.H.C. 33 % ( 31.5 - 34.5)Impendence Cell Counter 19.03.2014 Investigation Result Units Reference Interval Methodology Hb 13.2 11.0 - 15.0 TLC 16900 4000 - 10000 P 84 48 - 80 L 13 20 - 40 E 01 0-9 Platelet 0.80 1.5 - 4.5 PT/INR Urea 34.56 13 - 45 Creatinine 1.07 0.6 - 1.2 SGOT - 05 - 34 SGPT - 0 - 31 Na 161 129 - 141 Electrolytes K 3.2 3.6 - 8.2 Cl 130 97 - 107 20.03.2014 Investigation Result Units Reference Interval Methodology Hb 9.8 11.0 - 15.0 TLC 13000 4000 - 10000 P 81 48 - 80 L 16 20 - 40 E 01 0-9 Platelet 0.50 1.5 - 4.5 Urea - 13 - 45 Creatinine 0.97 0.6 - 1.2 SGOT - 05 - 34 SGPT - 0 - 31 Na 157 (164) 129 - 141 Electrolytes K 2.54 (3.1) 3.6 - 8.2 Cl 123.2 (124) 97 - 107 21.03.2014 Investigation Result Units Reference Interval Methodology Hb 8.9 11.0 - 15.0 TLC 13000 4000 - 10000 P - 48 - 80 L - 20 - 40 E - 0-9 M -
Investigations into colits may include examining a feacal sample, sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy, biopsy of inflamed areas or ulcers, and a barium enema [see barium X=ray examinations]. If the cause is an infection, antibiotics may be needed. Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are treated with coriticosteroid and immunosuppressant drugs, and a special diet.
ejht ds Laparoscopy Appendicitis gksuk Fkh] Laparoscopy dk GRAY'S ANATOMY FOR STUDENTS FIRST SOUTH ASIA EDITION Page 304 esa crk;k x;k gSa] tks fuEu gSa %& laparoscopic surgery Laparoscopic surgery, also known as minimally invasive or keyhole surgery, is performed by operation through a series of small incisions no more than 1 to 2 cm in length. As the incisions are much smaller than those used in traditional abdominal surgery, patients experience less postoperative pain and have shorter recovery times. There is also a favorable cosmetic outcome with smaller scars. Several surgical procedures such as appendicetomy, cholecystectomy, and hernia repair, as well as numerous orthopedic, urological, and gynecological procedures, aare now commonly performed laparoscopically.
Laparoscopic surgery has been further enhanced with the use of surgical robots. Using these systems the surgeon moves the surgical instruments indirectly by controlling robotic arms, which are inserted into the operating field through small incisions. Robot- assisted surgery is now routinely used worldwide and has helped overcome some of the limitations of laparoscopy by enhancing the surgeon's dexterity. The robotic system is precise, provides the surgeon with a 3D view of the surgical field, and allows improved degree of rotation and manipulation of the surgical instruments. Several procedures such as prostatectomy and cholecystectomy can now be performed with this method.