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course has never been taken by a judge before ." 15. Professor Wigmore in his Treaise not he Anglo- American System of Evidence , Volume ... principle and down by edmund burke. 16. At page 268 Professor Wigmore concludes his discussion b stating "that a trial judge

oath as a security for ensuring the trustworthiness of testimony. Wigmore' after observing that the theory of oath in mo%e_rn common ... Gill v. Caldwell (I822), I Illinois 53, referred to by Wigmore, Evidence (1923), page 86:, para. I813

principle 'nemo debet prodere ipsum', the privilege against self-incrimination. Wigmore regarded the principle of silence as having crept into the common ... criminal procedure in the middle ages. Both Levy and Maguire agree with Wigmore that the right was extended later to witnesses in a criminal case