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(d) AKTIEBOLAGET VOLVO OF SWEDEN V. VOLVO STEELS LTD. OF GUJARAT (INDIA) [1998 PTC (18) 47 (BOM)]. Paragraph No.65 reads as under:

"65. The most important material on which Shri Tulzapurkar led emphasis was publication entitled 'Brands' which is an international review by Interbrand which was first published in 1990 and reprinted in 1991. It is stated on the cover note that the concept of the brand started to grow in importance about a century ago. Indeed, many of today's greatest brands, among them Kodak and Coco- Cola, date form this period and branding is now of central importance to producers to differentiate their products or services around the world. Brands are, for many companies, the engines of growth and profitability and by far their most valuable assets. The book is about the growth and development of the world's most successful brands, how they started, and where they are today. The book describes, on a brand by brand basis, what makes each brand powerful and how each brand is differentiated from others. The scope of the book is international including brands which have power worldwide like Kellog's and brand which operate mainly on a local basis like Snow Brand in Japan and Vegemite in Australia. It is expressly stated that only the world's leading brands have been represented here. They have been selected by Interbrand Group plc., the world's leading branding consultancy. Its selection of leading brands has been culled from an initial working list of over 500 brands which incorporate those key characteristics that, in the view of Interbrand,

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constitute brand strength. These factors include leadership, stability, trend and support, as well as the markets in which the brand operates. Interbrand's selection focuses on brands with strong and distinctive brand personalities and favours free-standing product brands rather than more generalised corporate brands. A reference to 'Volvo' is found on page 101 of the book and this is what is written about Volvo :

"Volvo was founded in Sweden in the 1920s and the Volvo Group now has a worldwide turnover of some F10 billion. The word 'Volvo' means in Latin, 'I roll' and this distinctive trade mark was originally given to the fledgling car company by SKF, the Swedish bearing manufacturer, who had registered the name some years before but no longer needed it. Volvo reserves the brand name exclusively for its automotive products and has resolutely refused to allow third party licensing even for gift and novelty items as it is concerned that any dilution or misuse of the name may fundamentally damage its most valuable asset. In the luxury passenger cars sector of the automotive market, Volvo has a highly distinctive brand positioning with particular qualities of fine engineering, reliability, family values and care for the environment, all in a relatively wholesome Scandinavian context.