It may be noted here that this Court indicated that the
circumstances concerned “must or should” and not “may
be” established. There is not only a grammatical but a
legal distinction between “may be proved” and “must be
or should be proved” as was held by this Court in Shivaji
Sahabrao Bobade v. State of Maharashtra (1973) 2 SCC
793 where the observations were made : [SCC para 19,
p. 807 : SCC (Cri) p. 1047]
“19. …..Certainly, it is a primary principle that
the accused must be and not merely may be
guilty before a court can convict and the
mental distance between ‘may be’ and ‘must
be’ is long and divides vague conjectures from
sure conclusions.”
(2) the facts so established should be
consistent only with the hypothesis of the guilt
of the accused, that is to say, they should not
be explainable on any other hypothesis
except that the accused is guilty,
(3) the circumstances should be of a
conclusive nature and tendency,
(4) they should exclude every possible
hypothesis except the one to be proved, and
(5) there must be a chain of evidence so
complete as not to leave any reasonable
ground for the conclusion consistent with the
innocence of the accused and must show that
in all human probability the act must have
been done by the accused.
In Kali Ram v. State of Himachal
Pradesh (1973) 2 SCC 808, this Court made the following
observations : [SCC para 25, p. 820 : SCC (Cri) p. 1060]
“Another golden thread which runs through
the web of the administration of justice in
criminal cases, is that if two views are
possible on the evidence adduced in the
case, one pointing to the guilt of the accused
and the other to his innocence, the view which
is favourable to the accused should be
adopted. This principle has a special
relevance in cases wherein the guilt of the
accused is sought to be established by
circumstantial evidence.””