Supreme Court of India
Parameswaran Govindan vs Krishnan Bhaskaran And Ors on 6 February, 1992
Equivalent citations: 1992 AIR 1135, 1992 SCR (1) 582, AIR 1992 SUPREME COURT 1135, 1992 AIR SCW 1025, 1993 (1) SCC(SUPP) 572, (1992) 1 SCR 582 (SC), 1993 SCC (SUPP) 1 572, 1993 (2) ALL CJ 759, 1992 (1) SCR 582, (1992) 2 MAD LW 747, (1992) 2 JT 130 (SC), (1992) 1 KER LT 577, (1992) 2 SCJ 340
Author: K. Ramaswamy
Bench: K. Ramaswamy
PETITIONER:
PARAMESWARAN GOVINDAN
Vs.
RESPONDENT:
KRISHNAN BHASKARAN AND ORS.
DATE OF JUDGMENT06/02/1992
BENCH:
RAMASWAMY, K.
BENCH:
RAMASWAMY, K.
REDDY, K. JAYACHANDRA (J)
CITATION:
1992 AIR 1135 1992 SCR (1) 582
1993 SCC Supl. (1) 572 JT 1992 (2) 130
1992 SCALE (1)316
ACT:
Kerala Land Reforms Act, 1963-Section 132 (2)-Reopening
of a decree-Conditions-Redemption of mortgage decree-
Reopening-Legality of.
Kerala Land Reforms Act, 1963-Section 2 (57)-`Tenant-
Construction-Ingredients-`Mortgage' u/ss. 60, 76 (h), 83.
Transfer of Property Act, whether tenant-Payment of decretal
amount (inclusive mortgage amount) prior to coming into
force of the Amending Act 35 of 1969-Effect.
Kerala Compensation for Tenants Improvement Act, 1958-
Sections 4, 5 read with section 60, Transfer of Property
Act-Decree of eviction of tenant-Whether preserved-
Possession u/s 60, T.P. Act on redemption of mortgage
whether affected.
Kerala Compensation for Tenants Improvements Act, 1958-
Object of.
Kerala Land Reforms Act, 1963-Section 4-A read with
Section 4, Kerala Compensation for Tenants Improvements Act,
1958-Distinction-Non-completion of 50 years continuous
possession on the date when the Amending Act 35 of 1969 came
into force-Effect.
Kerala Land Reforms Act, 1963-Sections 13, 54(2)-
Vesting of lands in the State-Whether land held by
mortgagees vests.
HEADNOTE:
The appellant was a mortgagor and the respondent No. 1
defendant No. 4 was one of the mortgagees. The suit for
redemption of mortgage filed by the appellant was decreed
providing for payment of Rs. 500, and Rs. 943/9.2 towards
improvements as a condition for redemption.
The appellant court in appeal enhanced the sum for
improvements by Rs. 256/8.4.
583
When appellate filed an execution application, the
respondent filed another application under the Kerala
Compensation for Tenants Improvements Act, 1958 claiming a
further sum for improvements.
When it was pending, the appellant deposited the
decretal amount including the enhanced sum decreed by the
appellate court.
The respondent's application was allowed and appellant
was directed to pay a total amount of Rs. 4,149.66 paise
inclusive of decretal amount.
Thereafter, the respondents filed another application
to reopen the decree u/s. 132 (3) of the Kerala Land Reforms
Act, 1963 contending that he was a tenant u/s. 4A of the
Act, having been continuously in possession for over 50
years and that, therefore, the decree of eviction cannot be
executed against the respondent.
The executing court dismissed it, but on revision, the
High Court declared that the respondent was a `deemed
tenant' u/s. 4A of the Kerala Land Reforms Act, against
which this appeal was filed.
The respondent No. 1 contended that he was a tenant
u/s. 2 (57) of the Kerala Land Reforms Act and that u/s. 72
of the Act the appellant no longer was the holder of the
land and the land stood vested in the State.
Allowing the appeal of the mortgagor and dismissing the
C.R.P., this Court,
HELD : 1.01. If there is a decree passed in one of the
four Acts enumerated in sub-s. 2 of s. 132 and the decree
remained unexecuted and pursuant to which possession was not
effected, then on the commencement of the Kerala Land
Reforms Act a tenant or landlord may make an application
upon which the decree would be reopened and be disposed of
in accordance with the provisions of Act. [588B]
1.02. The decree in question is only a redemption
decree pursuant to which the mortgagor is entitled to
possession, on redemption of mortgage, under s.60 of T.P.
Act. Therefore, the very application to reopen the decree
itself is misconceived, without jurisdiction and authority
of law.
[588B-C]
584
2.01. Section 2(57) of the Act, defined `tenant' means
any person who has paid or has agreed to pay rent or other
consideration for his being allowed to possess and enjoy any
land by a person entitled to lease that land. There should
exist jural relationship of landlord and tenant and pursuant
to a lease for consideration possession was given and the
lease remained in possession enjoying the land on payment of
rent or other consideration. [588D-E]
2.02. The mortgagee in possession of the hypothica for a
continuous period of not less than 50 years `immediately
preceding' the commencement of the Amending Act 35 of 1969
is deemed to be a tenant under the Act. [589B]
2.03. The main part of s.2(57) does not apply to a
mortgagor and mortgagee and the mortgagee cannot be treated
to be a tenant. [588E]
2.04. By Amending Act 35 of 1969, s. 4A was introduced
on the statute. It is prospective in operation. [588E-F]
2.05. The respondents had not had continuous minimum of
50 years possession immediately preceding Act 35/69 came
into force. The mortgage amount of Rs. 500 together with
the improvements determined in the appeal were deposited on
June 21, 1961. A conjoint reading of s.60, s. 76(h) read
with s. 83 of Transfer of Property Act would amplify that on
deposit of the mortgage amount the contractual relationship
of mortgagor and mortgagee ceases. [589B-D]
Prithi Nath Singh & Ors. v. Suraj Ahir & Ors., [1963]
3 SCR 302, referred to.
3.01. A conjoint reading of ss. 4 and 5 of the Kerala
Compensation for Tenants Improvements Act, 1958 postulates
that a decree of eviction passed against tenant, namely
recovery of possession of land from the tenant, cannot be
enforced until the compensation determined under the
Improvements Act is paid. Until such payment of
Compensation for improvements made by him or his
predecessors in interest, etc., is made, the tenant shall be
entitled to remain in possession and the decree of eviction
shall not be executed. [591A-B]
3.02. Payment is a condition precedent u/s. 4 and s. 5
provides the procedure by which the right secured under the
Act is to be enforced. The
585
right to compensation given under s. 4 is a right to the
improvements made by a tenant while in possession and
enjoyment of the land before decree of enjectment was passed
against him. [591C]
3.03. The right to compensation springs into existence
from his continuance in possession as a tenant before decree
of eviction was passed and until the compensation is paid he
is entitled to remain in possession. For the purpose of
improvements, the mortgagee has been treated by fiction of
law to be a tenant. [591D]
3.04. Section 4(2) preserves the pre-existing contract;
the right and liabilities thereunder. The right to
possession under s. 60 of the transfer of Property Act, on
redemption kept uneffected. [591E]
4.01. The object of the Improvements Act is "to make
provision for payment of compensation for improvement made
by tenants". [591D-E]
4.02. The Improvements Act only hedges the right to
eviction and gives right to remain as a mortgagee till the
payment for improvements are made or deposited so that the
mortgagee/tenant is not driven to a separate suit. [591F]
5.01. The assumption of the High Court that
respondents' possession under the Improvements Act as a
statutory mortgage and that he was in possession on the date
s. 4A of the Act came into force and that, he is entitled to
the protection from rejectment and the decree is liable to
be reopened under s. 132(3) of the Kerala Land Reforms Act
is clearly wrong.
[592C-D]
5.02. Merely the respondents remained in possession as
mortgagee, they cannot acquire the status as deemed `tenant'
under s. 4A tagging the period from June 21, 1961 till date
the Amending Act came into force and thereafter to compute
continuous possession as mortgagee for not less than 50
years immediately preceding Amendment Act 35 of 1969 to the
Act.
[592A-B]
5.03. The entitlement to remain in possession as a
condition for payment is different from the entitlement as a
statutory tenancy under s. 4A of the Kerala Land Reforms
Act. There is no non-obstenti clause in s.4 of the
Improvements Act, unlike s.4A of the Kerala Land Reforms
Act, which engrafts non-obstenti clause. The later is of
little assistance to the respon-
586
dent, as he did not complete 50 years of continuous
possession on the date when the Amending Act 35 of 1969 came
into force. The High Court is in error in holding that the
respondent is a deemed tenant under s. 4A.
[592D-E]
6. The landholder's all rights, title and interest in
respect of holdings held by cultivating tenant for fixity of
tenure under s.13 and in respect of which certificates of
purchase under s.54(2) have not been issued, shall subject
to the provisions of the Act, vest in the Govt., free from
all encumbrance created by the land owners etc. Therefore,
it pertains to only lands held by tenants cultivating land
under fixity of tenure under s. 13. The respondent is not a
cultivating tenant under fixity of tenure. Therefore, the
land does not vest in the Government. [592F-G]
Raghavan v. Velayudhan, 1984 K. L. T. 713, over-ruled.
JUDGMENT:
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 2354 of 1979.
From the Judgment and Order dated 17.11.1977 of the Kerala High Court in C.R.P. No. 2341 of 1977 N. Sudhakaran for the Appellant.
M.A. Firoz for the Respondents.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by K. RAMASWAMY, J. This appeal by special leave arises against the order dated November 17, 1977 made in C.R.P. No. 2341 of 1977 of the Kerala High Court which granted the decree that the respondent is a tenant under s. 4A of the Kerala Land Reforms Act, 1963 (1 of 1964), for short `the Act' and is not liable to ejectment pursuant to the decree in O.S. No. 6/64 on the file of the Munsif Magistrate, Attingal. The facts relevant are as under :
The appellant is the mortgagor. The respondent is one of the mortgagees/4th defendant. The appellant's suit for redemption of the mortgage was decreed on December 23, 1965. The decree provides payment of Rs. 500, and Rs. 943/9.2 towards improvements as a condition for redemption. On appeal, the appellate court enhanced the improvements 587 by Rs. 256/8.4. In the execution application filed by the appellant the respondent filed another application under the Kerala Compensation for Tenants Improvements Act, 1958 (Act 29 of 1958), for short `the improvements Act' claiming a further sum for improvements. Pending application, the appellant deposited on June 21, 1961 the decretal amount including the sum decreed by the appellate court. Under the Improvements Act, in 1975 the respondents' application was allowed and total amount of Rs. 4,149.66 paise inclusive of decretal amount was directed to be paid, which became final.
Then the respondents filed yet another I.A. No. 2340/75 to reopen the decree under s.132 (3) of the Act, Contending that he is a tenant under s. 4A of the Act, having been continuously in possession for over 50 years and that, therefore, the decree of eviction cannot be executed against the respondents. The executing court dismissed it, but on revision, the High Court declared that the respondent is a `deemed tenant' under s. 4A. Assailing the legality thereof this appeal has been filed.
Section 132 is a repealing and saving section under the Act and sub-section 3(a) postulates thus:
`Notwithstanding the repeal of the enactments mentioned in sub-section (2).
(a) Any decree passed before the commencement of this Act for the eviction of a tenant from his holding, pursuant to which eviction has not been affected, may, on the application of the tenant or the landlord, be reopened and the matter may be disposed of in accordance with the provisions of this Act.
The other sub-sections are not relevant. Hence omitted. Sub-section 2 thereto provides that:
"The following enactments as in force in any part of the State of Kerala are hereby repealed, namely:-
(i) The Cochin Verumpattamdars Act, VII of 1113.
(ii) The Travancore-Cochin Prevention of Eviction of Kudikidappukars Act, 1955.
(iii) The Malabar Tenancy Act, 1929.588
(iv) The Madras Cultivating Tenants (Payment of Fair Rent) Act, 1956.
A bare reading of both sub-sections would demonstrate that, if there is a decree passed in one of the four Acts enumerated in sub-s.2 of s.132 and the decree remained unexecuted and pursuant to which possession was not effected, then on the commencement of the Act a tenant or landlord may make an application upon which the decree would be reopened and be disposed of in accordance with the provisions of the Act. Undoubtedly decree in question is only a redemption decree pursuant to which the mortgagor is entitled to possession, on redemption of mortgage, under s. 60 of T.P. Act. Therefore, the very application to reopen the decree itself is misconceived, without jurisdiction and authority of law. But this question was not gone into by either of the courts. Therefore, we do not propose to allow the appeal on this short ground.
The controversy is whether the respondent is a tenant under the Act, Section 2 (57) of the Act defined `tenant' means any person who has paid or has agreed to pay rent or other consideration for his being allowed to possess and enjoy any land by a person entitled to lease that land. A reading would indicate that there should exist jural relationship of landlord and tenant and pursuant to a lease for consideration possession was given and the lease remained in possession enjoying the land on payment of rent or other consideration. Therefore, the main part of s. 2(57) does not apply to a mortgagor and mortgagee and the mortgagee cannot be treated to be a tenant. But by Amending Act 35 of 1969, s. 4A was introduced on the statute. Admittedly, it is prospective in operation. It reads thus:
"Certain mortgagees and lessees of mortgagees to be deemed tenants-
(1) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in any law or in any contract, custom or usage, or in any judgment, decree or order of court, a mortgagee with possession of land, other than land principally planted with rubber, coffee, tea or cardamom, or the lessee of a mortgagee of such land shall be deemed to be tenant if -
(a) The mortgagee or lessee was holding the land comprised in the mortgage for a continuous period of not less than fifty 589 years immediately preceding the commencement of Kerala Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1969; or Other clauses are not necessary. Hence omitted. It would be manifest that the mortgagee in possession of the hypothica for a continuous period of not less than 50 years `immediately preceding' the commencement of the Amending Act 35 of 1969 is deemed to be a tenant under the Act.
Admittedly the respondents had not had continuous minimum of 50 years possession immediately preceding Act 35/69 came into force. The mortgage amount of Rs. 500 together with the improvements determined in the said appeal were admittedly deposited on June 21, 1961. A conjoint reading of s.60, s. 76 (h) read with s.83 of Transfer of Property Act would amplify that on deposit of the mortgage amount, the contractual relationship of mortgagor and mortgagee ceases. This Court in Prithi Nath Singh & Ors. v. Suraj Ahir & Ors., [1963] 3 S.C.R. 302 held that when the mortgage money is paid by the mortgagor to the mortgagee, there does not remain any debt from the mortgagor to the mortgagee and, therefore, the mortgagee can no longer continue after the mortgage money is paid. Therefore, on the payment of mortgage money or deposit thereof in the court by the mortgagor, the mortgage comes to an end and the right of the mortgagee to remain in possession is also coterminous. Thereafter, the mortgagee continues in unlawful possession.
The Improvements Act defines `tenant' under s. 2(d) thus:
"tenant" with its grammatical variations and cognate expressions includes-
(i) a person who, as lessee, sub-lessee, mortgagee or in good faith believing himself to be lessee, sub-lessee, mortgagee, or sub-mortgagee of land, is in possession thereof;
Clauses (ii) and (iii) are not relevant. Hence omitted. Section 2 (a) defines eviction thus:
"eviction" means the recovery of possession of land from a tenant".
Section 4 reads thus:
4. Tenant "entitled to compensation" for improvements:590
(1) Every tenant shall, on eviction, be entitled to compensation for improvements which were made by him, his predecessor-in-interest or by any person not in occupation at the time of the eviction who derived title from either of them and for which compensation had not been paid; and every tenant to whom compensation is so due shall, notwithstanding the determination of the tenancy of the payment of the mortgage money or premium, if any, be entitled to remain in possession until eviction in execution of a decree or order of court :
Provided that nothing herein contained shall be construed as affecting the provisions of the Kerala Land Conservancy Act, 1957 :
Provided further that this section shall not apply to tenants holding lands under the Government. (2) A tenant so continuing in possession shall, during such continuance, hold as a tenant subject to the terms of his lease on mortgage, if any.
Section 5 grants payment of compensation as a condition precedent to enforce a decree of eviction which reads thus:
"5. Decree in eviction to be conditional on payment of compensation :-
(1) In a suit for eviction instituted against a tenant in which the plaintiff succeeds and the defendant establishes a claim for compensation due under section 4 for improvements, the court shall ascertain as provided in sections 7 to 16, the amount of the compensation and shall pass a decree declaring the amount so found due and ordering that on payment by the plaintiff into the court of the amount so found due and also the mortgage money or the premium, as the case may be, the defendant shall put the plaintiff into possession of the land with the improvements thereon."
Sub-sections 2 and 3 are not relevant and hence omitted. Sections 7 to 16 provides the mode to accretion improvements and 591 computation thereof, the details of which are not necessary:
A conjoint reading of ss. 4 and 5 clearly postulates that a decree of eviction passed against tenant namely recovery of possession of land from the tenant cannot be enforced until the compensation determined under the Improvements Act is paid. Section 4 gives substantive right to payment of compensation for improvements made by him or his predecessors in interest, etc. Until such payment is made, the tenant shall be entitled to remain in possession and the decree of eviction shall not be executed. Payment is a condition precedent under s. 4 and s. 5 provides the procedure by which the right secured under the Act is to be enforced. The right to compensation given under s. 4 is a right to the improvements made by a tenant while in possession and enjoyment of the land before decree of ejectment was passed against him. Section 4(1) begins by saying that every tenant shall, on eviction, is entitled to compensation for improvements which were made by him. Therefore, the right to compensation springs into existence from his continuance in possession as a tenant before decree of eviction was passed and until the compensation is paid he is entitled to remain in possession. For the purpose of improvements, the mortgagee has been treated by fiction of law to be a tenant. The object of the Improvements Act is "to make provision for payment of compensation for improvement made by tenants". Sub-section 2 of s.4 preserves the pre-existing contract: the right and liabilities thereunder. Thus it is clear that right to possession under s. 60 of the Transfer of Property Act, on redemption is kept uneffected.
The Improvements Act only hedges the right to eviction and gives right to remain as a mortgagee till the payment for improvements are made or deposited so that the mortgagee/tenant is not driven to a separate suit. Sections 7 to 16 prescribes procedure for computation and s. 5 prohibits eviction till date of payment or deposit. Thus, for and no further. His continuance in possession is by virtue of contractual relationship, but by operation of statue, his possession after redemption remain lawful. His deeming tenancy under the Improvements Act is only to enable him to recover the improvements determined under the improvements Act. It confers no other higher rights. It does not cloth with any right to statutory protection qua the mortgage. From June 21, 1961, but for the Improvements Act, his possession would be unlawful. Section 4A of the Act would 592 not denude the right to repossession of the mortgagor under s. 60 of the Transfer of Property Act without assent of the President of India. Therefore, merely because the respondents remained in possession as mortgagee, they cannot acquire the status as deemed tenant under s. 4A tagging the period from June 21, 1961 till the date the Amending Act came into force and thereafter to compute continuous possession as mortgagee for not less than 50 years immediately preceding Amendment Act 35 of 1969 to the Act.
Admittedly, the respondents did not complete 50 years of possession as a mortgagee preceding June 22, 1961. The High Court assumed that his possession under the Improvements Act as a statutory mortgagee and that he was in possession on the date s. 4A of the Act came into force and that, therefore, he is entitled to the protection from ejectment and the decree is liable to be reopened under s. 132(3) of the Act. In our considered view, the assumption of the High Court is clearly wrong. The entitlement to remain in possession as a condition for payment is different from the entitlement as of statutory tenancy under s. 4A of the Act. It is necessary to remember that there is no non- obstenti clause in s. 4 of the Improvements Act, unlike s.4A of the Act which engrafts non-obstenti clause. The later is of little assistance to the respondent, as he did not complete 50 years of continuous possession on the date when the Amending Act 35 of 1969 came into force. Thus we are of the considered view that the High Court is in error in holding that the respondent is a deemed tenant under s.4A.
It is next contended by the learned counsel for the respondents that under s. 72 of the Act the appellant no longer is the holder of the land and the land stood vested the state. The landholder's all rights, title and interest in respect of holdings held by cultivating tenant for fixity of tenure under s. 13 and in respect of which certificates of purchase under s. 54 (2) have not been issued, shall, subject to the provisions of the Act, vest in the Govt., free from all encumbrance created by the land owners etc. Therefore, it pertains to only lands held by tenants cultivating land under fixity of tenure under s.13. The respondent is not a cultivating tenant under fixity of tenure. Therefore, the land does not vest in the Government.
The learned counsel also invited our attention to a decision of the 593 Kerala High Court in Raghavan v. Velayudhan, 1984 K.L.T.
713. In that case also the Division Bench proceeded on the same premise as in the impugned order. Practically they followed this judgment. Therefore, for the same reasons, the ratio therein is not a good law.
The appeal is accordingly allowed. The C.R.P. is dismissed and that the order of the executing court is restored. No Costs.
V.P.R. Appeal allowed.
594