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Chaman Lal vs The State Of Punjab on 6 March, 1970

In Chaman Lal v. State of Punjab, AIR 1970 SC 1372, Supreme Court holds [15]. In order to come within the First Excep3on to Sec3on 499 of the Indian Penal Code it has to be established that what has been imputed concerning the respondent is true and the publica3on of the imputa3on is for the public good. The onus of proving these two ingredients, namely, truth of the imputa3on and the publica3on of the imputa3on for the public good is on the appellant. ...
Supreme Court of India Cites 3 - Cited by 80 - A N Ray - Full Document

Harbhajan Singh vs State Of Punjab on 2 March, 1965

In Harbhajan Singh v. State of Punjab, AIR 1966 SC 97, a three-member bench of Supreme Court holds, [14]. It is true that under Sec3on 105 of the Evidence Act, if an accused person claims the benefit of Excep3ons, the burden of proving his plea that his case falls under the Excep3ons is on the accused. But the ques3on which oJen arises and has been frequently considered by judicial decisions is whether the nature and extent of the onus of proof placed on an accused person who claims the benefit of an Excep3on is exactly the same as the nature and extent of the onus placed on the prosecu3on in a criminal case; and there is consensus of judicial opinion in favour of the view that where the burden of an issue lies upon the accused, he is not required to discharge that burden by leading evidence to prove his case beyond a reasonable doubt. That, no doubt, is the test prescribed while deciding whether the prosecu3on has discharged its onus to prove the guilt of the accused; but that is not a test which can be applied to an accused person who seeks to prove substan3ally his claim that his case falls under an Excep3on. Where an accused person is called upon to prove that his case falls under an Excep3on, law treats the onus as discharged if the accused person succeeds "in proving a preponderance of probability". As soon as the preponderance of probability is proved, the burden shiJs to the prosecu3on which has s3ll to discharge its original onus. It must be remembered that basically, the original onus never shiJs and the prosecu3on has, at all stages of the case, to prove the guilt of the accused beyond a reasonable doubt. As Phipson has observed, when the burden of an issue is upon the accused, he is not, in general, called on to prove it beyond a reasonable doubt or in default to incur a verdict of guilty; it is sufficient if he succeeds in proving a preponderance of probability, for then the burden is shiJed to the prosecu3on which has s3ll to discharge its original onus that never shiJs, i.e,, that of establishing, on the whole case, guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
Supreme Court of India Cites 16 - Cited by 181 - P B Gajendragadkar - Full Document
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