Delhi District Court
M/S Klj Resources Limited vs Oriental Insurance Co Ltd on 30 July, 2025
IN THE COURT OF Sh. RAJESH KUMAR GOEL
District Judge (Commercial Court) -02,
Central, Tis Hazari
DLCT010067812023
CS (COMM.) No. 825/2023
CNR No.DLCT010067812023
M/S K.L.J Resources Limited
through its Director
At: 8A, Shivaji Marg,
Moti Nagar,
New Delhi, Delhi -110 015 ......Plaintiff
Versus
Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd
Through its Divisional Manager
A-25/27, Asaf Ali Road,
New Delhi - 110 002 ......Defendant
Date of filing of suit : 18.05.2023
Date of Argument : 23.07.2025
Date of Judgment : 30.07.2025
JUDGMENT
Prologue
1. There are thirteen connected cases pending before this Court wherein principally the parties are the same. In all the aforesaid cases, the main dispute Digitally signed between the parties is whether loss of quantity(s) in RAJESH by RAJESH KUMAR GOEL KUMAR Date:
2025.07.30 GOEL 17:10:42 +0530 KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 1 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023) question is/are covered under the Insurance policy(s) or not ? Further, in most of the cases, the evidence led by the parties, arguments and contentions are absolutely identical and similar. Rather in a few cases, even the cross examination of the witnesses appears to be photocopies. Further, reference to the provisions of law and judicial authorities is also the same, therefore, this judgment in a way, would be reproduction of the same judgment in all the thirteen cases after making few cosmetic changes regarding the insurance cover notes, insurance policies, details of consignment and surveyor reports etc.
2. Here it is pertinent to mention that in the present case the evidence of both the parties has been recorded by the Ld. Court Commissioner appointed by the Ld. Predecessor of this Court. From the records of these cases, it is evident that even those documents have been given exhibit mark which are either dim or absolutely dark and not legible. It was the duty of the Ld. Court Commissioner to ask the party concerned to provide the legible copies. During the Final arguments, Ld. Counsel for the plaintiff was asked to provide the legible copies of such documents, so that the same may be considered. This court is not happy with the way Ld. Court Commissioner has recorded KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 2 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023) the evidence. Be that as it may, this Court tried its best to consider the documents as relied upon by the parties for adjudicating the dispute effectively between them.
3. Vide this judgment, I shall dispose of the present suit for recovery of Rs 6,69,783/- (Rs Six Lakhs Sixty Nine thousand Seven Hundred and Eighty Three only) filed by the plaintiff company against the defendant company alleging that the defendant company has wrongfully rejected the insurance claim of the plaintiff company.
Factual Matrix
4. The brief facts of the case, as made out from the plaint are that the plaintiff is stated to be a company registered under the companies Act, 1956, and is engaged in the trading of Chemicals/Petrochemicals & allied items and also in import/export of various types of chemicals/petrochemicals; as a matter of business prudence, the plaintiff company would insure all its consignments to be imported against the various transit risk under 'All Risk Insurance Policy'.
5. It is the case of the plaintiff company that in order to protect its Chemicals/petrochemicals to be imported by the plaintiff company against any kind of loss or damage during transit, plaintiff company had KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 3 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023) obtained insurance cover from the defendant company, who is stated to be a leading insurance company of the country in public sector and also a Body incorporated and registered under the Companies Act,1956; defendant company issued cover note in respect of the consignment by providing cover for all kind of transit risks from Anywhere in the world to Anywhere in India via any Indian Port on shore tank to shore tank basis.
6. The details of the said cover note and insurance policy issued by the defendant company are as under:
Cover Note No. Policy No.
327300 272200/21/2014/1242
7. It is stated that the aforesaid cover note and insurance policy was issued by the defendant company in respect of the following consignment:
Invoice No. Dated Quantit Ship Name Delivery y Port 9000009270 8.03.2014 480.19 White Shark Kandla 5 MT
8. It is the further case of the plaintiff company that the plaintiff company received a short quantity of the consignment and has suffered loss. According to the plaintiff company, the unloading of the consignment was done under the supervision of the Insurance Surveyors; defendant company after KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 4 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023) obtaining the report of first surveyor, had deputed second surveyor for the same loss and had obtained another report; the surveyor in the report confirmed the loss due to short quantities received by the plaintiff company. The detail of the Surveyors report is as under:
Surveyor Dated 2nd Short Claim Claim Bill Short Report Surveyo Quantity Intimation Quantity Ref. No. r report Letter to Ins.
Ref. No. Co.
KDL/ 27.03.2014 - 3.785MT 01.05.2014 23.06.2014 3.785MT
04797/13
/AA
9. The plaintiff company is said to have lodged the claim for shortage of the said material to the Ship's agents also vide their letters and then to the defendant company in respect of the aforesaid loss.
10. It is stated that the defendant company did not settle the claim of the plaintiff company despite the reminders having been sent by the plaintiff company and instead rejected the claim of the plaintiff company on the ground that under the insurance policy, the defendant company has no liability as the same being beyond the scope of insurance policy taken by the plaintiff company.
11. According to the plaintiff company, the plaintiff company had taken the insurance policy " All Risk KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 5 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023) Policy" covering all kind of loss without any exception, therefore, the shortage of material would come within the scope of insurance policy and the defendant company is under statutory obligation to indemnify the plaintiff company to the extent of loss which has been suffered by the plaintiff company.
12. Another set of facts, as emanate from the plaint, is that after rejection of the claim by the defendant company, plaintiff company had approached District Consumer Dispute Redressal Forum, Central, Delhi ( hereinafter referred to as "District Forum"); the claim of the plaintiff company was returned by the District Forum as it was observed that it lacked pecuniary jurisdiction; plaintiff company then approached the National and State Commission seeking redressal and consequently the complaint was returned to the District Forum by the State Commission; the entire process of trial was repeated at the District Forum;
District Forum observed that the claim/complaint filed by the plaintiff company is not maintainable as it was the business to business transaction and is not covered under the Consumer Protection Act 1986; District Forum is said to have been apprised of by the plaintiff company that pursuant to the judgment of National Commission, the claim was maintainable but despite KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 6 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023) that the complaint of the plaintiff company was returned.
13. It is also stated that the claim/complaint of the plaintiff company was never dealt with by the District Forum on merits, therefore, the plaintiff company is entitled for the benefit under section 14 of the Limitation Act for which a separate application has been filed and the case of the plaintiff company falls within the prescribed period of limitation and is maintainable.
14. It is stated that since the claim of the plaintiff company was rejected wrongly by the defendant company, therefore the defendant company is liable to pay the interest @ 12% p.a from the date of repudiation i.e. 29.10.2014 till 30-04-2023 to the extent of Rs 3,38,342/-. According to the plaintiff company a total amount of Rs 6,69,783/- ( Rs 3,31,441/-/- as Principal + Rs 3,38,342/- as Interest) is due and outstanding against the defendant company.
15. In compliance of the provision of section 12A of the Commercial Courts Act, 2015, as amended to date, the plaintiff company filed a pre-litigation mediation application before the Delhi Legal Service Authority, Central District, Tis Hazari Courts, Delhi, (in short "DLSA") against the defendant company; the DLSA KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 7 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023) has released a non-starter report dated 11.04.2023.
16. Thereafter, Summons of the suit were issued to the defendant company. The defendant company made the appearance and has filed the written statement.
17. Since, there was a delay of a few days in filing the written statement, therefore, an application under order VIII rule 1 CPC was moved on behalf of the defendant company seeking condonation of delay, which was allowed vide order dated 03.08.2023 by the Ld. Predecessor of this Court and the written statement filed by the defendant company was taken on record.
18. In the written statement, the defendant company has taken certain preliminary objections to the effect that this court does not have territorial or pecuniary jurisdiction; the suit of the plaintiff company is barred by limitation as the loss was reported by the plaintiff company and came to be rejected by the defendant company on 29.10.2014, whereas the present suit was filed in the year 2023; the present suit is bad for non- joinder of necessary and proper party and is liable to be rejected as shipping agent should have been made a party etc. KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 8 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023)
19. On the merits, the defendant company has not denied that the plaintiff company had taken the insurance policy in question but the stand of the defendant company is that the claim of the plaintiff company is not payable as the alleged loss of quantity reported by the plaintiff company neither come within the scope of coverage under the insurance policy nor payable under the terms and conditions of the Marine Cargo Single Voyage (Sea) Policy-Institute Cargo Clauses (A). According to the defendant company, there was no evidence of any insured marine peril activated when the cargo was pumped from shore tank to ship tank at the time of loading and the ship tank to the shore tank at the time of discharge; defendant company has alleged that shortage was not due to any insured peril and hence the defendant company has no liability under the insurance policy, therefore the claim of the plaintiff company was rejected.
20. It is stated that the plaintiff company has wrongly claimed the loss of 9.110 MT under the invoice and has not produced any assessment report to substantiate the said loss.
21. It is the further stand of the defendant company that the Marine Cargo Policy makes it crystal clear KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 9 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023) that company insures against loss or damage or expenses subject to clauses, endorsements, conditions and warranties mentioned in the schedule and attached thereto which included Institute Cargo Clause-A. By referring to clause 4.2 of the Institute Cargo Clause A, it is stated that in no case shall this insurance cover for ordinary leakage, ordinary loss, weight or volume and ordinary wear and tear of the subject matter insured.
22. The defendant company has also referred to the report of the surveyor and it was stated that the cause of shortage is attributed to the transfer of goods from shore tank to the ship's tank at the port at the time of loading and discharge. It is also stated that the alleged shortage, as reported by the plaintiff company, is a normal phenomenon in transit of chemicals by ship and the actual shortage would be found to be an ordinary leakage or ordinary loss in weight or volume, which is as per the nature of the subject matter insured. Hence the present suit of the plaintiff company is liable to be rejected.
23. The defendant company has filed an affidavit of admission and denial of the documents along with the written statement.
KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 10 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023)
24. Thereafter, the plaintiff company filed the rejoinder to the written statement of the defendant company denying the allegations made by the defendant company and reiterated the facts as mentioned in the plaint. Along with the rejoinder , the plaintiff company has also filed the statement of admission and denial of documents.
25. After completion of pleadings, vide order dated 18.10.2023, following issues were framed by the Ld. Predecessor of this Court:-
1. Whether this court has no territorial jurisdiction as well as pecuniary jurisdiction to try the present suit as alleged by the defendant in the written statement ( Para 1-Preliminary Objections) ? (OPD)
2. Whether the present suit is not maintainable being barred by Limitation, as alleged by the defendant in the written statement ( Para 2-Preliminary Objections) ? (OPD)
3. Whether the suit is bad for non-joinder of necessary parties, as alleged by the defendant in the written statement ( Para 3- Preliminary Objections)? (OPD)
4. Whether the plaintiff is entitled to recovery of the principal amount, as asked for in plaint? (OPP)
5. In case if issue no.4 is decided in affirmative, whether the plaintiff is entitled for any interest, as asked for in the plaint? (OPP).
6. Relief
26. Vide order dated 29.11.2023, the Schedule of Second Case Management hearing was fixed by the KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 11 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023) Ld. Predecessor of this court and Ld. Court Commissioner was appointed to record the evidence of both the parties.
27. The Ld. Court Commissioner has already submitted his report to this court.
28. In support of its case, the plaintiff company has examined two witnesses i.e. PW1 Ashok Kumar Maharishi, an officer in the plaintiff company and PW2 Satish Kumar, ASO from District Forum. No other witness was examined by the plaintiff company and the plaintiff evidence was closed.
29. The defendant company has examined one Smt Renuka Chaudhary, Manager, as DW1, who has filed her evidence by way of affidavit. No other witness was examined by the defendant company and the defendant's evidence was closed.
30. PW1 Ashok Kumar Mahrishi has deposed on the lines of the averments made in the plaint in his evidence filed by way of affidavit Ex.PW1/A. He also relied upon the documents i.e Board Resolution dated 14.11.2022 ExPW1/1, Copy of Memorandum and Articles of Association ExPW1/2, Copy of Final Order dated 27.03.2017 of the Consumer Complaint, already placed on record with the Suit Ex PW1/3 (Colly), KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 12 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023) Copy of Order dated 24.07.17 NCDRC, Copy of order dt. 11.01.18, 12.01.18 of Consumer Commission, Copy of order dt. 15.11.18 of State Commission, copy of order dt. 18.12.18 of State Commission, copy of order dt. 05.04.19 of State Commission and Final order dt. 09.02.22 of Consumer Commission are already placed on record with the Suit Ex PW1/4(Colly), Copy of Complaint with supporting affidavit in Policy No. 272200/21/2014/1242 along with Board Resolution Filed By Plaintiff Co. before Consumer Forum, Central, Delhi, already placed on record with the Suit Ex PW1/5(Colly), Copy of Insurance Cover note no. 327300, already placed on record with the Suit Ex PW1/6, Copy of Insurance Policy 272200/21/2014/1242, already placed on record with the Suit Ex PW1/7 (Colly), Copy of Invoice No. 9000009270 Dated 08.03.2014, already placed on record with the Suit Ex PW1/8, Copy of Bill of Lading No. 8000008557 already placed on record with the Suit Ex PW1/9 , Surveyor Report from Intertek, No. ITSBU/H2007/2014-(B) Ex PW1/10 (Colly), Copy of warehouse bill of entry, Email dt. 01.05.2014 to defendant and Survey Report JB Boda, No. KDL/04797/13AA dated 27.03.2014, already placed on record with the Suit Ex PW1/11 (Colly), Copy of Letter dt 26.03.2014 sent by plaintiff to shipping agent KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 13 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023) is already placed on record with the Suit Ex PW1/12, copy of Letter dt 23.06.2014 along with claim form, claim bill sent by the plaintiff to defendant already placed on record with the Suit Ex PW1/13(Colly), Copy of Letter dt 21.07.2014 sent by the plaintiff to defendant already placed on record with the Suit Ex PW1/14, Copy of letter dt. 08.09.2014 received by the plaintiff from the defendant, already placed on record with the Suit Ex PW1/15, Copy of Letter dt 25.09.2014 sent by the plaintiff to defendant already placed on record with the Suit Ex PW1/16, Copy of Repudiation Letter dt.29.10.2014 received by the plaintiff from the defendant, already placed on record with the Suit Ex PW1/17, Copy of written statement filed by defendant before the Distt. Commission Ex PW1/18(Colly).
31. PW1 Ashok Kumar Maharshi was cross examined by the Ld. Counsel for the defendant company.
32. PW2 Satish Kumar is a summoned witness from District Forum, who produced the original case diary register from 16.05.2016 to 29.12.2016 having reference of CC No.339/2016 ExPW2/1.
33. PW2 Satish Kumar was not cross examined by the Ld. Counsel for the defendant company despite KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 14 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023) opportunity being given.
34. DW1 Renuka Chaudhary tendered her evidence by way of affidavit ExDW-1/A and has deposed on the lines of stand taken in the written statement filed by the defendant company. She has relied upon the documents i.e Power of attorney ExDW1/1 and the Institute Cargo Clauses (A) is ExDW1/2.
35. DW1 Renuka Chaudhary was cross examined on behalf of the plaintiff company.
36. Here, it is pertinent to mention that at the stage when evidence of the defendant company has already been recorded, the defendant company moved an application under order 16 Rule (1) (3) r/w section 151 CPC making a request to summon additional witnesses to be examined by the defendant company. Vide aforesaid application, the defendant company wanted to produce and prove "Institute Cargo Clauses (A) as applicable to Marine Cargo- Single Voyage (Sea) Policy".
37. The said application moved on behalf of the defendant company was allowed by this Court vide order dated 27.04.2024 subject to the cost whereby the defendant company was allowed to summon the concerned witness. Pursuant to the summons issued by the court, one Sh. R.Pardha Saradhi appeared on KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 15 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023) 06.5.2024, and he was examined as DW2 in another connected case bearing no. 763/2023. In that case, he proved the Institute Cargo Clauses (A) as applicable to Marine Cargo- Single Voyage (Sea) Policy as Ex DW2/A.
38. Both the parties made a request to place the copy of the said document ExDW2/A in each of the files, including the present case and it was stated that in that eventuality there would not be any need to examine the witness Sh. R. Pardha Saradhi as one of the defendant witnesses in each and every case. It was also stated on behalf of both the parties that they do not have any objection, if the said document ExDW2/A is read and considered into evidence while deciding the case at the time of final hearing.
39. Considering the request of both the parties and no objection from their side, the copy of Institute Cargo Clauses (A) as applicable to Marine Cargo- Single Voyage (Sea) Policy ExDW2/A, was directed to be placed in each of the cases pending between the parties including the present one and it was directed that same shall be read in evidence at the stage of final disposal of the cases. Accordingly, the present case reached the stage of final arguments.
KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 16 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023)
40. When the case was at the stage of final arguments, the plaintiff company moved an application under order 6 Rule 17 r/w section 151 CPC seeking certain amendments in the plaint. By way of the said application plaintiff company had made a request to amend para 7 and 9 of the plaint which basically is having the details of the consignments and surveyor reports. It was stated on behalf of the plaintiff company that there being 13 cases pending between the parties, therefore, inadvertently, there are typographical mistakes regarding the details of the consignments and surveyor reports which need to be corrected.
41. Ld. Counsel for the defendant company submitted that he has no objection if the aforesaid application of the plaintiff company is allowed with a rider that it should not be presumed that the documents relied upon by the plaintiff company stand proved as the defendant company has already taken objections regarding mode of proof of certain documents.
42. Vide order dated 20.7.2024, the aforesaid application was allowed/disposed of subject to certain conditions as mentioned therein. The defendant company was given the liberty to file the written statement and in case no amended written statement is KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 17 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023) filed, the original statement filed on behalf of the defendant company shall be considered and the case again came to be adjourned for final argument. Pertinent to mention that the defendant company has not filed any amended written statement, therefore, the written statement filed originally at the initial stage has been considered.
43. Ld. Counsels for both the parties have filed the written synopsis of arguments and have argued the matter orally as well at length. Their arguments shall be considered while giving the findings on the issues.
44. Ld. Counsel for the plaintiff company has relied upon the following judicial pronouncements:-
a) M.P Steel Corporation Vs Commissioner of Central Excise, (2015) 7 SCC 58
b) Saurashtra Chemicals Ltd vs National Insurance Company Ltd , (2019) 19 SCC 70.
c) Bharat Watch Company Vs NIC (2019) 6 SCC 212.
d) National Insurance Company Ltd Vs Mangalagowri Cashew Industries, II (2006) CPJ-32 (National Commission)
e) Bajaj Allianz GIC Ltd vs G P Petroleums Ltd. (State Commission Mumbai), Appeal No. A/16/2917
f) Texco Marketing Pvt Ltd vs Tata AIG Capital General Insurance Company Ltd and Ors, IX (2022) SLT 144
g) Narsingh Ispat Ltd Vs OIC Capital, 2022 SCC OnLine SC 535.
h) Mavji Kanji Jungi & Anrs vs Oriental Insurance Company Ltd. I (2021) CPJA 435 ( National Commission) KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 18 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023)
i) Mappie International Ltd Vs Oriental Insurance Co.
Ltd, (NCDRC, New Delhi ) CC N. 5 of 2015
j) Sri Venkaterswara Syndicate Vs. Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd II (2010) SLT 664
45. Ld. Counsel for the defendant company has relied upon the following judicial authorities:
a) House of Lords in case of British and Foreign Marine Insurance Co. Ltd Vs. Gaunt ( 1921) 2 AC 41 (HL)
b) New India Assurance Co. Ltd Vs Hira Lal Ramesh Chand and Ors, AIR 2008 SC 2620
c) Josita Antony vs New India Assurance Company Ltd, II (2006) ACC 713
d) J.M.F Sea Foods, Alleppey and Ors vs National Insurance Co. Ltd, Alleppey, AIR 1992 Ker 202.
e) Bajaj Allianz General Insurance Co. Ltd and Ors Vs The State of Madhya Pradesh , AIR 2020 SC 2237.
f) General Assurance Society Ltd vs Chandumull Jain and Anr. , 1966 (3) SCR 500
g) Consolidated Engineering Enterprises vs Principal Secretary, Irrigation Department and Ors ( 2008) 7 SCC 169.
h) Ghasi Ram & Ors Vs Chait Ram Saini & Ors (1998) 6 SCC 200.
i) Maidi Bhikashmiah & Anrs Vs. Venugopalrao & Ors, 1958 SCC OnLine AP 206.
j) Hassan Chand & Sons Vs H.H Majaraja Shri Gaj Singh, 1961 SCC OnLine Raj 125.
k) Sohan Singh Vs State of Rajasthan & Ors, 1977 WLN (UC) 96.
l) Bihar Supply Syndicate Vs Asiatic Navigation (1993) 2 SCC 639 KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 19 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023)
m) Oriental Insurance Company Ltd Vs Peacock Plywood (P) Ltd. 2004 SCC OnLine Cal 681.
46. I have gone through the material available on record and heard the Ld. Counsel for both the parties. I have also gone through the case laws cited at bar.
Issue No.1 Whether this Court has no Territorial Jurisdiction as well as Pecuniary Jurisdiction to try the present suit, as alleged by defendant in the written statement? (OPD)
47. During the arguments, on the query being raised by this court to the Ld. Counsel for the defendant regarding the issue of jurisdiction, Ld. Counsel for the defendant submitted that he is not pressing the said issue and the same may be disposed off accordingly.
48. Plaintiff company has filed the present suit for recovery of Rs 6,69,783/- (Rs Six Lakhs Sixty Nine Thousand Seven Hundred and Eighty Three only) against the defendant company, which is well within the pecuniary jurisdiction of this court. Further, the address of the defendant company, as per memo of parties is of Asaf Ali Road, New Delhi 110002, which falls within the jurisdiction of this court. There is no dispute that cause of action also arose within the jurisdiction of this court. Although, the Ld. Counsel for the defendant has not pressed this issue, however, even otherwise also, as discussed herein above, this KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 20 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023) court has the territorial and pecuniary jurisdiction to try and entertain the present suit. Hence, issue no.1 is answered accordingly.
Issue no.2 Whether the present suit is not maintainable being barred by Limitation, as alleged by the defendant in the written statement? (OPD)
49. In the written statement, one of the objections taken by the defendant company is that the suit filed by the plaintiff company is barred by limitation. Ld. Counsel for the defendant company submitted that it is not in dispute that the claim of the plaintiff company was rejected on 29.10.2014; the present suit was filed in the year 2023 which is beyond the period of limitation. He further submitted that the plaintiff company cannot be given the benefit of section 14 of the Limitation Act,1963 as neither the relief to file the fresh suit was sought by the plaintiff company nor was granted by the Ld. District Forum; the present proceedings are distinct from the proceedings which took place before the consumer forum; the period of limitation in both the said proceedings is different ; the proceedings before the consumer forum were not prosecuted diligently and in good faith and the plaintiff company was well aware that the case of the plaintiff company would not fall under the definition of consumer; By referring to the order passed by the KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 21 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023) Consumer Forum, Ld. Counsel for the defendant company submitted that the complaint of the plaintiff company was dismissed vide order dated 09.2.2022. The plaintiff company approached the Pre-Litigation Mediation on 11.01.2023, therefore, the protection as available u/s 14 of the Limitation Act would not be available to the plaintiff company.
50. In reply to that Ld. Counsel for the plaintiff company submitted that the claim of the plaintiff company was repudiated vide communication dated 29.10.2014; plaintiff company filed the complaint case before the District Forum on 16.09.2016 which was finally returned on 09.02.2022. He further submitted that the copy of the order of District Forum dated 09.2.2022 was received by the plaintiff company on 07.03.2022, therefore, the period from 16.9.2016 to 07.3.2022 spent before the District Forum has to be excluded. He further submitted that the plaintiff company had diligently followed up its complaint before the Consumer Forum and there were repeated rounds of litigations about the maintainability of the complaint; the complaint was returned vide order dated 09.2.2022; the defendant company admitted the part of the said processes and has participated in the same before the Consumer Forum and the Consumer KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 22 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023) Forum had not adjudicated the dispute on merits. He further submitted that the relief sought by the plaintiff company before Consumer Forum and before this court is identical and in a separate application moved u/s 14 of the Limitation Act, the plaintiff company has given details indicating how the present suit is within limitation. He further submitted that the time spent by the plaintiff company before the Consumer Forum has to be excluded.
51. It will be relevant to refer to Section 14 of the Limitation Act, which reads as under:-
"14. Exclusion of time of proceeding bona fide in court without jurisdiction.--(1) In computing the period of limitation for any suit the time during which the plaintiff has been prosecuting with due diligence another civil proceeding, whether in a court of first instance or of appeal or revision, against the defendant shall be excluded, where the proceeding relates to the same matter in issue and is prosecuted in good faith in a court which, from defect of jurisdiction or other cause of a like nature, is unable to entertain it.
(2) In computing the period of limitation for any application, the time during which the applicant has been prosecuting with due diligence another civil proceeding, whether in a court of first instance or of appeal or revision, against the same party for the same relief shall be excluded, where such proceeding is prosecuted in good faith in a court which, from defect of jurisdiction or other cause of a like nature, is unable to entertain it.
(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in Rule 2 of Order 23 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908), the provisions of sub-section (1) shall KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 23 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023) apply in relation to a fresh suit instituted on permission granted by the court under Rule 1 of that Order, where such permission is granted on the ground that the first suit must fail by reason of a defect in the jurisdiction of the court or other cause of a like nature.
Explanation.--For the purposes of this section--
(a) in excluding the time during which a former civil proceeding was pending, the day on which that proceeding was instituted and the day on which it ended shall both be counted;
(b) a plaintiff or an applicant resisting an appeal shall be deemed to be prosecuting a proceeding;
(c) misjoinder of parties or of causes of action shall be deemed to be a cause of a like nature with defect of jurisdiction."
52. Section 14 of the Limitation Act deals with exclusion of time of proceeding spent bona fide in a court without jurisdiction. On analysis of the said section, it becomes evident that the following conditions must be satisfied before Section 14 can be pressed into service:
(1) Both the prior and subsequent proceedings are civil proceedings prosecuted by the same party; (2) The prior proceeding had been prosecuted with due diligence and in good faith;
(3) The failure of the prior proceeding was due to defect of jurisdiction or other cause of like nature;
(4) The earlier proceeding and the latter proceeding must relate to the same matter in issue and;
(5) Both the proceedings are in a court.
53. Here I may refer to a few judgments touching the controversy in question qua limitation. In the case KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 24 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023) of Laxmi Engineering Works vs P.S.G. Industrial Institute,1995 SCC (3) 583, the following order of National Commission dated 07-12-1993 was assailed before Hon'ble Supreme Court:-
"From the facts appearing on record it is manifest that the complainant is carrying on the business of manufacture of machine parts on a large scale for the purpose of earning profit and significantly one single item of machinery in respect of which the complaint petition was filed by him before the State Commission itself is of the value of Rs. 21 lakhs and odd. In the circumstances, we fail to see how the conclusion can be escaped that the machinery, in question which is alleged to be defective was purchased for a commercial purpose. Hence, the complainant is not entitled to be regarded as a consumer and the complaint petition filed by him was not maintainable before the State Commission. He order passed by the State Commission is set aside. The complaint petition is dismissed." The National Commission, however, observed that their order does not preclude the appellant from pursuing his remedy by way of ordinary civil suit."
54. In that case Hon'ble Supreme Court observed as under:-
"25.So far as the present case is concerned we must hold (in agreement with the National Commission), having regard to the nature and character of the machine and the material on record that it is not goods which the appellant purchased for use by himself exclusively for the purpose of earning his livelihood by means of self employment, as explained hereinabove.
26.The appeal accordingly fails and is dismissed but without costs. If the appellant chooses to file a suit for the relief claimed in these proceedings, he can do so according to law and in such a case KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 25 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023) he can claim the benefit of Section 14 of the Limitation Act to exclude the period spent in prosecuting the proceedings under the Consumer Protection Act, while computing the period of limitation prescribed for such a suit."
55. In a similar case of Saushish Diamonds Ltd. vs National Insurance Co. Ltd.,(1998) 8 SCC357 , the appellant had approached the National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission for recovery of the loss of diamonds entrusted to the Commission Agent. The National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission, New Delhi in its order dated 28-9-1995 passed the order holding that since the Insurance Company has repudiated the claim, it declined to grant the relief. Thus, an appeal was preferred before the Hon'ble Supreme Court.:-
"2. Shri Harish Salve, the learned Senior Counsel for the appellant, contended that in view of the policy undertaken by the respondent, the Commission could have granted the relief, instead of relegating the appellant to a civil action. We find no force in the contention. We have gone through the stand taken by the respondent in the repudiation. The very interpretation of the policy itself is a subject-matter of the dispute. Under these circumstances, the Commission rightly relegated the parties to a civil action. It is true that limitation has run out against the appellant during the pendency of the proceedings. Therefore, the time taken between the date of the filing of the claim before the Commission and the date of its disposal, namely, 28-9-1995 would be considered by the civil court for exclusion under Section 14 of the Limitation Act, 1963. The appeal is accordingly dismissed."
KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 26 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023)
56. In Basheer Ahmed Noor-ul-Hussain Farooqui Vs. Shaikh Hamad, MANU/MH/1527/2021, the Hon'ble High Court of Bombay, while considering the contentions regarding the applicability of section 14, Limitation Act upon the time spent by the plaintiff bona fide before a Court without jurisdiction. It was held:-
"It is thus material to note, that the District Consumer Forum, had entertained the plea of the plaintiff for a direction to the defendant to execute the sale deed upon the receipt of the balance consideration and had issued an according direction. It is quite another matter altogether, that the State Commission by its order dated 04.01.2010, dismissed the claim of the plaintiff and directed him to approach the Civil Court which order was confirmed by the National Commission on 14.03.2011 immediately after which the plaintiff approached the Civil Court on 13.04.2011 with the suit for specific performance. The very fact that the District Forum, had ruled in favour of the plaintiff would indicate that the plaintiff had prosecuted the remedy before the Consumer Forum diligently and bonafidely. In a series of decisions, namely, Laxmi Engineering Works; Saushish Diamonds Ltd.; M/s Deokar Exports Pvt. Ltd. and Shangrilla Apartments Co- Operative Housing Society ltd (Supra), it has been held, that prosecution of a remedy before the Consumer Forum, would be a legal and valid ground, to invoke and apply the provisions of Section 14 of the Limitation Act. There is no reason whatsoever, why the same benefit, cannot be granted to the plaintiff, specifically in light of the fact, that the District Consumer Forum in fact entertained the plea of the plaintiff and had granted relief. It therefore cannot be said that prosecution of the remedy by the plaintiff before the authorities under the Consumer Protection Act was either malafide, or with knowledge that the KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 27 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023) same was not maintainable. Ramji Pandey (Supra) upon which reliance has been placed by Mr. Deshpande, learned counsel for the respondent, is on a different footing altogether as in that case, the initial institution of the suit itself, was in the proper forum that is the Civil Court and it was not a case where at the inception, the proceedings were filed and prosecuted in a forum which subsequently was held to be without authority. The courts below, have failed to consider the above position, in light of the settled position of law, and therefore, the finding in this regard, cannot be sustained. It is therefore held, that the suit as filed by the plaintiff, was maintainable in view of the availability and applicability of Section 14 of the Limitation Act, to the plaintiff, for if the period spent before the Consumer Forum and the Higher Authorities under the Consumer Protection Act was subtracted, then the suit filed by the plaintiff, was clearly within the limitation as prescribed under Section 54 of the Limitation Act."
57. In the case of Purni Devi Vs Babu Ram , 2024 INSC 259, by referring to the cases of Consolidated Engg. Enterprises vs The Principal Secretary (Irrigation Department) & Ors, (2008) 7 SCC 169 and the case of Sesh Nath Singh V. Baidyabati Sheoraphuli Coop Bank Ltd, (2021) 7 SCC 313, Hon'ble Supreme Court observed as under:-
34. The judgment of this Court in M.P. Steel (Supra) discussed the phrases, "due diligence" and "in good faith" for the purposes of invocation of Section 14 of the Limitation Act. While considering the application of Section 14 to the Customs Act, it was observed:
"10. We might also point out that Conditions 1 to 4 mentioned in the Consolidated Engg. case have, in fact, been met by the Plaintiff. It is clear KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 28 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023) that both the prior and subsequent proceedings are civil proceedings prosecuted by the same party. The prior proceeding had been prosecuted with due diligence and in good faith, as has been explained in Consolidated Engg. [(2008) 7 SCC 169] itself. These phrases only mean that the party who invokes Section 14 should not be guilty of negligence, lapse or inaction. Further, there should be no pretended mistake intentionally made with a view to delaying the proceedings or harassing the opposite party.
49. ....... the expression "the time during which the plaintiff has been prosecuting with due diligence another civil proceeding" needs to be construed in a manner which advances the object sought to be achieved, thereby advancing the cause of justice." (emphasis supplied)
35. The judgments in Consolidated Engg. Enterprises (Supra) and M.P. Steel (Supra) have been followed consistently by this Court. For instance in Sesh Nath Singh v. Baidyabati Sheoraphuli Coop. Bank Ltd. 5 (2-Judge Bench), while holding Section 14 to be applicable to applications under Section 7 of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 and the SARFAESI Act, it was observed:-
"75. Section 14 of the Limitation Act is to be read as a whole. A conjoint and careful reading of sub-sections (1), (2) and (3) of Section 14 makes it clear that an applicant who has prosecuted another civil proceeding with due diligence, before a forum which is unable to entertain the same on account of defect of jurisdiction or any other cause of like nature, is entitled to exclusion of the time during which the applicant had been prosecuting such proceeding, in computing the period of limitation. The substantive KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 29 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023) provisions of sub-sections (1), (2) and (3) of Section 14 do not say that Section 14 can only be invoked on termination of the earlier proceedings, prosecuted in good faith."
58. Here it would be relevant to refer to the observation of the Hon'ble Supreme Court made in the case of M.P. Steel Corporation (supra), which are as under:-
" 34. It now remains to consider the decision of a 2-Judge Bench reported in P. Sarathy v. State Bank of India, (2000) 5 SCC 355. This judgment has held that an abortive proceeding before the appellate authority under Section 41 of the Tamil Nadu Shops and Establishment Act would attract the provisions of Section 14 of the Limitation Act inasmuch as the appellant in this case had been prosecuting with due diligence another civil proceeding before the appellate authority under the Tamil Nadu Shops and Establishment Act, which appeal was dismissed on the ground that the said Act was not applicable to nationalized banks and that, therefore, such appeal would not be maintainable. This Court made a distinction between "Civil Court" and "court' and expanded the scope of Section 14 stating that any authority or Tribunal having the trappings of a Court would be a "court" within the meaning of Section 14. It must be remembered that the word "Court" refers only to a proceeding which proves to be abortive. In this context, for Section 14 to apply, two conditions have to be met. First, the primary proceeding must be a suit, appeal or application filed in a Civil Court. Second, it is only when it comes to excluding time in an abortive proceeding that the word "Court" has been expanded to include proceedings before tribunals.
35. This judgment is in line with a large number of authorities which have held that Section 14 should be liberally construed to advance the cause of KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 30 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023) justice - see: Shakti Tubes Ltd. v. State of Bihar, (2009) 1 SCC 786 and the judgments cited therein.
Obviously, the context of Section 14 would require that the term "court" be liberally construed to include within it quasi-judicial Tribunals as well. This is for the very good reason that the principle of Section 14 is that whenever a person bonafide prosecutes with due diligence another proceeding which proves to be abortive because it is without jurisdiction, or otherwise no decision could be rendered on merits, the time taken in such proceeding ought to be excluded as otherwise the person who has approached the Court in such proceeding would be penalized for no fault of his own. This judgment does not further the case of Shri Viswanathan in any way. The question that has to be answered in this case is whether suits, appeals or applications referred to by the Limitation Act are to be filed in courts. This has nothing to do with "civil proceedings" referred to in Section 14 which may be filed before other courts or authorities which ultimately do not answer the case before them on merits but throw the case out on some technical ground. Obviously the word "court" in Section 14 takes its colour from the preceding words "civil proceedings". Civil proceedings are of many kinds and need not be confined to suits, appeals or applications which are made only in courts stricto sensu. This is made even more clear by the explicit language of Section 14 by which a civil proceeding can even be a revision which may be to a quasi-judicial tribunal under a particular statute".
59. Coming back to the case at hand, it is not in dispute that initially the complaint of the plaintiff company was returned by the District Forum vide order dated 27.3.2017 ExPW1/3. From the order dated 27.03.2017 ExPW1/3, it is evident that Ld. District Forum observed that it has no pecuniary jurisdiction to entertain the complaint filed by the plaintiff company.
KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 31 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023) The matter landed before National Commission, then before State Commission and finally vide order dated 09.02.2022, again the complaint of the plaintiff company was returned by the District Forum vide order dated 09.2.2022 ExPW1/4 (colly) observing that "the dispute raised by the complainant company as involved in the instant case is a dispute between "business to business" and is not covered under the Act as observed by Hon'ble Apex Court in Laxmi Engg. Works (Supra). The instant complaint is therefore dismissed as not maintainable before Consumer Commission under the Act". From the said order it is evident that District Forum had dismissed the complaint of the plaintiff company on the ground that the purpose of transaction between the parties were commercial and the complainant ( plaintiff company) is not a consumer under section 2 (1) (d) of the Act. Meaning thereby, the District Forum did not consider the complaint of the plaintiff company on merits.
60. Having said so, there would be no difficulty in arriving at a conclusion that the case of the plaintiff company comes within the ambit of section 14 of the Limitation Act. In the present case it is not in dispute that the proceeding before the District Forum was between the same parties i.e M/s KLJ Resources Ltd vs The Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd who are the plaintiff KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 32 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023) company and defendant company respectively before this Court. There would be no denial of the facts that the proceedings before the District Forum were civil proceedings and so is the case before this Court. There is nothing on record suggesting that the plaintiff company had not prosecuted its complaint with due diligence and in good faith. Assailing the order of District Forum before the Appellate Authority i.e State Commission and National Commission indicates that plaintiff company was diligent enough in prosecuting its claim before the District Forum. The orders passed by the District Forum, State Commission and National Commission would make it further clear that the plaintiff company had tried its best to get its claim adjudicated by the District Forum. As noted herein above the proceedings came to be dismissed by the District Forum on technical grounds of jurisdiction. Last but not the least, the issue between the parties before the District Forum as well as before this Court are the same i.e according to the plaintiff company the repudiation of the claim of the plaintiff company by the defendant company is illegal.
61. In view of my aforesaid discussion and the observations made in various judgments, as noted, now it is no more res Integra that prosecution of a KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 33 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023) remedy before the Consumer Forum, would be a legal and valid ground, to invoke and apply the provisions of Section 14 of the Limitation Act. There is no reason whatsoever why the same benefit cannot be granted to the plaintiff company in the present case. It is therefore cannot be said that prosecution of the remedy by the Plaintiff company before the authorities under the Consumer Protection Act, 2019 was either malafide, or with knowledge that the same was not maintainable. Thus, the plaintiff company is entitled to exclusion of the time during which the plaintiff company had prosecuted its claim before the District Forum.
62. Having said so, now it is to be seen whether the present suit has been instituted within the period of limitation or not even after giving the benefits of section 14 of the Limitation Act.
63. According to the plaintiff company, the claim of the plaintiff company was repudiated by the defendant company vide communication dated 29.10.2014 ExPW1/17 (colly). That being so, the cause of action in the present case arose on 29.10.2014. Thus, the limitation period would start from 30.10.2014.
64. In ordinary circumstances, the period of limitation for filing the present suit for recovery would KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 34 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023) have expired on 20.10.2017.
65. In the present case, the plaintiff company has filed a separate application under section 14 of the Limitation Act seeking to exclude a certain period while calculating the period of limitation and has sought the benefit under section 14 of the Limitation Act. According to the plaintiff company as pleaded in the said application, the plaintiff company is said to have preferred the complaint to the District Forum on 16.09.2016. Meaning thereby, the plaintiff company kept waiting during the period from 30.10.2014 to 16.09.2016. Even as per the case of the plaintiff company, the complaint before the District Forum was filed after One Year Ten Months and Eighteen Days. As per the case of the plaintiff company, the last order passed by the District Forum was of 09.02.2022 as the complaint of the plaintiff company came to be dismissed or returned on the ground of maintainability.
66. Pertinent to mention that during the argument, Ld. Counsel for the plaintiff pointed out that although the said order of the District Forum is dated 9.2.2022, but it was prepared on 7.03.2022, therefore, the period from 16.9.2016 to 07.03.2022, has to be excluded. I do find support in the aforesaid contention of the Ld. KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 35 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023) Counsel of the plaintiff as from the record it is evident that the order dated 09.02.2022 appears to have been made ready on 07.3.2022 and served on the plaintiff company. Ld. Counsel for the defendant has not disputed the same. That being so, the plaintiff company has spent the time before the Consumer Forum from 16.09.2016 to 07.03.2022 and that has to be excluded in terms of section 14 of Limitation Act.
67. The limitation period started from 30.10.2014 and it stopped on 16.09.2016 at the time when the plaintiff company preferred to file a complaint before the District Forum. The limitation would again start w.e.f. 8.3.2022 i.e. one day after the day when the complaint was returned by the District Consumer Forum. The present suit has been filed on 18.5.2023 i.e after One year two months and eleven days. The total period spent by the plaintiff company, excluding the period spent before District Forum, would be One Year, Ten Months and Eighteen Days. + One year two months and eleven days i.e Three years and Twenty nine Days. The plaintiff company can be given the benefit under section 14 of the Limitation Act,1963 only for that period which was spent before the District Forums.
KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 36 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023)
68. We can understand it from another angle also.
There are three blocks of the time periods which are relevant for calculating the period of limitation. The first block would be from 30.10.2014 to 16.09.2016. This is a period which was spent by the plaintiff company and no claim was preferred by the plaintiff company before any Court, Tribunal or Judicial Authority. The second block would be the time spent by the plaintiff company before the District Forum i.e from 16.09.2016 to 7.3.2022. This time has to be excluded and the third block would be the period from 8.3.2022 to 18.5.2023. As far as calculating the period of limitation is concerned, the time spent in first block and third block would be added which comes as noted herein above i.e Three years and Twenty nine Days.
69. Further, in terms of the proviso attached to the section 12 A of the Commercial Courts Act,2015, the time spent in Pre-Litigation Mediation is to be excluded while calculating the period of limitation. In the present case, as per the non starter report, the application before the Pre-Litigation Mediation was preferred on 11.01.2023 and the non-starter report was released on 11.04.2023, therefore, around three months were spent by the plaintiff company before the Pre-litigation Mediation and that period also has to be KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 37 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023) excluded.
70. As noted herein above, the plaintiff company took Three years and Twenty nine Days for filing the present case. After giving the benefits of three months u/s 12 A of the Commercial Court Act, the plaintiff company finally took Two Years nine Months and Twenty nine Days in filing the present suit i.e Three years and Twenty nine Days- Three months. That being so, the present suit is within the period of limitation. Accordingly, issue no.2 is decided in favour of the plaintiff company and against the defendant company .
Issue No. 3Whether the suit is bad for non-joinder of necessary parties, as alleged by the defendant in the written statement? OPD
71. The next objection taken by the defendant company is that the present suit is bad for non-joinder of necessary and proper parties and is liable to be dismissed. Ld. Counsel for the defendant company submitted that the shipper or the shipping agent to whom also the plaintiff company had raised the claim, was a necessary party and he has not been made defendant in the present case. He submitted that the goods in question were transported by the shipper and it was the responsibility of the shipper to make the KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 38 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023) loss good, as per the case of the plaintiff company, therefore, the shipping agent was a necessary party which is not there, therefore, the suit is liable to be dismissed.
72. Refuting the allegations of the defendant company, Ld. Counsel for the plaintiff company submitted that as per the insurance policy issued by the defendant company, it was not obligatory for the plaintiff company to implead the shipping agent in case of loss covered under the policy. He submitted that the plaintiff company had lodged a protest on the shipper therefore, preserving the rights to subrogation and it cannot be expected from the plaintiff company to indulge in litigation with the shipper to claim the indemnity from the Insurer.
73. Before proceeding further, I may mention that the general rule in regard to impleadment of parties is that the plaintiff company in a suit, being dominus litis, may choose the persons against whom he wishes to litigate and cannot be compelled to sue a person against whom he does not seek any relief. Consequently, a person who is not a party has no right to be impleaded against the wishes of the plaintiff company. But this general rule is subject to the provisions of Order 1 Rule 10(2) of the Code of Civil KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 39 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023) Procedure, which provides for impleadment of proper or necessary parties. The said sub-rule is extracted below:
"10. (2) Court may strike out or add parties .--The court may at any stage of the proceedings, either upon or without the application of either party, and on such terms as may appear to the court to be just, order that the name of any party improperly joined, whether as plaintiff or defendant, be struck out, and that the name of any person who ought to have been joined, whether as plaintiff or defendant, or whose presence before the court may be necessary in order to enable the court effectually and completely to adjudicate upon and settle all the questions involved in the suit, be added."
74. The said provision makes it clear that a court may, at any stage of the proceedings, either upon or even without any application, and on such terms as may appear to it to be just, direct that any of the following persons may be added as a party: (a) any person who ought to have been joined as plaintiff or defendant, but not added; or (b) any person whose presence before the court may be necessary in order to enable the court to effectively and completely adjudicate upon and settle the questions involved in the suit. In short, the court is given the discretion to add as a party any person who is found to be a necessary party or proper party.
75. Here I may refer to the case of Mumbai International Airport (P) Ltd. v. Regency Convention KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 40 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023) Centre & Hotels (P) Ltd., (2010) 7 SCC 417, wherein it was held that:-
"15. A "necessary party" is a person who ought to have been joined as a party and in whose absence no effective decree could be passed at all by the court. If a "necessary party" is not impleaded, the suit itself is liable to be dismissed. A "proper party" is a party who, though not a necessary party, is a person whose presence would enable the court to completely, effectively and adequately adjudicate upon all matters in dispute in the suit, though he need not be a person in favour of or against whom the decree is to be made. If a person is not found to be a proper or necessary party, the court has no jurisdiction to implead him, against the wishes of the plaintiff. The fact that a person is likely to secure a right/interest in a suit property, after the suit is decided against the plaintiff, will not make such person a necessary party or a proper party to the suit for specific performance."
76. In the present case, it is not in dispute that the consignment belonging to the plaintiff company was insured by the defendant company and for that separate cover note and insurance policy was issued. As such it is also not in dispute, rather it has come on record that there was a loss of quantity of the goods which were imported by the plaintiff company. The bone of contention between the parties is whether the loss, as detailed, is covered by the insurance policy or not? It is also a matter of fact that the plaintiff company is stated to have lodged the claim before the Shipper also. There is nothing on record suggesting KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 41 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023) that it was the pre-condition to accept the claim of the plaintiff company by the defendant company to raise the claim first to the shipper. Further, it is not that the liability of the shipper and the insurance company is joint and several.
77. There was a separate contract of insurance between the plaintiff and the defendant company and the consideration thereof was the premium to be paid by the plaintiff company to the defendant company and defendant company was under obligation to make the loss good in terms of the clauses of the insurance policy as agreed between the parties, in case it comes within the ambit of the policy. There is no privity of contract between the shipper and the insurance company as such. Therefore, in any claim filed by the plaintiff company against the defendant company, the shipper would not be a necessary or proper party. Therefore, issue No. 3 is decided in favour of the plaintiff company and against the defendant company.
Issue No. 4Whether the plaintiff is entitled to recovery of the principal amount, as asked for in plaint? (OPP)
78. Before proceeding further, I may note certain admitted facts. It is not in dispute that the consignment in question was insured by the plaintiff company with KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 42 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023) the defendant company and for that separate cover note and insurance policy was issued. Without going into the issue of whether there was actually short quantity in the consignment causing loss to the plaintiff company or not, the moot question which is to be decided by this court is, whether the said loss is covered under the insurance policy or not?
79. Ld. Counsel for the defendant company submitted that no claim is payable qua the alleged loss of quantity reported by the plaintiff company as it neither comes within the scope of coverage nor payable under the terms and conditions of the Marine Cargo Single Voyage (Sea ) Policy and Institute Cargo Clause (A). He has taken me to the clauses of said insurance policy and submitted that as per the exclusion clause 4.2 of the Institute Cargo Clause (A) there was no insurance cover for ordinary leakage, ordinary loss, no weight or volume and ordinary wear and tear subject matter in short. He submitted that above said clause makes it crystal clear that the loss in question is excluded from the Institute Coverage. He further submitted that there was no evidence of insured marine peril activated.
80. Ld. Defence Counsel vehemently argued that loss of shortage volume and weight was neither due to KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 43 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023) any peril nor it was due to unfortunate event covered under the policy but has occurred only because of handling operations of the shipment as well as the transfer of the material from commencement port to the ship tank and then transfer of the material from the ship to the destination shore tank.
81. Per contra, Ld.Counsel for the plaintiff company vehemently refuted the defense as set up by the defendant company and submitted that the policy which was issued to the plaintiff company is "All Risk Policy" and it covers in its ambit loss of any kind during the coverage/voyage period. He submitted that the obligation of the plaintiff company ends once the loss is reported to the defendant company and it was the defendant company to prove that the loss is not covered under the policy and mere denial on the part of the defendant company would not be sufficient to reject the claim of the plaintiff company.
82. In reply to the contention of the defendant company regarding the exclusion clause 4.2 of the Institute Cargo (A), Ld. Counsel for the plaintiff company submitted that no such document was ever provided by the defendant company to the plaintiff company alongwith policy and it is during the proceedings before the Consumer Courts that first time KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 44 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023) the said document was brought to the notice of the plaintiff company. He further submitted that the said clause of Institute Cargo Clause (A) would not be applicable as in the said clause nowhere it is mentioned that the loss/damage must take place during the course of transit/voyage; 'All Risk Policy' would cover all type of loss including the present one which was caused to the plaintiff company. He further submitted that the defendant company cannot be allowed to go beyond the grounds of rejection as communicated to the plaintiff company vide communications dated 29.10.2014.
83. Here it is pertinent to refer to the proceedings dated 06.05.2024. From the proceedings dated 06.05.2024, it is evident that the copy of the Institute Cargo Clause (A) in the present case also makes it clear that Institute Cargo Clause (A) ExDW2/A shall be read in evidence at the stage of final disposal of the cases. Meaning thereby, now, there is no dispute regarding the admissibility of the said document Institute Cargo Clause (A) ExDW2/A and its mode of proof.
84. Before diving deep into the sea of Marine Insurance, it is imperative to understand the meaning of "Marine Insurance" and "Perils of Sea". Marine KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 45 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023) insurance is defined under Section 3 of the Marine Insurance Act, 1963 as an agreement whereby the insurer undertakes to indemnify the insured, in the manner and to the extent thereby agreed, against marine losses, that is to say, the losses incidental to marine adventure. In simple terms, marine insurance is a contract which protects the insured against losses on inland waters or any land risk that may be incidental to any sea voyage. The nature of maritime insurance is essentially a contract of indemnity meaning thereby that the insurance company is liable only for the actual loss or damages suffered by the insurer. However, the insurer cannot be made liable for each and every loss. Under the Act, the loss to an insurable property must arise as a consequence of a maritime peril.
85. Section 2 (e) of the Act defines 'maritime perils'.
Broadly speaking, 'maritime perils' also called as perils of the sea include extraordinary forces of nature which maritime ventures might need to face during the voyage. It includes those accidents or casualties which happen during the voyage by the act of god without any human intervention. Some of the conditions which cover the loss by the perils of the sea are clearly laid down under Sections 55 to 58 of the Marine Insurance Act, 1963.
KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 46 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023)
86. Perils of the sea is defined in The Hague Visby Rules12 which under Article 4(2) (c) defines 'perils' as 'perils' , dangers and accidents of the sea or other navigable waters, and provides a defence for the carrier from liability for loss or damage.
87. Under the Marine Insurance Act, 1963, losses or damages which occur in the ordinary course of nature or due to own default are not included in the category of maritime perils. These include: Loss, damage or expense attributed to willful misconduct of the insured, deliberate damage to/destruction of the goods, ordinary leakage/ordinary loss in weight or volume / ordinary wear and tear of the insured goods, any loss proximately caused by delay, breakage, inherent vice or nature of the subject-matter insured, or for any loss proximately caused by rats or vermin, or for any injury to machinery not proximately caused by maritime perils.
88. Further, the doctrine of Proximate cause or causa proxima is one of the principles of insurance. In insurance law 'causa proxima Non Remota Spectrum' means the immediate and not the remote cause is to be considered. For the purpose of claiming any insurance policy the loss or injury caused must be as a result of any one of the insured perils. Peril is basically the KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 47 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023) cause of loss or the prime cause of what will give rise to a loss. When the loss is caused by the perils of the sea the maxim 'causa proxima 'is applicable to the case of Marine Insurance.
89. Thus, once the predominant cause is determined and it becomes clear that the causa proxima is covered under the 'insured peril', the insurer is liable to compensate and at that point the principle of Indemnity will take place. However, the insurer is not liable if the losses caused by the insured and the excepted perils cannot be separated or distinguished and also if it is caused by the negligent act of the insured .
90. Before adjudicating the main controversy between the parties, it would be relevant to weigh the quality and quantity of the evidence adduced by the parties. The primary witnesses of both the parties led their evidence and have deposed by way of an affidavit. A careful examination of their affidavit(s) would reveal that the stand taken in the pleadings has been reiterated in the said affidavit(s) as an examination- in -chief of the witnesses. As noted earlier, the witnesses have been cross examined by the Ld. Counsel of the opposite party on certain aspects including the facts which are not in dispute. Thus, I KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 48 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023) would be referring to that part of their cross examination which is relevant and is touching the controversy between the parties and not otherwise.
91. This takes me to the real issue between the parties. The consignment of the plaintiff company was insured vide separate cover note and insurance policy. When the loss was reported to the defendant company, surveyors were appointed, who have already given their reports. The details of the cover note, insurance policy and the reports of the Surveyors(only those reports where final opinion is there) are as under:
Sl. No Nature of document Exhibit
i. Insurance Cover note 327300 ExPW1/6
ii. Insurance Policy ExPW1/7
272200/21/2014/1242 (colly)
iii. J.B Boda Survey Report dated ExPW1/11
27.03.2014 (colly)
iv. Repudiation letter dated 29.10.2014 ExPW1/17
received by the plaintiff from the
defendant
92. One of the terms and conditions as mentioned in the insurance cover note ExPW1/6 is "the insured named above having this day proposed to affect the above insurance and having paid the premium stated above the risk is hereby insured, subject to the usual terms and conditions of the Company's Standard Policy'.
KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 49 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023)
93. In the Insurance Policy ExPW1/7(colly) under the heading 'Term of Insurance' it is stated as under:
" The risks under this policy are covered as per the following clauses, current on date of sailing or despatch and / or other conditions/warranties otherwise stated herein and attached hereto:-
Institute Classification Clause Institute Cargo Clauses (A) Institute Tpnd clause Institute War Clause (Cargo) Institute Strike Clauses (Cargo)"
94. In the evidence filed by way of affidavit by the PW1 Ashok Kumar Maharshi, the said report of the surveyor was given exhibit marks as ExPW1/11 (colly).
95. During the arguments by referring to the said reports, Ld. Counsel for the defendant company tried to make out a case that the loss in question is not covered by insurance policy. The report has been filed by the plaintiff company but has not been disputed by the defendant company also. Meaning thereby, there is no dispute about the report and both the parties are placing reliance on the said report, so the same is being considered.
96. As per the surveyor report of J.B Boda Insurance Surveyors report ExPW1/11 (colly), the surveyors remarks are as under:-
KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 50 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023) " The cause of shortage in our opinion could be reasonably attributed in a combination of the following:
1. There was a difference of (-) 1.262 M/Tons SHORT, when the calculated quantity on board on completion of loading at Load Port Bintulu was compared with the Bill of Lading Quantity.
2. There was a difference of (-) 3.465 M/Tons SHORT, when the calculated quantity on board on arrival at Discharge Port Kandla was compared with the Bill of Lading Quantity.
3. Adherence of the product to the metal surfaces of the ship's tank and lines
4. Operational Loss
97. The main cause of dispute between the parties is the exclusion clause 4.2 of the Institute Cargo Clause (A) ExDW2/A, which reads as under:-
" EXCLUSIONS
4. In no case shall this insurance cover 4.1.......
4.2 Ordinary leakage, ordinary loss in weight or volume, or ordinary wear and tear of the subject matter insured."
98. Here it would be relevant to refer to the cross examination of the witnesses examined by the parties. During the cross examination, PW1 Ashok Kumar Maharshi replied (Q.4 & 13 ) the loss in question resulted due to Transit Operational Loss. Regarding the nature of goods imported by the plaintiff company, KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 51 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023) PW1 replied that it was in liquid form (Q.5). He further replied that the chemical products went under the process of loading and unloading two times till final measurement of volume of chemical (Q.8).
99. Coming to the cross examination of DW1 Renuka Chaudhary, I may mention that even during her cross examination plaintiff company failed to elicit anything contrary to the stand of the defendant company. DW1 also has deposed about certain facts which are not in dispute like insurance policy taken by the plaintiff company was 'All Risk Policy'; Insurance Policy is not a named peril policy; surveyor has not recommended repudiation of the claim of the plaintiff company or they did not point out any violation on the part of the plaintiff company; the definition of ordinary loss or ordinary leakage has not been provided in the policy and the term insured peril has not been defined in the insurance policy etc.
100. DW1 Renuka Chaudhary during her cross examination on being asked replied that shortage has occurred during the transfer and nature of the product. She further replied that in the repudiation communications, the reason for shortage are deviation of reference height or discrepancies in recording the quantity and /or adherence loss or evaporation loss.
KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 52 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023) She categorically stated that the defendant company was sure about the exact cause of loss and that is why the claim was repudiated as per the surveyor report.
101. If the aforesaid testimonies of these witnesses are scanned, there would be no difficulty in arriving at a conclusion that whatever loss was suffered by the plaintiff company, it was Transit Operational Loss even as per PW1 Ashok Kumar Maharshi. PW1 nowhere has stated that the loss occurred due to marine peril. Thus, whatever the loss was suffered by the plaintiff company, it was operational loss during the transit and no marine peril has taken place for which the defendant company can be held responsible.
102. Additionally, the insurance cover note ExPW1/6, as noted herein above clearly indicates that the risk has been insured subject to usual terms and conditions of the company's standard policy. The terms and conditions have been duly reflected in the insurance policy ExPW1/7 (colly). Under the heading 'Term of Insurance', it has been categorically mentioned that the risks have been covered as per certain clauses including Institute Cargo Clauses (A) ExDW2/A. The said clause clearly says that Insurance Cover shall not cover the ordinary leakage, ordinary loss in weight or volume, or ordinary wear and tear of KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 53 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023) the subject matter insured.
103. Further, even if it was 'All Risk Policy', there is nothing on record suggesting that said clause is not applicable. The term " All Risk Policy", no doubt, is very wide but it has its own limitations. It does not mean that all types of loss and damage is covered under such type of policy. I am of the opinion that it would not cover things that are inevitable or almost certain to happen. Even under 'All Risk Policy', it was the duty of the insured (plaintiff) to prove that the loss suffered by it was fortuitous. In marine insurance 'fortuitous acts' referred to unexpected and accidental events that cause loss or damage to the insured. The examples of 'fortuitous acts' are storms or rough seas, collision of ships, stranding or sinking, fire or explosion, lightning, earthquake, piracy etc., which is missing in the present case. Nothing has been brought on record by the plaintiff company to show that the loss to the plaintiff was caused due to any of the fortuitous acts. Mere wear and tear in handling the product would not come within the ambit of ' fortuitous acts'. The plaintiff company was under
obligation to connect the loss with any of the marine peril which the plaintiff company has miserably failed to do so.
KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 54 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023)
104. It is pertinent to mention that certain types of products, particularly the chemicals in liquid form, which are there in the present case, would have a natural tendency to leakage or loss in weight or volume during the course of a voyage. Such ordinary leakage or loss is expected to happen and the same cannot be treated as fortuitous .The loss caused to the plaintiff company in the present case even as per the reports of the surveyors was basically an operational loss or adherence loss. Meaning thereby, the loss in the quantity of consignments was caused by the natural characteristics of the chemical being transported without any external influence.
105. Having reached the said conclusion, the plaintiff company cannot be allowed to say that the Institute Cargo Clause (A) ExDW2/A document was never supplied to them at the time when the policy was issued by the defendant company. In the cover note it is specifically mentioned that the insured i.e plaintiff company has agreed to take insurance policy subject to the usual terms and conditions of the company's standard policy. It is categorically mentioned at page no.2 under the Terms of Insurance that the Risk under the police are covered as per the clauses mentioned therein including Institute Cargo Clause A. Meaning KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 55 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023) thereby, the plaintiff company is bound by all terms and clauses including the Institute Cargo Clauses A ExDW2/A. That clause clearly excludes the liability of the defendant company under clause 4.2 which says that in no case shall this insurance cover ordinary leakage, ordinary loss in weight or volume, or ordinary wear and tear of the subject-matter insured.
106. It is true that as per the cover note and the insurance policy, the consignment was insured from anywhere in India via any Indian Port (by sea) but at the same time the insurance policy clearly states that it agrees to insure the loss/damage or liability or expenses subject to the clauses, endorsed, conditions, warranties contained in the schedule and attached thereto. As per the schedule, the risk cover was " from anywhere in the world (load port) to anywhere in India via Indian Port, India." Therefore, the loss as suffered by the plaintiff company was not covered under the insurance policy and excluded by the clause of Institute Cargo Clause (A)ExDW2/A.
107. During the argument, one of the contentions of the Ld. Counsel for the plaintiff company was that the defendant company cannot be allowed to travel beyond the grounds as mentioned in the letter of repudiation. According to the plaintiff company, if the KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 56 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023) defendant company has not taken the plea of Institute Cargo Clause (A) ExDW2/A in the repudiation, in that eventuality it cannot do so later on for rejecting the claim of the plaintiff company. In this regard, reliance was placed on the judgment passed in the case of Saurashtra Chemicals Ltd. (Supra).
108. In the present case, it is an admitted fact that the claim of the plaintiff company was repudiated vide communication dated 29.10.2014 ExPW1/17 which read as under:-
" .... Kindly refer to your letter dated 25.09.2014 regarding clarification in above mentioned claim against our letter dt 08.09.2014. The file has been reconsidered & discussed In details by the competent authority & It has been observed that there was no evidence of any Insured Marine Peril activated when the cargo was pumped from shore tank to ship tank at the port of loading & ship's tank into the shore tank at the port of discharge viz. breaking of lines, overflowing of tanks, abnormal leakages etc during the voyage. In that case, the quantity brought by the vessel was fully pumped and received in shore tank & it is confirmed that the shortage was not due to any Insured Peril, hence there is no Liability under the Policy. The same has been confirmed by the surveyor.
In view of above, we have repudiated this claim. As such we have no liability under the policy, which you please note. We sincerely regret the inconvenience caused to you and assure you that all care has been taken to arrive at the above KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 57 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023) conclusion, keeping the best Interest of clients and the company in mind..."
109. The aforesaid repudiation communication ExPW1/17 is making it clear that the claim of the plaintiff company was scrutinized vis-a-vis terms and conditions of the policy issued in addition to the report of the surveyor and it was categorically stated that the shortage was not due to marine peril hence, there is no liability under the policy. This is the stand of the defendant company from the very beginning. The Institute Cargo Clause A ExDW2/A has been pressed into service by the defendant company to show that the loss suffered by the plaintiff company was not caused by any marine peril and ordinary leakage or loss in weight or volume are excluded from the Insurance Cover. It is true that the repudiation communications ExPW1/17 is silent in referring to theInstitute Cargo Clause (A) ExDW2/A explicitly but in pith and substances the claim was repudiated by the defendant company on the grounds that the loss was not caused due to any marine peril and ordinary or operational loss is not covered under the insurance policy. Therefore, the contention of the Ld. Counsel for the plaintiff company would not help him much and no benefit of the said judgment can be extended to the plaintiff company.
KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 58 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023)
110. I have also gone through the judicial authorities as relied upon by the Ld. Counsels of both the parties. There is no doubt about the proposition of law as laid down in those judgments with regard to certain issues i.e interpretation of section 14 of Limitation Act; the burden to prove exclusion clause lies on the insurer; appreciation of surveyors reports; in case of doubt of admissibility of claim, it has to be interpreted in favour of the insured; the scope of 'All Risk Policy' and exclusion clause as contained in Institute Cargo Clause (A) ExDW2/A; the value of second surveyor report etc. and these principles as laid down, have duly been considered. However, the same would not extend any benefit to the plaintiff company as the defendant company has been able to prove its case and has discharged the burden placed on it.
111. In view of my aforesaid discussion, I am of the considered opinion that the defendant company has been able to establish that the loss suffered by the plaintiff company was merely an operational loss and it was not caused due to any marine peril during the voyage of the consignment and it might have occurred due to the handing of the material for which the defendant company cannot be held liable. Thus, this Court does not find any fault in repudiating the claim KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 59 of 60 ) Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023) of the plaintiff company by the defendant company and consequently the plaintiff company is not entitled to recover the amount, as prayed for. Hence, issue no. 4 is answered accordingly.
Issue no. 5 In case if issue no. 4 is decided in affirmative, whether the plaintiff is entitled for any interest, as asked for in the plaint? (OPP).
112. In view of my findings on issue no 4 , the question of awarding any interest does not arise. This issue is also disposed off accordingly.
Issue No.6. Relief
113. In view of my findings on the issue no. 4, the present suit of the plaintiff company is hereby dismissed.
114. There is no order as to costs.
115. File be consigned to record room, as per rules.
Digitally signed RAJESH by RAJESH
KUMAR GOEL
KUMAR Date:
GOEL 2025.07.30
17:10:46 +0530
(Rajesh Kumar Goel)
District Judge (Commercial)-02
Central, Tis Hazari Courts
30.07.2025
Announced in the Open Court
today i.e: 30.07.2025
KLJ Resources Ltd Date of Judgment 30.07.2025 (Page 60 of 60 )
Vs Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd (825/2023)