20. A Division Bench of the Kerala High Court in Lillykutty v. Lawrance 2003 (2) DCR 610 relying on earlier judgment of the Division Bench in Gangadhar explained the law thus:
Para 20 : "A collective reading of the above provisions shows that even under the
scheme of the NI Act it is possible for the drawer of a cheque to give a blank cheque signed
by him to the payee and consent either impliedly or expressly to the said cheque being filled
up at a subsequent point in time and presented for payment by the drawee. There is no
provision in the NI Act which either defines the difference in the handwriting or the ink
pertaining to the material particulars filled up in comparison with the signature thereon as
constituting a 'material alteration' for the purposes of Section 87 NI Act. What however is
essential is that the cheque must have been signed by the drawer. If the signature is altered or
does not tally with the normal signature of the maker, that would be a material alteration.
Therefore as long as the cheque has been signed by the drawer, the fact that the ink in which
the name and figures are written or the date is filled up is different from the ink of the
signature is not a material alteration for the purposes of Section 87 NI Act."
Para 21 : "The position in law has been explained in the judgment of the Division Bench
of the Kerala High Court in Lillykutty v. Lawrance 2003 (2) DCR 610 in the following
words:
4. Learned counsel for the complainant contended that the
lower appellate court misread and misappreciated the evidence and
applied wrong principles of law to enter an order of acquittal in favour
of the accused, reversing the conviction founded against him by the
trial magistrate. The accused had admitted of the execution of the
cheque though he had denied the execution of the promissory notes
when the loan amounts were collected, submits the counsel. The
accused had also admitted, according to the learned counsel, the
receipt of money from the complainant, but setting up a different
version over the transaction. When that be the case, the lower
appellate court was not justified, according to the learned counsel, in
interfering with the conviction imposed against the accused by the
trial magistrate for the solitary reason that the handwritings in Ext.P1
cheque as to the entries made therein differ from the signature
subscribed which was admitted by the accused. The defence
canvassed by the accused built upon the different handwritings seen
Crl.A.No.183/02 - 4 -
in filling up of Ext.P1 cheque is not worthy of any merit in the given
facts of the case, contends the counsel placing reliance on Lillykutty
v. Lawrance (2003(3) KLT 721) wherein it has been held that where
the handwriting of the payee's name and the amount shown in the
cheque differ from the handwriting of the drawer of the cheque it is
not a ground to hold that it was not validly issued or the cheque was
not duly executed. Learned counsel contended that when receipt of
money and handing over of a signed cheque to the complainant is
admitted by the accused, the burden was on the accused to show
that it was handed over in blank form and there was no due
execution of the instrument. The accused having not let in any
positive evidence in support of that defence, it deserved only to be
discarded as meritless, submits the counsel. Learned counsel,
therefore, urged for setting aside the order of acquittal rendered in
favour of the accused by the learned Sessions Judge and restoring
the conviction passed against the accused by the learned trial
magistrate by allowing this appeal. On the other hand, learned
counsel for the accused supporting the impugned judgment of the
learned Sessions Judge contended there there is no merit in the
appeal and the materials produced in the case have unerringly
established that the complainant had launched prosecution against
Crl.A.No.183/02 - 5 -
the accused forging various instruments even making false entries in
Ext.P1 cheque which had been obtained from the accused in blank
form with the signature alone. The accused had denied the execution
of the cheque and in the given facts of the case without proving due
execution of the instrument which the complainant has miserably
failed, no conviction against the accused is permissible, submits the
counsel. Previous notice issued by the complainant demanding the
sum covered by the promissory notes without referring to Ext.P1
cheque is also highlighted by the learned counsel to contend that the
defence version is more probable and the case of the complainant is
unworthy of acceptance. The appeal filed by the accused impeaching
the correctness of the order of acquittal passed by the lower appellate
court, according to the learned counsel for the accused, lacks merit,
and it is liable to be dismissed.
It was further stated that Kunhimanu
mentioned above is a close relative of PW1 and so
Kunhimanu has handed-over the cheque leaf to PW1 to file
this complaint. It is true that according to the accused, he
was still liable to pay Rs.5,000/- to Kunhimanu mentioned
above. But that will not in any way come to the rescue of
the complainant to prove his case. The argument advanced
Crl.Appeal No. 1387 OF 2004 5
by the learned counsel for the complainant that simply
because payee's name and the amount shown in the cheque
is not in the hand writing of the drawer of the cheque that is
no reason to hold that it was not validly issued or that the
cheque was not executed at all, for which he has relied upon
the decision in Lillykutty V. Lawrance 2003 (3) KLT 721.
Here, the oral evidence given by PW1 itself is found to be
not fully true. His case based on the alleged receipt of the
cheque leaf stands negated by the evidence given by DW.1,
the accused. The circumstances projected by the defence is
equally probable, if not more. The evidence adduced by the
complainant and the accused is equally poised. The mere
handing over of the signed blank cheque leaf will not rouse
any presumption that it was executed as mandated by law.
If only there is evidence of due execution of the cheque, the
presumption u/s 139 of the Act can be drawn. That stage
has not reached in this case.
17. Thus, any drawee who hands over a partially filled negotiable
instrument to another person, does so, with implied authority to that person to
complete the details that are left blank by the drawee. If such drawee claims
that such person had no authority to complete the instrument or that
instrument was completed contrary to his instructions or without his consent,
the burden is upon such drawee to prove lack of consent. On this aspect It
was observed by The Hon'ble High Court of Kerala in LillyKutty v.
Lawrance 2003 (2) DCR 610
"The mere fact that the payee's name and the amount shown
are not in the handwriting of the drawer does not invalidate
the cheque. No law provides in the case of cheques the entire
body has to be written by the drawer only. What is material is
the signature of the drawer and not the body of the
instrument. Therefore when the drawer has issued the
cheque whether the entire body was written by the drawer
written beyond the instructions of the drawer, whether the
amount is due or not, those and such matters are defenses
which drawer has to raise and prove it. Therefore the mere
fact that the payee's name and the amount shown in the
cheque are in different handwriting is not a reason for not
honouring the cheque by the Bank. Banks would normally see
whether the instrument is that of the drawer and the cheque
has been signed by the drawer himself. The burden is
therefore entirely on the drawer of the cheque to
establish that the date, amount and the payee's name are
written by somebody else without the knowledge and
consent of the drawer."
On this aspect It
was observed by The Hon'ble High Court of Kerala in LillyKutty v.
Lawrance 2003 (2) DCR 610
"The mere fact that the payee's name and the amount shown
are not in the handwriting of the drawer does not invalidate
the cheque. No law provides in the case of cheques the entire
body has to be written by the drawer only. What is material is
the signature of the drawer and not the body of the
instrument. Therefore when the drawer has issued the
cheque whether the entire body was written by the drawer
written beyond the instructions of the drawer, whether the
amount is due or not, those and such matters are defenses
which drawer has to raise and prove it. Therefore the mere
fact that the payee's name and the amount shown in the
cheque are in different handwriting is not a reason for not
honouring the cheque by the Bank. Banks would normally see
whether the instrument is that of the drawer and the cheque
has been signed by the drawer himself. The burden is
therefore entirely on the drawer of the cheque to
establish that the date, amount and the payee's name are
written by somebody else without the knowledge and
consent of the drawer."
15. Moreover, in view of the fact that it has never been the
case of the complainant that the cheque was given in blank by the
accused and particulars were filled in by the complainant and in
CC No:481/10 dated 02.08.2011
M/s Citi Financial Consumer Finance India Ltd V. Adarsh Kumar 24 of 27
view of the aforesaid discussions to the effect that the accused
has failed to establish the liability of the accused as on the date of
presentation of the cheque beyond reasonable doubts, the
observations made in judgments in Ravi Chopra (Supra),
Lillykutty (Supra), Madhukar V. Desai (Supra), Satish J. Shah
(Supra) and ICDS Ltd. (Supra) do not help the complainant.
Para 20 : "A collective reading of the above provisions shows that even under the
scheme of the NI Act it is possible for the drawer of a cheque to give a blank cheque
signed by him to the payee and consent either impliedly or expressly to the said cheque
being filled up at a subsequent point in time and presented for payment by the drawee.
There is no provision in the NI Act which either defines the difference in the handwriting or
the ink pertaining to the material particulars filled up in comparison with the signature
thereon as constituting a 'material alteration' for the purposes of Section 87 NI Act. What
however is essential is that the cheque must have been signed by the drawer. If the signature
is altered or does not tally with the normal signature of the maker, that would be a material
alteration. Therefore as long as the cheque has been signed by the drawer, the fact that the
ink in which the name and figures are written or the date is filled up is different from the ink
of the signature is not a material alteration for the purposes of Section 87 NI Act."
Para 21 : "The position in law has been explained in the judgment of the Division
Bench of the Kerala High Court in Lillykutty v. Lawrance 2003 (2) DCR 610 in the
following words:
A Division Bench of the Kerala High Court in
Lillykutty v. Lawrance 2003 (2) DCR 610 relying on
earlier judgment of the Division Bench in Gangadhar
explained the law thus:
Para 20 : "A collective reading of the above provisions shows that even under the
scheme of the NI Act it is possible for the drawer of a cheque to give a blank cheque
signed by him to the payee and consent either impliedly or expressly to the said cheque
being filled up at a subsequent point in time and presented for payment by the drawee.
There is no provision in the NI Act which either defines the difference in the handwriting or
the ink pertaining to the material particulars filled up in comparison with the signature
thereon as constituting a 'material alteration' for the purposes of Section 87 NI Act. What
however is essential is that the cheque must have been signed by the drawer. If the signature
is altered or does not tally with the normal signature of the maker, that would be a material
alteration. Therefore as long as the cheque has been signed by the drawer, the fact that the
ink in which the name and figures are written or the date is filled up is different from the ink
of the signature is not a material alteration for the purposes of Section 87 NI Act."
Para 21 : "The position in law has been explained in the judgment of the Division
Bench of the Kerala High Court in Lillykutty v. Lawrance 2003 (2) DCR 610 in the
following words: