facto officers cannot be collaterally impeached but collateral proceedings have in this context a particularly wide meaning; every proceeding which does not seek to remove ... validity of a de facto office can be questioned in a collateral proceeding.
This principle was applied in Bhaskara Pillai v. State of Travancore-Cochin
party to contend in another suit or in a collateral proceeding that a decree passed against him is void merely on the ground of illegality ... basis of such fraud can be challenged in a collateral proceeding or a suit can be instituted to declare such decree as void, (vide Logdapatti
cover an appeal from an order which is passed in a collateral proceeding or which has no direct or immediate connection with the decree under ... appeal from a decree or order which is passed in a collateral proceeding or is filed from any interlocutory order made in the suit
questioned because of the want of valid appointment, in a collateral proceeding. His title may be challenged only in a proceeding for a writ ... direct proceedings to challenge his title. Any other proceeding is a collateral proceeding. Accordingly, his title cannot be challenged in a proceeding before
were allowed to stand as against him, may show, in a collateral proceeding that it was procured through the fraudulent contrivance of the debtor
become final and is not being questioned in a collateral proceeding, but is impugned directly in an appeal.
50. Some other High Courts also have
General is of no consequence and can be simply ignored. Such a collateral attack is not permissible. What is more, as a result ... final and the finding recorded therein cannot be attacked in a collateral proceeding.
30. It is also not necessary for us to express our considered
appointment of a de facto Judge may be questioned directly in a proceeding to which he may be a party but it cannot be permitted ... that Shri Gupta's appointment cannot be challenged in a collateral proceeding filed in the High Court for challenging the award. Reliance is placed
accordance with the rules, the same cannot be challenged in a collateral proceeding or by way of a civil suit as Jurisdiction of civil Court
because he had committed himself to a particular view in a collateral proceeding which arose under the Payment of Wages Act . This contention is found
