State Of Bihar & Ors vs Kalyanpur Cements Ltd on 8 January, 2010
In DCM Ltd. vs. Union of India (1996) 5 SCC 468, this
Court reiterated that "It is well settled that the doctrine of
promissory estoppel represents a principle evolved by equity to
avoid injustice and, though commonly named promissory
estoppel, it is neither in the realm of contract nor in the realm of
38
estoppel. The basis of this doctrine is the inter-position of
equity which has always proved to its form, stepped in to
mitigate the rigour of strict law. It is equally true that the
doctrine of promissory estoppel is not limited in its application
only to defence but it can also find a cause of action. This
doctrine is applicable against the Government in the exercise of
its governmental public or executive functions and the doctrine
of executive necessity or freedom of future executive action,
cannot be invoked to defeat the applicability of this doctrine. It
is further well established that the doctrine of promissory
estoppel must yield when the equity so requires. If it can be
shown by the Government or public authority that having
regard to the facts as they have transpired, it would be
unequitable to hold the Government or public authority to the
promise or representation made by it, the court would not raise
an equity in favour of the person to whom the promise or
representation is made and enforce the promise or
representation against the Government or public authority. The
doctrine of promissory estoppel would be displaced in such a
case because on the facts, equity would not require that the
39
Government or public authority should be held bound by the
promise or representation made by it."