Patna High Court - Orders
Bachpan Bachao Andolan vs The State Of Bihar on 22 September, 2023
Bench: Chief Justice, Partha Sarthy
IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT PATNA
Civil Writ Jurisdiction Case No.10335 of 2021
======================================================
1. Bachpan Bachao Andolan A Charitable Society having its registered Office
at L-6, Kalkaji, New Delhi- 110019, through its authorized representative
Shri Dhananjay Tingal, aged about 51 years, Gender- Male, Son of Jagdish
Saran Tingal, Resident of -G- 132, Second Floor, Kalkaji, P.S.- Kalkaji, New
Delhi.
2. Sampurna Behura Daughter of Late G Behura Resident of Flat No. 501,
Technology Apartment, Patparganj, P.S.- Madhu Vihar, New Delhi- 110092.
... ... Petitioner/s
Versus
1. The State of Bihar Through the Secretary, Social Welfare Department,
Government of Bihar, Patna.
2. The Director Social Welfare Department, Government of Bihar, Patna.
3. The Bihar State Commission for Protection of Child Rights Through its
Chairman, Patna.
4. The Director General of Police Government of Bihar, Patna.
5. The High Court of Judicature at Patna Through the Registrar General, Patna
High Court, Patna.
... ... Respondent/s
======================================================
with
Civil Writ Jurisdiction Case No. 3604 of 2018
======================================================
In The Matter Of Letter Dated 19.02.2018 Of The Secretary General Of S. C.
I. Based On The Judgement
... ... Petitioner/s
Versus
The State Of Bihar and Ors
... ... Respondent/s
======================================================
Appearance :
(In Civil Writ Jurisdiction Case No. 10335 of 2021)
For the Petitioner/s : Mr.Vatsal Verma
For the Respondent/s : Mr.Lalit Kishore (Ag)
(In Civil Writ Jurisdiction Case No. 3604 of 2018)
For the Petitioner/s : Mr.Dinu Kumar, Amicus Curiae
: Mr.Arvind Kumar Sharma, Advocate
For the Respondent/s : Mr.P.K. Verma, AAG-3
======================================================
CORAM: HONOURABLE THE CHIEF JUSTICE
and
HONOURABLE MR. JUSTICE PARTHA SARTHY
ORAL ORDER
Patna High Court CWJC No.10335 of 2021(9) dt.22-09-2023
2/25
(Per: HONOURABLE THE CHIEF JUSTICE)
9 22-09-2023
We have heard learned counsel for the petitioners and also the Government Advocate and perused the records.
2. The writ petitions are of the years 2018 and 2021; the former suo motu initiated on the basis of a letter dated 19.02.2018 of the Secretary General of the Supreme Court of India, based on the judgment in Writ Petition (Civil) No. 473of 2005, Sampurna Behura vs. Union of India dated 09.03.2018; for effective implementation of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015. There have been various orders passed and there are steps taken by the Government in implementation of the Protection of Child Rights Act, 2005 and the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015. The records of the writ petition are voluminous and we are of the opinion that for effective monitoring of the further actions to be taken, the present writ petitions have to be closed and a fresh suo motu writ petition initiated.
3. On the above reasoning, we tabulated the conspectus of what transpired till date, the situation existing as of now and what requires to be done; in consultation with the Juvenile Justice Monitoring Committee of this Court. The following is the tabulation chart of CWJC No. 3604 of 2018 :
Patna High Court CWJC No.10335 of 2021(9) dt.22-09-2023 3/25 Issues Raised Govt. Response Actual Status Requirement As per last Counter Affidavit dated 21-07- 2022 (1) Constitution of State has established Except one (a). Vacant State a full-fledged, Member, all posts of Commissions independent, and the posts of Chairman and for the resourceful SCPCR the BSCPCR Members must Protection of comprising six (06) are vacant. be filled at the Child Rights members and one Selection earliest.
(01) Chairperson &appointmen (b). Standard under the provisions t on those Operating of the Protection of posts is under Procedure must Child Rights Act, process since be framed for 2005. 2021 & 2022. timely Deputation of One appointment of Secretary and Secretary, Chairman and required Staffs has One Members.
also been made to Administrativ (c). The make it effective and e Officer and BSCPCR functional. 03 Child must prepare Protection and publish Officers are Annual working at Reports BSCPCR. before 31st The BSCPCR December of is not every year for publishing submission to any Annual the State Report or Government Special and to also Reports on prepare and the issues submit related with Special child. reports on Special issues.
(2) Constitution of The State Child The State (a). Both the
State Child Protection Society Child State Level
Protection (SCPS) has been Protection bodies i.e.
Society. established and Society SCPS and
registered under (SCPS) is CARA and
Societies Registration functional. the District
Act, 1860 on 11th State Child
October, 2011. The Adoption Protection
office of SCPS has Resource Units are
been set up at Apna Agency required to
Ghar, Children's Home, (SARA) is publish their
Bailey Road, Patna. also annual
State Adoption functional. activity
Patna High Court CWJC No.10335 of 2021(9) dt.22-09-2023 4/25 Issues Raised Govt. Response Actual Status Requirement As per last Counter Affidavit dated 21-07- 2022 Resource Agency District Child reports so as (SARA)is a state level Protection to document body to coordinate and Units the steps implement the non- (DCPU)- taken for the institutional DCPUS at wellbeing of programmes like each district the children adoption, foster care, are including sponsorship and after functional. nutrition, care under ICPS. education, Office of SARA is also medical functioning as a unit of benefits, skill SCPS from Apna Ghar, development Bailey Road, Patna. and general District Child living Protection Units conditions.
(DCPU)-DCPUS have been constituted in the year of 2008 itself as per Section 62-A of the JJ Act, 2000 (amended in 2006), by the State Government.
Subsequently, it has
been strengthened by
making regular
appointments of
Assistant Director,
Child Protection Units
(AD-CPUs), Child
Protection Officer
(Institutional Care),
Child Protection
Officer (Non-
institutional Care) and
Accountant-cum-Store
Keeper to make the
Unit deliver its
mandated functions
effectively
(3) Establish In all the 38 All the (a). Having
ment of Juvenile districts of the State, 38 Juvenile regard to the
Justice Boards Juvenile Justice Boards Justice Boards pendency of
(JJBS) in every have been constituted are functional. cases as on
district (if and made functional. 12 01-09-2023
necessary more The Social Juvenile at JJBs
than one in some members of the JJBs Justice Boards namely Patna
Patna High Court CWJC No.10335 of 2021(9) dt.22-09-2023 5/25 Issues Raised Govt. Response Actual Status Requirement As per last Counter Affidavit dated 21-07-
2022
districts) and are being appointed on (Banka, Arwal, (3314), Saran
their training. the recommendation of Nalanda, at Chapra
the Selection Jamui, (2863),
Committee as per Khagaria, Siwan
Bihar J.J. Rules 2017. Saharsa, (2022)& East
The selection Rohtas, Champaran at
on vacant posts of Vaishali, Motihari
Social Members is Gopalganj, (1886),
under process. East additional
In JJBs Champaran, Juvenile
adequate staff have Sheohar and Justice
been provided by the Buxar) are Boards are
concerned District having only required to be
Child Protection Unit. one Social established in
Similarly Member. these districts
adequate staff have In four on priority
been appointed at Juvenile basis.
Child Care Institutions Justice Boards (b).A standard and out of 160 (Madhepura, operation sanctioned posts 108 Sheikhpura, procedure working strength is Bhojpur and (SOP) to be available. The process Sitamarhi) adopted for filing up the 52 there is no wherein the vacant posts is under regular social appointment process. member process for appointed and social the social members be members of initiated prior other JJBsare to any post attached with getting these Boards, vacant.
which is (c).Competent
apparently not Ministerial
in accordance Staff must be
with the J.J. provided to
Act, 2015 and the JJBs and
Bihar J.J. a dedicated
Rules, 2017. Ministerial
More cadre for the
than a year has same may be
passed since created by the
process for State
filing up the Government.
vacant post has
been started by
the State but
Patna High Court CWJC No.10335 of 2021(9) dt.22-09-2023 6/25 Issues Raised Govt. Response Actual Status Requirement As per last Counter Affidavit dated 21-07- 2022 till date the same has not been completed.
The
Ministerial
Staff provided
at the JJBs are
not competent
(except few) to
deal with the
work related
with the JJBs.
(4) Establish In all the 38 districts In 16 (a). A standard
ment of Child of the State Child districts the operating
Welfare Welfare Committees CWCs are not procedure
Committees (CWC) have been operational for (SOP) to be
(CWCs) and constituted and made last 1 year for adopted
their training. functional. want of wherein the
The Chairman and Chairman and appointment
Members of the Members of process for
CWCs are being the CWC. Chairman
appointed on the More and Members
recommendation of than a year has of the CWC
the Selection passed since be initiated
Committee as per process for prior to any
Bihar J.J. Rules 2017. filing up the post getting
The selection on vacant post has vacant.
vacant posts of been started by
Chairman and the State but
Members of the till date the
CWCs for 16 districts same has not
is under process. been
completed.
(5) Appointm All the JJBs have There (a). A standard
ent of Probation been provided is no guideline operating
Officers and Probation Officer and or standard procedure
their training required training has operating (SOP) to be
been imparted to procedure formulated
them. formulated relating to the
relating to the nature and
nature and manner of
manner of discharge of
discharge of their duties.
their duties
Patna High Court CWJC No.10335 of 2021(9) dt.22-09-2023 7/25 Issues Raised Govt. Response Actual Status Requirement As per last Counter Affidavit dated 21-07- 2022 which has to be put in place.
(6) Establish Special Juvenile No (a)A dedicated ment of Special Police Units (SJPU) information SJPU must Juvenile Police are functioning in all has been be created by Units in every the 44 Police provided by the State and Police Station, districts. the State an exclusive their training and In all the 44 Police regarding cadre of updating the Districts one Dy. SP training of CWPO has to Police Training rank Officer has been SJPU officers be formed for Manual notified as Nodal and updating better Officer of SJPU and the Police management, in all Police Stations Training implementatio i.e. 1052 the next Manual in the n and senior to the Station light of efficiency of House Officer, a Sub decision of such Inspector rank the Hon'ble workforce.
Officer has been Supreme (b).Training and
notified as Child Court dated sensitising
Welfare Police 09-02-2018 programmes
Officer (CWPO) as passed in are to be
provisioned in Sec. Sampurna provided for
107 of the JJ Act and Behura v such
86 of Bihar Union of dedicated
JJ Rules,2017. India &othrs officers.
W.P. (C) No.
473 of 2005.
There is no
training
curriculum
prepared for
imparting
special
training to
the Child
Welfare
Police
Officer
(CWPO)
nominated as
per the
scheme of the
State
Government.
Moreover,
such
Patna High Court CWJC No.10335 of 2021(9) dt.22-09-2023 8/25 Issues Raised Govt. Response Actual Status Requirement As per last Counter Affidavit dated 21-07-
2022
nominated
police
officers has
to perform
other works
in addition to
their work as
CWPO,
hence the
approach and
attitude of
these officers
in dealing
cases related
with children
lacks proper
sensitivity
and
carefulness.
(7) Provision for No information has The Bihar (a). A standard
legal aid been provided by the State Legal operating
lawyers and State on this point. Services procedure
their training. Authority (SOP) to be
(BSLSA) formulated
have for
empanelled empanelment
lawyers in of capable
each districts lawyers, their
through remuneration,
respective training, fees
District Legal etc. so that
Services proper and
Authority quality legal
(DLSA) for aid is
providing provided to
legal aid to the children .
children.
The BSLSA
and DLSA
periodically
conduct
training
programme
for these
empanelled
lawyers.
Patna High Court CWJC No.10335 of 2021(9) dt.22-09-2023 9/25 Issues Raised Govt. Response Actual Status Requirement As per last Counter Affidavit dated 21-07- 2022
(8) Proper &
timely
selection of
members of
JJBs and
CWCs.
(9) Periodic
Covered under Point No. (4) supra
Assessment of
manpower
requirements of
JJBs and
CWCs and
filing up the
vacancies.
(10) Furnishi No information has
ng of on-line been provided by the
quarterly State on this point
reports by the rather information
State has been provided
Governments. regarding use of
technology such as
facility of computer,
Internet, CCTVs,
Video Conferencing
system etc.
(11) Significan Having regard to the The quality (a). An online
ce of Social significance of Social of the Social monitoring
Investigation Investigation Report, Investigation mechanism
Report all the JJBs have been Reports has to be
provided Probation submitted by developed to
Officer and required the Probation monitor the
training has been Officers are timely
imparted to them not up to the submission of
mark and are the Social
stereotypes Investigation
without any Reports as
application of well as
mind. maintaining
The more the quality of
crucial issue the same.
is ensuring (b).Intensive
timely training and
submission of sensitising
Social programmes
Investigation with proper
Report, as in curriculum
Patna High Court CWJC No.10335 of 2021(9) dt.22-09-2023 10/25 Issues Raised Govt. Response Actual Status Requirement As per last Counter Affidavit dated 21-07- 2022
most of the must be
cases delay in conducted to
disposal of all the
bail petitions Probation
as well as Officers at
final disposal regular
of cases is interval.
related with
delay in
submission of
the Social
Investigation
Report.
(12) Principal In all the 38 JJBs In 35 districts (a).Having
Magistrates Principal Magistrates where the regard to the
should are appointed. total pendency of
exclusively pendency of cases as on
deal with cases is more 01-09-2023
Juvenile Justice than 250, at JJBs
inquiries exclusive namely
Principal Patna(3314),
Magistrates Saran at
have been Chapra
appointed (2863),
and only in Siwan (2022)
two districts & East
i.e.Sheohar Champaran at
and Motihari
Kishanganj (1886),
where the additional
total Juvenile
pendency is Justice
under 100, Boards are
the senior required to be
most Judicial established in
st
Magistrate 1 these districts
Class of both on priority
these districts basis.
have been
designated as
Principal
Magistrate
and they
attend the
JJB on first
half of each
Patna High Court CWJC No.10335 of 2021(9) dt.22-09-2023 11/25 Issues Raised Govt. Response Actual Status Requirement As per last Counter Affidavit dated 21-07- 2022 working day.
(13) Registrati As on 21-07-2022, 84 Till date, the (a). Details of on of child care Child Care number of children institutions. Institutions (CCIs) Child Care housed in the are being run under Institutions safe houses the purview of the has not been and the Social Welfare increased as facilities to Department including reported by be placed on 20 Observation the State on record.
Homes, 04 place of 21-07-2022. (b).The State
Safety and 01 Special No data must fix a
Home, 23 Children's provided as time frame
Homes for boys, 11 to the number for
Children's Homes of children construction
for girls, and 25 housed in of
Specialised Adoption these houses Observation
Agencies (SAAs) for and the Homes in the
children in need of facilities remaining 18
care and protection. provided. districts of
All these Homes are There is no the State and
being run in Observation particularly
accordance with the Home for the
provisions of the Girls in Observation
Juvenile Justice (Care Bihar. The Home for
and Protection of Girl child in Girls must be
Children) Act, 2015 conflict with constructed
and the guideline of law within
the Integrated Child apprehended shortest
Protection Scheme (I in any district possible time.
CPS). of Bihar are
being kept in
Nari Niketan,
Patna as an
alternative
arrangement.
Even the
Observation
Homes for
boys are only
situated in 20
districts of
the State.
(14) Improvem Various initiatives (a). A robust
ent of living have been taken by mechanism is
conditions in the State for required for
government run improving the living monitoring
Patna High Court CWJC No.10335 of 2021(9) dt.22-09-2023 12/25 Issues Raised Govt. Response Actual Status Requirement As per last Counter Affidavit dated 21-07- 2022
child care conditions of the all the
institutions. government run CCIs initiatives
like: taken by the
the nodal department State for
i.e. Social Welfare Improvement
Department has of living
provided 08 lakhs for conditions in
each CCI for government
providing necessary run child care
items like Roti institutions.
Making Machines, (b). e-
Washing Machines Monitoring
etc. to the Children. should be
in addition to ICPS preferred for
State Government is the same,
also supporting with active
vulnerable Children dashboard
and their family and reporting
through PARVARISH module.
a kinship care
program. Parvarish
Scheme was launched
in year 2013 by
Social welfare
Department
Government of Bihar
to enhance the quality
of life of orphan,
underprivileged and
chronically ill
children and to
promote family
Based care through
sponsorship. Till now
total 15552
beneficiaries have
been provided the
benefits under this
Scheme. In the same
way total no of 1205
Children have been
provided benefits of
Rs. 2000/ under
Sponsorship.
In the same way with
an intension to
Patna High Court CWJC No.10335 of 2021(9) dt.22-09-2023 13/25 Issues Raised Govt. Response Actual Status Requirement As per last Counter Affidavit dated 21-07- 2022 provide the social security to those children who are affected from Corona and lost both their parents during Corona, at least one will get benefit of Rs.
1500/ till the
attainment of 18
years under Bal
Sahayata Yojna, an
exclusive scheme
started by the State of
Bihar. These benefits
are apart from the
benefits of Central
Government under
PM Cares Fund.
In the State from
2018 up to now total
no of 534 Children.
including 427 in
Country and 107
Inter Country, have
been provided
families. With
support of UNICEF
the benefit of Foster
Care is also being
provided.
CCTV cameras have
been installed in all
CCIs.
Provision of Safe
drinking water,
hygiene and
cleanliness has been
ensured in all CCIs.
Deputation of
Doctors from the
District Hospital for
CCIs or periodical
visit of government
doctor has been
ensured in all CCIs.
Patna High Court CWJC No.10335 of 2021(9) dt.22-09-2023 14/25 Issues Raised Govt. Response Actual Status Requirement As per last Counter Affidavit dated 21-07-
2022
Steps have been
taken to link the long
staying children in
CCIs with
educational
institutions.
Indoor and Outdoor
games facilities have
been provided in all
CCIs along with
facilities for art and
craft activities.
Painting with Child
friendly pictures,
messages and quotes
have been done in all
CCIs to create child
friendly environment.
Steps have also been
taken for effective
rehabilitation and
restoration of
children in need of
care and protection.
Regular visit of
authorities has been
ensured for
monitoring purposes.
Complaint boxes
have been installed in
all the CCIs.
Steps have been
taken for proper
maintenance of case
files and essential
records related with
CCIs.
Information
management system
like Child Protection
Management
Information System
(CPIMS) and Home
Information
Management System
(HMIS) have been
Patna High Court CWJC No.10335 of 2021(9) dt.22-09-2023 15/25 Issues Raised Govt. Response Actual Status Requirement As per last Counter Affidavit dated 21-07- 2022
rolled out for
strengthening the
juvenile justice
system in the State.
(15) Creation In the light of Section
of Juvenile 105 of the J.J. Act,
Justice Fund. 2015 Government has
created a Juvenile
Justice Fund for the
welfare and
rehabilitation of the
Children dealt with
under the JJ Act
2015.
At present in an
amount of Rs.
1,21,82,414 (One
Crore twenty-one
lakhs eighty-two
thousand four
hundred and
fourteen) from
different
organizations has
been credited and the
amount is utilized for
the benefits of
Children.
(16) Setting
up meaningful
Special Juvenile
Police Unit
(SJPU)
(17) Appoint
ment of
dedicated Child
Welfare Police
Covered under Point No. (6) supra
Officers
(CWPO) at the
earliest.
(18) To
Clearly Identify
the duties and
responsibilities
of SJPU and
CWPO
Patna High Court CWJC No.10335 of 2021(9) dt.22-09-2023 16/25 Issues Raised Govt. Response Actual Status Requirement As per last Counter Affidavit dated 21-07- 2022
(19) Adequat
e and regular
training and
sensitization for
all the Training aspects have been Covered under Point No. (4) to
stakeholders/ (7) supra.
authorities under
the J.J. Act, 2015
and relevant
Rules.
(20) Establish Child Friendly Courts In all the 37 (a). An exclusive
ment of Child and vulnerable districts of Child
Friendly Courts witness court has Bihar Child Friendly
and Vulnerable been established in Friendly Complex
witness courts in every district of Courts along must be
each district. Bihar. with Child established in
ADJ-1 of each friendly each district
district has also been Vulnerable in which all
designated as Witness room the Courts
Children Court. has been dealing with
established. Child related
In 11 districts cases such as
one Children
additional Court,
Child POCSO
Friendly Courts (Child
Courts has Friendly
also been Courts) and
established related wings
having regard like
to the number prosecution
of pendency office,
of cases dealt vulnerable
by such witness
Courts. deposition
These Child centre etc
Friendly could be
Courts, Child established.
friendly (b).One stop
Vulnerable centre based
Witness on Bharosa
rooms are Model of
being used Hyderabad
for trial of State would
POCSO be
Cases. established.
Patna High Court CWJC No.10335 of 2021(9) dt.22-09-2023 17/25 Issues Raised Govt. Response Actual Status Requirement As per last Counter Affidavit dated 21-07-
2022 The Court of ADJ-1 of each district has been designated as Children Court for the cases related with J.J. Act, 2015.
4. Following is the tabulation chart of CWJC No. 10335 of 2021 (Bachpan Bachao Andolan & Others vs The State of Bihar & Others) :
Issues Raised Govt. Response Actual Status Requirement (1) Implementation of directions passed by Hon'ble Supreme Court in para 95 of the Judgment dated This part of the Issue is entirely covered under CWJC No. 3604/2018 and discussed in detail in the summary of that 09-02-2018 Case.
passed in
Sampurna
Behura v Union
of India &othrs
W.P. (C) No.
473 of 2005
(2) To formulate No Specific No (a). State
State Child Information has information as Child
Protection been provided by to notified Protection
Policy on the State that State Child Policy on
prevention of whether State Child Protection prevention
offences against Protection Policy on Policy on of offences
children. prevention of prevention of against
offences against offences children
children has been against should be
formulated or not. children is framed at
At para 18 of available on the earliest
Counter Affidavit of any website in the light
respondent no. 1 & maintained by of order
Patna High Court CWJC No.10335 of 2021(9) dt.22-09-2023 18/25 Issues Raised Govt. Response Actual Status Requirement 2 dated 21-09-2021 the State dated 14-
the State says that Government. 08-2018 in Child Protection However, a M.A. No. Policy is being draft of Bihar 2069 of prepared by the State Policy 2018 in Central Government for Children W.P. (C) and it is also under 2017 is No. 473 of the active available on 2005 consideration of the internet. (Sampurna State as well. Behura vs The Central Union of Government has India.) now come up with new guidelines called Mission Vatsalya which has been adopted by the Bihar Government.
(3) To The Ministry of
formulate SOP on Women and Child
missing children, Development,
as mandated under Government of
Rule 92(7) of the India has notified
Bihar Juvenile Standard Operative
Justice Care and System (SOP) on
Protection Rules, missing children
2017. and the same has
been adopted by the
State Government
for its
implementation
across the State.
(4) For These documents (a). Seven
preparation of are being prepared JJBs and
Social on extensive level CWCs are
not as yet
Investigation and are being
fully
Report and considered by the functional.
Individual Care JJBs and CWCs in
Plan of every child their orders.
that is produced More than 1500
before Juvenile cases the SIPs/ICPs
Justice Board/ have been uploaded
Child Welfare on Bal Swaraj
Committees Portal within two
months related to
Orphans issues
monitored by
Hon'ble Supreme
Court of India in
Patna High Court CWJC No.10335 of 2021(9) dt.22-09-2023 19/25 Issues Raised Govt. Response Actual Status Requirement W.P. (C) No. 04/2020 namely Re:Contagion of COVID 19 Virus in Child Protection Case.
(5) To frame rules A mechanism in the (a). Regular
or issue rules form of department training and
otherwise, proceeding as well sensitising
programmes
prescribing as judicial orders by
& activities
personal the Juvenile Justice to be carried
liability Boards, Children out.
including Courts or orders of
departmental CWCs is already in
proceedings the system for
against public proper punishment
servants for to the erring
dereliction of officials responsible
duties entrusted for dereliction of
under the Child duties entrusted
Protection under the Child
Laws. Protection Laws.
(6) To create a No specific reply For want of (a). A
separate cadre submitted separate dedicated
of Child Welfare cadre of SJPU must
Police Officers. CWPO, be created by
nominated the State and
police an exclusive
officers has cadre of
to perform CWPO has to
other works be formed for
in addition better
to their work management,
as CWPO, implementati
hence the on and
approach efficient of
and attitude such
of these workforce.
officers in
dealing cases
related with
children
lacks proper
sensitivity
and
carefulness.
(7) To conduct State is using the State has
Social Audit National Portal developed
every year with "Track the Missing another
Patna High Court CWJC No.10335 of 2021(9) dt.22-09-2023 20/25 Issues Raised Govt. Response Actual Status Requirement the best possible Child" for the monitoring method by inmates of different mechanism which CCIs. by creating a transparency A software namely dashboard and Child Protection and accountability in Management reporting the management Information System module and functioning (CPMIS) with 300 related with of Child Care indicators is digitalization Institutions and functional in the of master other bodies State for better registers under the management maintained Juvenile Justice information and in the Act and Model monitoring within Juvenile Rules shall be CCIs. Justice monitored and Similarly, Home Boards for supervised. Information better Management monitoring System (HIMS) is of the cases operational for and exclusive rehabilitatio monitoring of all the n and other CCIs in the State. connected A "single window" uses.
based system for
rescue and
rehabilitation of
child labour namely
Child Labour
Tracking System
(CLTS) is
efficiently
operational in the
State.
5. In addition to the above, we noticed the judgment of the Hon'ble Supreme Court in Barun Chandra Thakur Vs. Master Bholu & Anr., since reported in 2022 SCC Online SC 870 in which it was held as under :
"... Looking at the purpose of the 2015 Act and its legislative intent, particularly to ensure the protection of the best interest of the Patna High Court CWJC No.10335 of 2021(9) dt.22-09-2023 21/25 child, the expression "may" in the proviso to Section 15(1) and in Rule 10A(2) of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Model Rules, 2016 relating to the requirement of taking assistance of experienced psychologists or psycho-social workers or other experts, would operate as mandatory."
6. As of now, the Department of Social Welfare has empanelled clinical psychologists appointed under National Mental Health Programme for Juvenile Justice Boards situated in ten districts, namely, Banka, Buxar, Gopalganj, Jamui, Kaimur, Muzaffarpur, Patna, Purnea, Rohtas and Vaishali vide letter no. 936, dated 28-04-2023, but still services of experienced psychologist or psycho-social workers or other experts are wanting for 28 JJBs. The Secretary, Department of Social Welfare has suggested to the Juvenile Justice Monitoring Committee of this Court that as an alternative arrangement the Counsellors/Clinical Psychologists appointed in the State Government's enterprise namely "Saksham" at each districts of the State may be empanelled for their services to JJBs for the purpose of Preliminary Assessment process. However, the department will take initiative for initiation of fresh recruitment process for a dedicated panel of psychologists or psycho-social Patna High Court CWJC No.10335 of 2021(9) dt.22-09-2023 22/25 workers or other experts for JJBs in the State.
8. The writ petitions shall stand closed. However, Registry shall initiate a fresh suo motu writ petition on the basis of the letter dated 19.02.2018 of the Secretary General of the Supreme Court of India and the judgment in Writ Petition (Civil) No. 473 of 2005, Sampurna Behura vs. Union of India dated 09.03.2018, annexed herewith as Annexure A-1 and A-2 respectively.
9. Registry shall initiate a suo motu writ petition titled as "In re' Juvenile Justice (Care & Protection of Children) Act, 2015". The Additional Registrar, Juvenile Justice Monitoring Committee shall be the first respondent, Bachpan Bachao Andolan (petitioner in CWJC No. 10335 of 2021) shall be the second respondent. Registrar General, High Court of Judicature at Patna shall be the third respondent. Thereafter, State of Bihar through the Chief Secretary, Government of Bihar, Patna, The Secretary, Social Welfare Department, Government of Bihar, Patna, The Director, Social Welfare Department, Government of Bihar, Patna, The Bihar State Commission for Protection of Child Rights, through its Chairman, Patna, The Director General of Police, Government of Bihar, Patna shall be arrayed as respondents No. 4 to 8.
Patna High Court CWJC No.10335 of 2021(9) dt.22-09-2023 23/25
10. Ms. Ritika Rani is appointed as Amicus Curiae in this case. Mr. Vatsal Verma appears for Bachpan Bachao Andolan and learned Advocate General for the other respondents.
(K. Vinod Chandran, CJ) ( Partha Sarthy, J) Pradeep/-
U Patna High Court CWJC No.10335 of 2021(9) dt.22-09-2023 24/25 Annexure A-1 Patna High Court CWJC No.10335 of 2021(9) dt.22-09-2023 25/25 Annexure A-2 steps and be accused of ‗judicial activism' or overreach - or should the cynics and skeptics have their day resulting in the grievance of the voiceless and the disadvantaged remaining unheard and the fundamental and human rights lying unaddressed?
2. These questions arise in the context of the virtual non-implementation or tardy implementation of laws beneficial to voiceless (and sometimes silenced) children, particularly, the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000 (the Act of 2000) and the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 (the JJ Act). We record and acknowledge our appreciation for the efforts of Sampurna Behura in highlighting some of these issues by way of a Public Interest Litigation and to learned counsel for the appearing parties in rendering assistance enabling us to address some of these issues by not making these proceedings adversarial, but a constructive effort for the benefit of the children of our country. No one has any doubt that it is time for the State to strongly and proactively acknowledge that even children in our country have fundamental rights and human rights and they need to be enforced equally strongly.
3. If Nelson Mandela is to be believed, ―Our children are our greatest treasure. They are our future. Those who abuse them tear at W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 2 of 62 the fabric of our society and weaken our nation.‖1 Our policy and decision makers need to heed this advice and warning and appreciate that they are not doing any favour to the children of our country by caring for them - it is their constitutional obligation and the social justice laws enacted by Parliament need to be effectively and meaningfully enforced.
Background and Chief Justices Conferences
4. In a prescient understanding of child rights, the Chief Justices' Conference held in 2006 (presided by the Chief Justice of India with participation by the Chief Justice of every High Court) the following resolution was passed:
―a) That High Courts will impress upon the State Governments to set up Juvenile Justice Boards, wherever not set-up. The Chief Justices may nominate a High Court Judge to oversee the condition and functioning of the remand/observation homes established under the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000.
b) The Chief Justices of the High Courts will expedite the matter with the respective State Governments for setting up of Juvenile Justice Boards, wherever they have not yet been set up.
c) The Chief Justices of the High Courts will nominate a Judge to make periodical visits to Juvenile Homes, wherever set up, and the learned Judge may suggest remedial measures for the betterment of the conditions of the juvenile homes and inmates.‖ 1 Address by President Nelson Mandela at National Men's March, Pretoria on 22 November 1997 W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 3 of 62
5. The above resolution was passed almost six years after the Act of 2000 came into force - meaning thereby that even about six years after Parliament enacted a law for the benefit of children, the State Governments had not taken steps to fulfill one basic requirement of the law, that is, to set up Juvenile Justice Boards.
6. In 2009 the Chief Justices' Conference discussed the progress made in setting-up of Juvenile Justice Boards and the resolution passed in the Conference in 2006 was reiterated indicating that little or no progress had still been made by the State Governments in setting up Juvenile Justice Boards. So, almost a decade had gone by without compliance by the State Governments of a basic statutory obligation laid down by Parliament.
7. In 2013 the issue of strengthening the juvenile justice system was again discussed at the Chief Justices' Conference and the resolutions passed in 2006 and 2009 were reiterated. In addition, the mandate of setting up Child Welfare Committees in all districts was also emphasized to meet the requirements of children in need of care and protection and to give full effect to the provisions of the Act of 2000. It was the further resolved:
―It was further resolved that Juvenile Justice Committees, as had been set up in the Delhi High Court, under the guidance of the Chief Justice and senior judges and others concerned with the welfare of juveniles and the working W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 4 of 62 of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000, be set up in all the High Courts to monitor the implementation of the provisions of the Act in their true spirit.
It was noticed that the State Governments had not taken serious steps to establish and set-up the various Homes, referred to in the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000, as amended in 2006 and the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Rules, 2007. It was noticed that the conditions in the Remand/ Observation Homes and Shelter Homes are not up to the standard and a lot of improvement was required to make these facilities meaningful, as envisaged under the above Act and Rules. It was also noticed that After-care Homes for adolescents passing into adulthood and, in particular girls, have not been taken up seriously by the concerned Authorities. The Chief Justices shall take up the matter with the State Governments for improving the conditions of the various Homes, referred to in the above Act and the Rules, and to provide for permanent staff to run the said establishments, as it was reported by some of the Chief Justices that many of the employees of the Homes had been working on an ad-hoc basis, even for as many as fifteen years. The Chief Justices were requested to take up the matter with the State Authorities to ensure that services of such persons, who have been working on ad-hoc basis, are regularised, if necessary, by creation of posts.
Particular notice was taken of the fact that the provisions of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000, had not yet been implemented in the State of Jammu and Kashmir.‖
8. In 2015 the issue of strengthening the juvenile justice system was once again discussed at the Chief Justices' Conference and the following resolution passed:
W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 5 of 62 ―Resolved that the High Courts shall continue to take all steps necessary, including evolving ways to ensure greater sensitivity, to effectively deal with cases in the field of Juvenile Justice in their respective States. The High Courts should ensure that constitution of Juvenile Justice Boards and Child Welfare Committees are in place, that visits are regularly made to the Juvenile Homes, Special Homes, Observation Homes, Shelter Homes and Rescue Centres etc. and that such homes are set up wherever they have not already been set up. It shall also be ensured that the requisite facilities are provided as per the Standards, Rules, Policies and Guidelines in all such Homes/Centres. The assistance of State Legal Services Authorities and District Legal Services Authorities shall also be taken in this regard.‖
9. Finally, in 2016 at the Chief Justices' Conference the following resolution was passed:
―The Conference has noted the necessity for ensuring institutional support for juveniles in conflict of law and children in need of care and protection.
Resolved that:
(i) cases pending for a period in excess of one year be disposed of on priority by the JJBs;
(ii) Juvenile Justice Committees of the High Courts shall monitor the pendency and disposal of adoption cases and applications for declaring children free for adoption on a priority basis;
(iii) steps be taken to ensure that every district is equipped with a Child Protection Unit, Special Juvenile Police Unit, Observation Homes and Children Homes;
(iv) pending cases of orphaned, abandoned and surrendered children be monitored by the Juvenile Justice Committees of High Courts;
W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 6 of 62
(v) training and refresher training be imparted to
judicial officers;
(vi) vacancies in juvenile justice institutions be filled up on a mission mode basis in three months; and
(vii) State Legal Services Authorities should actively discharge their role.‖
10. At this stage, it may be mentioned that pursuant to the resolutions passed in the Chief Justices' Conferences, every High Court has constituted a Juvenile Justice Committee headed by a judge of the High Court to take stock of and look into issues concerning children. We may note that every High Court has responded more than positively and each Juvenile Justice Committee has brought about some improvements in the living conditions in Homes and in the well-being and lives of many children.
11. Appreciating that the judiciary has a constitutional obligation to ensure that everybody acts in the best interests of the child, the Chief Justice of India set up a Committee in the Supreme Court to address the issues of effective implementation of the Act of 2000 - such is the importance given by the judiciary to the rights of children.
12. Notwithstanding nudging by the judiciary, judicial ‗activism' W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 7 of 62 and criticism of it, over the last decade or so, State Governments and Union Territories have not fully complied with the provisions of a law solemnly enacted by Parliament for the benefit of children. In many instances, only cosmetic changes have been introduced at the ground level with the result that voiceless children continue to be subjects of official apathy. However, it must be acknowledged that the Union of India through the Ministry of Women and Child Development (for short MWCD) has taken some bold steps in recognizing the rights of the children and giving them some importance. Nevertheless, the overall picture relating to the recognition of the rights of children and their realization is far from satisfactory and remains gloomy as we continue to trudge along the long and winding road.
Writ petition in Public Interest
13. Sampurna Behura, the petitioner before us, has done her Masters in Sociology and was pursuing her Doctoral Thesis in the same subject at the relevant time. She has been involved in handling cases of child sexual abuse, street children and working children and has also undertaken various studies on child rights.
14. Concerned with the plight of children in the country, Sampurna Behura filed a writ petition under Article 32 of the W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 8 of 62 Constitution drawing attention to several Articles of the Constitution which impose primary responsibility on the State to ensure that the needs of children are met and their basic human rights are protected. The Articles in the Constitution referred to by her include those in the Chapter on Directive Principles of State Policy. She has also drawn attention to the Convention on the Rights of the Child adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 20th November, 1989. The Convention, to which India is a signatory, emphasizes inter alia, securing the best interests of the child, social reintegration of child victims etc.
15. She has also stated in the writ petition that the Act of 2000 was passed by Parliament bearing in mind various standards prescribed in the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice, 1985 (the Beijing Rules), the United Nations Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty, 1990 and other relevant international instruments.
16. The main burden of the writ petition is the failure of State Governments to implement various provisions of the Act of 2000 including, inter alia, the establishment of Child Welfare Committees, Juvenile Justice Boards, Special Juvenile Police Units, W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 9 of 62 establishment of appropriate Homes for children in need of care and protection, improving the living conditions of juveniles in conflict with law, medical facilities for children in the custody of the State and several other human rights issues. It is on these broad facts and averments that relief was prayed for in public interest.
17. The writ petition also drew attention to surveys and researches conducted in 2004-2005 in various States but it is not necessary to refer to them in any great detail, notwithstanding their significance and importance, since they might have lost immediate relevance with the passage of time.
18. The prayer in the Public Interest Litigation is to the effect that the Chief Secretaries and the Directors General of Police and Superintendents of Police of all the States should forthwith implement the Act of 2000 in its true spirit.
19. There is also a prayer that all respondent States be directed to provide basic amenities like nutritious food, proper and hygienic accommodation, educational facilities, recreational facilities and rehabilitation centres for juveniles in various Homes and to direct the Collectors of each district to involve reputed NGOs in implementing the orders of this Court.
20. The Act of 2000 has since been repealed and what is now in W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 10 of 62 force is the JJ Act. The repeal of the Act of 2000 does not at all change the sum and substance of the reliefs claimed in the Public Interest Litigation. As such this petition though filed way back in 2005 is not infructuous, the issues raised being very much topical and alive even today.
Proceedings in this Court
21. The writ petition was first taken up for consideration on 26th September, 2005 when notices were issued to all the respondents (Union of India and States). After service of notice (which itself took about one year!) the matter was taken up on 3rd January, 2007 and it was observed that the prayer in the writ petition was for forthwith implementation of the Act of 2000 in its true letter and spirit and that the petition highlighted some provisions of the said Act which had not been implemented despite a number of years having elapsed. It was noted that the writ petition highlights the horrible conditions in some Homes for children and that this was a violation of Article 21 of the Constitution. Under these circumstances, the Court required detailed affidavits to be filed by the respondent States through the Chief Secretary of each State.
22. Reference was made in the order dated 3rd January, 2007 to W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 11 of 62 Sheela Barse II v. Union of India 2 which also dealt with abandoned or destitute children lodged in various jails across the country for ―safe custody‖. It was noted in that decision that the National Policy for the Welfare of Children contained the following preamble:
―The nation's children are a supremely important asset. Their nurture and solicitude are our responsibility. Children's programmes should find a prominent part in our national plans for the development of human resources, so that our children grow up to become robust citizens, physically fit, mentally alert and morally healthy, endowed with the skill and motivations needed by society. Equal opportunities for development of all children during the period of growth should be our aim, for this would serve our large purpose of reducing inequality and ensuring social justice‖.
23. The Court noted in that decision that if a child is a national asset (as per the National Policy), it is the duty of the State to look after the child with a view to ensuring full development of the personality and that is why statutes dealing with children provide that a child shall not be kept in jail. It was directed that on no occasion should children be kept in jail and if a State Government does not have sufficient accommodation in its remand homes or observation homes for children, they should be released on bail instead of being subjected to incarceration in jail.
2
(1986) 3 SCC 632
W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 12 of 62
24. It was also emphasized that Juvenile Courts should be set up in each district and there must be a special cadre of Magistrates who are suitably trained for dealing with cases against children. Some other directions were also issued but they arise out of the Childrens' Act and are presently not relevant. Reference was also made in the order to Sheela Barse v. Union of India3 wherein this Court reiterated its decision referred to above.
25. It was noted that Juvenile Justice Boards (for short ‗JJBs') and Child Welfare Committees (for short ‗CWCs') under the Act of 2000 have been constituted in very few districts. It was also noted that some observation homes are like prisons with uniformed or armed police.
26. After a few subsequent hearings and completion of pleadings, the Court impleaded the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (the NCPCR) by an order dated 14th February, 2011 and the National Legal Services Authority (for short ‗NALSA') by an order dated 11th July, 2011. In the hearing on 19th August, 2011 quite a few suggestions were made by NALSA in respect of child rights. We will consider these submissions at the appropriate stage.
27. During the course of hearing, the Court lamented the 3 (1988) 4 SCC 226 W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 13 of 62 confusion and uncertainty about the availability of statistics relating to the number of juveniles in conflict with law in each district and details of such children. This made it difficult to make an effective plan for providing legal aid or providing appropriate Homes. The State Legal Services Authorities were therefore required to collect data and NALSA was required to make data available to the Court for issuing further directions. The Court also observed that CWCs and JJBs are not functional or not constituted in every district. Accordingly the State Legal Services Authorities were requested to coordinate with the appropriate Department in the State Government to ensure that CWCs and JJBs are established as per the Act of 2000.
28. Pursuant to the order dated 19th August, 2011 a detailed and excellent Report was prepared by NALSA in three parts on the existing facilities for implementation of the Act of 2000, with the month and year of reporting being August 2011.
29. When the case was again taken up on 12 th October, 2011 the Court reiterated the importance of the directions passed on 19th August, 2011 and also added focus to setting up Special Juvenile Police Units under Section 63 of the Act of 2000. Directions were given in this regard to the Home Department and the Director W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 14 of 62 General of Police of all the States and Union Territories to ensure that there is at least one police officer in every Police Station who has the necessary aptitude and is given appropriate training and orientation to function as a Juvenile or Child Welfare Officer. The State Legal Services Authorities and NALSA were requested to provide necessary training and orientation in phases to such officers.
30. The Home Department and the Directors General of Police were also directed to ensure that Special Juvenile Police Units are set up in every district and city to coordinate and upgrade the treatment of juveniles in conflict with law and children in need of care and protection as required by sub-section (3) of Section 63 of the Act of 2000.
31. When the case was taken up for consideration on 11th September, 2015 by the Social Justice Bench of this Court, it was noticed that the Union of India had filed affidavits on 31 st July, 2015 and 9th September, 2015. From a reading of these affidavits, it appeared that a large number of Homes were not registered under the provisions of the Act of 2000. Since this was a matter of concern (with a possibility of trafficking of children), the learned Additional Solicitor General appearing for the Union of India was W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 15 of 62 requested to look into the matter and he submitted that the Union of India had initiated steps to ensure that the Homes run by NGOs get registered under the Act of 2000 in a few months time.
32. Soon thereafter, the JJ Act was passed by Parliament and brought into force on 15th January, 2016. The JJ Act brought in several changes in the juvenile justice regime but the substratum of the petition filed by Sampurna Behura remained unaffected.
33. Her PIL was taken up on 15th February, 2016 in the above background and after hearing learned counsel for the parties and going through various orders passed by this Court from time to time, the following issues were identified as needing serious consideration and deliberation:
1. Constitution of State Child Protection Society.
2. Constitution of State Commissions for the Protection of Child Rights.
3. Establishment of Juvenile Justice Boards (JJBs) in every district (if necessary more than one in some districts) and their training.
4. Establishment of Child Welfare Committees (CWCs) and their training.
5. Appointment of Probation Officers and their training.
6. Establishment of Special Juvenile Police Units in every Police Station, their training and updating the Police Training Manual.
7. Provision for legal aid lawyers and their training.
8. Proper selection of members of JJBs and CWCs.
9. Assessment of manpower requirements of JJBs and W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 16 of 62 CWCs and filling up the vacancies.
10. Furnishing of on-line quarterly reports by the State Governments.
11. Significance of Social Investigation Report.
12. Principal Magistrates should exclusively deal with Juvenile Justice inquiries.
13. Registration of child care institutions.
14. Improvement of living conditions in government run child care institutions.
15.Establishment of Juvenile Justice Fund.
34. Thereafter, the matter was taken up on 9th May, 2016 when the learned Additional Solicitor General stated that the process of collecting and updating information online was underway in MWCD and was proceeding at a fast pace and that he expected it to be completed very soon. He also stated that the names of persons in various positions, such as members of JJBs and CWCs would be placed on the website of MWCD so that it would be easy to contact them whenever necessary. Learned Additional Solicitor General stated that the assistance of the State Governments and the Union Territories was required for completing the project. Accordingly this Court directed the State Governments and the Union Territories to render necessary assistance to the Union of India for updating the information and keeping it updated from time to time.
W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 17 of 62
35. As far as NALSA is concerned, it submitted on record a copy of the Training Module for Legal Services Lawyers and Probation Officers but it was suggested by the learned Senior Counsel appearing for NALSA that since the Modules were prepared on the basis of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Rules, 2007 NALSA would conduct some pilot training programmes to ascertain their efficacy and subsequently bring them in line with the new Rules to be framed under the JJ Act.
36. In the hearing on 22nd August, 2016 the Union of India was required to consider the feasibility of urgently providing computers and internet connectivity to the Juvenile Justice Boards and Child Welfare Committees.
37. The matter was again taken up on 17th February, 2017 by which time considerable progress had been made by MWCD in the online collection of information to the extent that a Central Level Monitoring Format had been prepared which could easily be filled up by the States and Union Territories for providing full information which could be collated.
38. We also required, in addition to the collated information, that the State Commission for Protection of Child Rights (SCPCR) should be in place in every State and Union Territory. It may be W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 18 of 62 mentioned that the SCPCR is a body constituted under the provisions of the Commissions for Protection of Child Rights Act, 2005 with a variety of functions as detailed in Section 13 of the said Act.
39. On 5th April, 2017 and on 11th July, 2017 we noted the information made available on the composition and constitution of the SCPCRs and on an overall view of the matter it was found that a large number of vacancies existed and that little or nothing was being done by some of the State Governments to fill them up or to show any urgency in respect of protection of the rights of children.
40. Subsequently, on 15th November, 2017 we required MWCD to inform us of the amounts lying in the Juvenile Justice Fund in each State and Union Territory.
41. With all this information available on record in some form or the other, we heard the submissions of learned counsel for the parties on 20th November, 2017 and reserved judgment.
42. We have gone into detail with regard to some of the more important proceedings that have taken place in the matter from the time when the Public Interest Litigation was instituted only to highlight various dimensions to the problems faced by children and the casual approach that most State Governments and Union W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 19 of 62 Territories have towards the rights of children. It is easy to forget that children also deserve dignified treatment and merely because they have no voice in the affairs of State, it does not mean that they are inconsequential members of society who can be compelled to live in conditions that are uncomfortable (to say the least) and who have little or no access to justice.
Affidavits filed by MWCD
43. During the progress of the case, MWCD filed a few status reports and affidavits.
44. In an affidavit filed on 31st July, 2015 the status of an online Central Level Monitoring System being implemented by MWCD was indicated. Briefly, each State and Union Territory is given a login ID and password to access the formats, feed data and submit Reports to MWCD. Very broadly, the areas covered by the Reports are Homes and Children, Open Shelters, Specialized Adoption Agencies, Non-Institutional Care, Child Welfare Committees, Juvenile Justice Boards and Service Delivery Structures. This is a very forward-looking step and a major attempt to collect information so that the JJ Act could be effectively implemented and the planning process more structured rather than ad hoc.
45. MWCD filed another affidavit on 8th September, 2015 which W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 20 of 62 indicated requests made to States and Union Territories to adhere to the requirements of entering information in the software as required by the Central Level Monitoring System. An indication was given in the affidavit regarding the extent of compliance. For the period 2014-15 it was stated that while most States and Union Territories had provided the necessary information, as many as 7 States were not fully compliant. For the period 2015-16 most States did not provide the necessary information. Those who did were Assam, Union Territory of Chandigarh, Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, Tamil Nadu and Tripura.
46. MWCD filed a status report on 4th December, 2015 giving the details of Child Care Institutions and their registration as well as the availability of Probation Officers in the States and Union Territories. Unfortunately, as per the affidavit the status was quite unsatisfactory in the sense that not many Child Care Institutions had been registered and there was a serious shortage of Probation Officers. In a further affidavit of 12th February, 2016 MWCD stated that steps were being taken for the registration of Child Care Institutions and it also indicated the role of a Probation Officer in the scheme of things.
W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 21 of 62
47. In yet another affidavit filed by MWCD on 29th March, 2016 a factual response was given with regard to the 15 issues identified by this Court on 15th February, 2015.
48. MWCD filed its final status report on 3rd May, 2016 in which it was stated that some formats for information given in the Central Level Monitoring System were added in view of the 15 issues identified by this Court.
49. In the affidavit dated 11th January, 2017 it was disclosed by MWCD that the availability and use of computers and peripherals for juvenile justice issues was in quite a poor state. In fact, complete information in this regard was not made available to MWCD by the States and Union Territories.
50. In the final affidavit filed by MWCD it was disclosed that a National Consultation was held on 26th September, 2017 and it appears from a reading of the affidavit that there is considerable improvement in the understanding of child rights and juvenile justice issues by the participants, but there is still a lot to be done. Unfortunately, the minutes of the National Consultation have not been placed on record.
Information and data provided by NALSA
51. As far as NALSA is concerned, it had carried out a W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 22 of 62 remarkable study and placed on record a three part Report on issues pertaining to Juvenile Justice Boards, Child Welfare Committees and Homes under the Act of 2000. Even though the reports prepared by NALSA are extremely useful, since they are now quite dated (with data upto August 2011) they are not being referred to in any detail.
52. NALSA gave another Report on 20th July, 2015 in which it was pointed out that a large number of inquiries are pending before the JJBs. It was pointed out that in Uttar Pradesh alone there are 34,569 inquiries pending and in district Durg in Chhattisgarh, there are 1883 inquiries pending before the JJBs. It was pointed out in the report that many of the JJBs did not sit on a regular basis with some sitting maybe once or twice a week. It was also pointed out that in some places the distance between the Observation Home and the JJB was considerable. It was submitted that there was a need for Probation Officers who would deal exclusively with juvenile justice issues.
53. At this stage, it may be mentioned that in May 2016 a Training Module for Probation Officers was brought out by NALSA. This Training Module has since been utilized by NALSA and we have been given to understand that it has been found to be W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 23 of 62 extremely useful and beneficial as a training guide. Submissions made by the petitioner
54. On its part, the petitioner submitted a large number of steps that need to be taken to improve the lives of children in Child Care Institutions and enable them to live with dignity. Suggestions were also given by the petitioner on 10th and 25th September, 2013 and 10th May, 2016 on several aspects of child rights and juvenile justice. Most of these suggestions complement the suggestions given by NALSA.
Discussion, suggestions and recommendations
(i) National and State Commissions for Protection of Child Rights
55. Child related laws enacted by Parliament provide for two extremely important policy and decision-making institutions in respect of children and child rights, namely the NCPCR and the SCPCRs. Similarly, two extremely important bodies have been provided for at the ground or grass-roots level for implementation of the JJ Act, namely the State Child Protection Society and the District Child Protection Unit. In our opinion, if these institutions and bodies perform their duties as required by the laws made by Parliament, under the supervision and guidance of the concerned W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 24 of 62 State Government and the Government of India, recognition and enforcement of child rights could actually become a reality in our country.
56. The Commissions for Protection of Child Rights Act, 2005 provides for the Central Government constituting a body to be known as the NCPCR at the national level and the State Governments constituting a body to be known as the SCPCR at the State level. The composition of the NCPCR is provided for in Section 3 of the statute while a similar composition of the SCPCR is provided for in Section 17 of the statute. Section 3 of the Commissions for Protection of Child Rights Act reads as follows:
―3. Constitution of National Commission for Protection of Child Rights.--(1) The Central Government shall, by notification, constitute a body to be known as the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights to exercise the powers conferred on, and to perform the functions assigned to it under this Act.
(2) The Commission shall consist of the following Members, namely:--
(a) a Chairperson who, is a person of eminence and has done outstanding work for promoting the welfare of children; and
(b) six Members, out of which at least two shall be women, from the following fields, to be appointed by the Central Government from amongst persons of eminence, ability, integrity, standing and experience in,--
(i) education;
(ii) child health, care, welfare or child development;
(iii) juvenile justice or care of neglected or marginalized children or children with disabilities;
W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 25 of 62
(iv) elimination of child labour or children in distress;
(v) child psychology or sociology; and
(vi) laws relating to children.
(3) The office of the Commission shall be at Delhi.‖
57. It is quite apparent that at the national level, the NCPCR is an institution consisting of eminent persons and experts in their respective fields. As such, they are expected to look at issues concerning the welfare of children in the national perspective taking into consideration the views of every SCPCR and other stakeholders. At the State level, the SCPCR is an equally significant body consisting of eminent persons and experts. They are expected to take policy decisions for the benefit of the children in their State, regardless of which State the children originally belong to, for there might be children of one State who are in need of care and protection but in a Child Care Institution of another State.
58. The functions of the NCPCR and the SCPCR are more or less the same except that one performs these functions at the national level, while the other performs these functions at the State level. Section 13 of the Commissions for Protection of Child Rights Act, 2005 details the functions of the NCPCR and this reads as follows:
W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 26 of 62 ―13. Functions of Commission.--(1) The Commission shall perform all or any of the following functions, namely:--
(a) examine and review the safeguards provided by or under any law for the time being in force for the protection of child rights and recommend measures for their effective implementation;
(b) present to the Central Government, annually and at such other intervals, as the Commission may deem fit, reports upon the working of those safeguards;
(c) inquire into violation of child rights and recommend initiation of proceedings in such cases;
(d) examine all factors that inhibit the enjoyment of rights of children affected by terrorism, communal violence, riots, natural disaster, domestic violence, HIV/AIDS, trafficking, maltreatment, torture and exploitation, pornography and prostitution and recommend appropriate remedial measures;
(e) look into the matters relating to children in need of special care and protection including children in distress, marginalized and disadvantaged children, children in conflict with law, juveniles, children without family and children of prisoners and recommend appropriate remedial measures;
(f) study treaties and other international instruments and undertake periodical review of existing policies, programmes and other activities on child rights and make recommendations for their effective implementation in the best interest of children;
(g) undertake and promote research in the field of child rights;
(h) spread child rights literacy among various sections of the society and promote awareness of the safeguards available for protection of these rights through W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 27 of 62 publications, the media, seminars and other available means;
(i) inspect or cause to be inspected any juvenile custodial home, or any other place of residence or institution meant for children, under the control of the Central Government or any State Government or any other authority, including any institution run by a social organisation; where children are detained or lodged for the purpose of treatment, reformation or protection and take up with these authorities for remedial action, if found necessary;
(j) inquire into complaints and take suo motu notice of matters relating to,--
(i) deprivation and violation of child rights;
(ii) non-implementation of laws providing for protection and development of children;
(iii) non-compliance of policy decisions, guidelines or instructions aimed at mitigating hardships to and ensuring welfare of the children and to provide relief to such children, or take up the issues arising out of such matters with appropriate authorities; and
(k) such other functions as it may consider necessary for the promotion of child rights and any other matter incidental to the above functions.
(2) The Commission shall not inquire into any matter which is pending before a State Commission or any other Commission duly constituted under any law for the time being in force.‖
59. It will be seen from the above that both the NCPCR and the SCPCR have a range and variety of functions to perform and each one of them entails a great deal of responsibility. We have been given to understand that both the Government of India and the State Governments have not been giving these bodies the freedom W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 28 of 62 to decide on broad policy matters and indeed in some instances, particularly relating to the SCPCR, vacancies have not been filled up for several months. In fact, the NCPCR was compelled to file a writ petition in the Punjab and Haryana High Court for a mandamus to the State Governments of Punjab and Haryana and the Union Territory of Chandigarh to fill up the vacancies of members of the SCPCR.4 Unfortunately, at one point of time, even the position of the Chairperson of the NCPCR was lying unfilled for several months, until, on the directions of this Court, the position was eventually filled up. We need hardly say that unless the NCPCR and the SCPCRs are given due importance by the Government of India and the State Governments and vacancies are filled up in time, the enforcement of the rights of children will remain on the back burner and any number of welfare schemes formulated by the Government of India or by the State Governments will remain unimplemented or their implementation will remain sketchy and symbolic.
60. We hope and trust that those in authority and power in the Government of India and in the State Governments appreciate the 4 Court on its own motion v. State of Punjab and The National Commission for the Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) v. The State of Haryana and Others, Decided on 9th April, 2013 and reported as MANU/PH/0599/2013 W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 29 of 62 importance of adhering to the provisions of the laws enacted by Parliament and ensure that the NCPCR at the National level and the SCPCR at the State level actually function and perform their duties and recognize their responsibilities.
(ii) State Child Protection Society and the District Child Protection Unit
61. In the absence of any clear-cut guidelines on who should be appointed to these two bodies, the State Governments have found an easy way out by appointing Government officials only and leaving out members of civil society. In our opinion, the constitution of the State Child Protection Society and the District Child Protection Unit need serious consideration so that all stake-holders, including the police and NGOs are actively involved in the performance of the functions, duties and responsibilities of these two bodies.
62. The functions of the State Child Protection Society and the District Child Protection Unit are detailed in Rule 84 and Rule 85 of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Model Rules, 2016 framed by the Government of India. [It may be noted that some States have framed their independent Rules, but we are not referring to them]. The functions are varied, extensive and W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 30 of 62 geared to improve the living conditions of children through different strategies and with the involvement of all stake-holders.
63. For the effective implementation of the JJ Act and the policies laid down by the NCPCR and the SCPCRs, Section 106 of the JJ Act provides for the constitution of a State-level Child Protection Society and a District-level Child Protection Unit. Section 106 of the JJ Act reads as follows:
―106. State Child Protection Society and District Child Protection Unit.--Every State Government shall constitute a Child Protection Society for the State and Child Protection Unit for every District, consisting of such officers and other employees as may be appointed by that Government, to take up matters relating to children with a view to ensure the implementation of this Act, including the establishment and maintenance of institutions under this Act, notification of competent authorities in relation to the children and their rehabilitation and co-ordination with various official and non-official agencies concerned and to discharge such other functions as may be prescribed.‖
64. A perusal of the above provision broadly indicates that the primary function of the State Child Protection Society and the District Child Protection Unit is to ensure implementation of the JJ Act. In addition, these bodies are obliged to ensure that the institutions under the JJ Act are established and maintained, competent authorities in relation to children and their rehabilitation are in place and these two bodies are also required to coordinate with Government officials as well as NGOs to discharge their W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 31 of 62 wide-ranging functions. The involvement of civil society through NGOs is a progressive step and these two bodies are expected to take their assistance from time to time.
65. If these two bodies actually perform their duties, responsibilities and functions in the manner expected of them, the implementation of the JJ Act would no longer be an issue. Unfortunately, we have been informed that these bodies are not functioning in many places or in the manner in which they are expected to and in several districts the District Child Protection Unit has not even been constituted. We expect remedial steps to be taken by all concerned.
(iii) Juvenile Justice Boards and Child Welfare Committees
66. With regard to the establishment of JJBs, we were given to understand that most districts now have a JJB, but it is high time that every district in every State must have a JJB. An exception could perhaps be made, such as in some districts of Arunachal Pradesh where there is perhaps no juvenile crime or, there could be some districts where the number of inquiries are very few in which event the JJB may appropriately schedule its sittings. Similarly, a ‗circuit JJB' could be considered if there are some adjacent districts where the number of pending inquires is quite few.
W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 32 of 62
67. We have also been given to understand that the appointment of some social workers as members of the JJB is not necessarily in accordance with the provisions of Section 4 of the JJ Act. The relevant provision in this regard reads as follows:
―4. Juvenile Justice Board :- 1. xxx xxx xxx
2. A Board shall consist of a Metropolitan Magistrate or a Judicial Magistrate of First Class not being Chief Metropolitan Magistrate or Chief Judicial Magistrate (hereinafter referred to as Principal Magistrate) with at least three years experience and two social workers selected in such manner as may be prescribed, of whom at least one shall be a woman, forming a Bench and every such Bench shall have the powers conferred by the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974) on a Metropolitan Magistrate or, as the case may be, a Judicial Magistrate of First Class.
3. No social worker shall be appointed as a member of the Board unless such person has been actively involved in health, education, or welfare activities pertaining to children for atleast seven years or a practicing professional with a degree in child psychology, psychiatry, sociology or law.
4. xxx xxx xxx
5. The State Government shall ensure that induction training and sensitization of all members including Principal Magistrate of the Board on care, protection, rehabilitation, legal provisions and justice for children, as may be prescribed, is provided within a period of sixty days from the date of appointment.
6. and 7. Xxx xxx xxx.‖
68. The selection of social workers as members of the JJB is W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 33 of 62 required to be carried out in accordance with the provisions of Rule 88 read with Rule 87 of the Model Rules. It must be appreciated that the appointment of social workers is serious business, inasmuch as they bring their experience - practical and professional - while conducting an enquiry under the JJ Act. This becomes all the more important when it is appreciated that the social workers can also conduct an enquiry independent of the Principal Magistrate as provided for in Section 7 of the JJ Act. However, the final disposition of the enquiry cannot be without the Principal Magistrate as mandated in the proviso to sub-section (3) of Section 7 of the JJ Act. There is therefore a heavy responsibility on the social workers to make a meaningful contribution during the course of an enquiry and also at the time of its disposition.
69. In this context, it is important to note that the training of the Principal Magistrate as well as the social workers is extremely important and this is provided for in Rule 89 of the Model Rules. Unfortunately, the duration of training and the curriculum and course have not yet formulated, and the nature of training given to the Principal Magistrate and the social workers is somewhat ad hoc and unstructured. The lack of meaningful and effective training (and refresher courses) can have a vital impact on the ultimate W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 34 of 62 disposition of an enquiry as also on the rehabilitation and reintegration of a juvenile in conflict with law who is before the JJB. Serious thought is required to be given to this not only from the point of view of awareness of the law and child rights but also from the point of view of sensitization of the JJBs, case management and creation of a child friendly ambience and environment within the JJB for a juvenile in conflict with law. It appears to us that not much thought has been given to these aspects of the functioning of the JJBs and that is perhaps the reason why a very large number of inquiries are pending as mentioned above, with the State of Uttar Pradesh topping the list.
70. On the functioning of the JJBs, it is worth referring to the following passage from a decision of the Gauhati High Court in Naisul Khatun v. State of Assam and Ors.5 ―The second disturbing aspect of the case is that it appears the Juvenile Justice Board constituted under section 4 of the Act did not actually sit or assemble to deal with the case of the juvenile. We say so because from the original case records we find that all the order sheets passed in the matter, including those refusing bail, to juvenile have all been signed only by the Principal Magistrate of the Juvenile Justice Board. There is nothing to suggest that the two social worker members of the Board ever met to consider the request of the juvenile's father to grant him bail. This is rather unfortunate because the application of 5 2011 Cri LJ 326 = 2010 SCC Online Gau 225 W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 35 of 62 mind has to be by the Juvenile Justice Board and not only by the Principal Magistrate.‖
71. The submissions made before us by learned counsel for the petitioner as well as by learned counsel appearing for NALSA suggest that the JJBs do not have daily sittings. Of course, this would depend upon the number of inquiries pending before each JJB, but clearly if there are a large number of inquiries pending, it is the obligation of the JJB to sit on a daily basis so that the enquiry is concluded within the time limit prescribed by the JJ Act. It does not serve any purpose at all if an enquiry remains pending for a considerable period of time - no one benefits by the delay in the disposition of an enquiry. In this context, we may also add that where a large number of inquiries are pending, it would be worthwhile for the State Government and the High Court to consider having more than one JJB. In Delhi, for instance, there are as many as three JJBs functioning at any given point of time and that is because of the large number of pending enquiries. Similar steps can be taken by some of the other State Governments as well as by the High Courts after evaluating and making an assessment of the need for more than one JJB being established in a district.
72. During the course of hearing, we had emphasized the need for a study to be conducted by the State Governments on whether W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 36 of 62 there is adequate staff available with the JJBs. Unfortunately, the response was rather poor and we were only told that there is adequate staff available. It must be appreciated that a JJB is virtually in the nature of a court, although it does not conduct a trial, but only conducts an enquiry. Nevertheless, it does need adequate staff to perform its functions in an efficient manner. The JJB also has several administrative functions and they need due attention so that there is effective coordination between the JJB, the officials of the Observation Home, the police, the juvenile in conflict with law and the parents of that juvenile and lawyers representing the police as well as the juvenile in conflict with law. These administrative duties need attention if the JJB is to function effectively and a casual statement that the JJB has adequate staff, though possibly correct, is neither here nor there considering the requirements of the stake-holders who attend the enquiry before the JJB.
73. In this context, it must also be mentioned that there is a dire need to have quality legal aid lawyers who can assist juveniles in conflict with law. This is an issue that must be taken up with all earnestness by the State Legal Services Authority. Unless a child is given adequate legal representation, it may impact his or her future, W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 37 of 62 more so if the child in conflict with law is found guilty and placed in a Special Home. On its part, NALSA has brought out a manual for training of legal aid lawyers and we believe that it will be extremely useful not only for legal aid lawyers who are representing juveniles in conflict with law, but also for legal aid lawyers generally. Similarly, prosecutors also need to be sensitized and we hope that the State Governments will take necessary steps to educate and train them keeping in mind the primary objective of the JJ Act, which is to reintegrate a juvenile in conflict with law in society and to rehabilitate that juvenile.
74. In the context of conducting an effective enquiry, the role of a Probation Officer cannot be underestimated nor can we underestimate the significance of an accurate Social Investigation Report prepared by a Probation Officer. The duties of a Probation Officer have been detailed in Rule 64 of the Model Rules and this reads as follows:
―64. Duties of a Probation Officer. -- (1) On receipt of information from the Police or Child Welfare Police Officer under clause (ii) of sub-section (1) of section 13 of the Act, without waiting for any formal order from the Board, the Probation Officer shall inquire into the circumstances of the child as may have bearing on the inquiry by the Board and submit a social investigation report in Form 6 to the Board.
W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 38 of 62 (2) The social investigation report should provide for risk assessment, including aggravating and mitigating factors highlighting the circumstances which induced vulnerability such as traffickers or abusers being in the neighbourhood, adult gangs, drug users, accessibility to weapons and drugs, exposure to age inappropriate behaviours, information and material.
(3) The Probation Officer shall carry out the directions given by the Board and shall have the following duties, functions and responsibilities:
(i) To conduct social investigation of the child in Form 6;
(ii) To attend the proceedings of the Board and the Children's Court and to submit reports as and when required;
(iii) To clarify the problems of the child and deal with their difficulties in institutional life;
(iv) To participate in the orientation, monitoring, education, vocational and rehabilitation programmes;
(v) To establish co-operation and understanding between the child and the Person- in-charge;
(vi) To assist the child to develop contacts with family and also provide assistance to family members;
(vii) To participate in the pre-release programme and help the child to establish contacts which could provide emotional and social support to the child after release;
(viii) To establish linkages with Probation Officers in other Districts and States for obtaining social investigation report, supervision and follow-up;
(ix) To establish linkages with voluntary workers and organisations to facilitate rehabilitation and social reintegration of children and to ensure the necessary follow-up;
W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 39 of 62
(x) Regular post release follow-up of the child extending help and guidance, enabling and facilitating their return to social mainstreaming;
(xi) To prepare the individual care plan and post release plan for the child;
(xii) To supervise children placed on probation as per the individual care plan;
(xiii) To make regular visits to the residence of the child under his supervision and places of employment or school attended by such child and submit periodic reports as per Form 10;
(xiv) To accompany children where ever possible, from the office of the Board to the observation home, special home, place of safety or fit facility as the case may be;
(xv) To evaluate the progress of the children in place of safety periodically and prepare the report including psycho-social and forward the same to the Children's Court;
(xvi) To discharge the functions of a monitoring authority where so appointed by the Children's Court;
(xvii) To maintain a diary or register to record his day to day activities such as visits made by him, social investigation reports prepared by him, follow up done by him and supervision reports prepared by him;
(xviii) To identify alternatives of community services and to establish linkages with voluntary sector for facilitating rehabilitation and social reintegration of children; and (xix) Any other task as may be assigned.‖
75. It is clear from a reading of the above provision that a Probation Officer has a very important role to play in ensuring that W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 40 of 62 a juvenile in conflict with law is given adequate representation and a fair hearing before the JJB and the enquiry is conducted in a manner that is conducive to the rehabilitation of the juvenile in conflict with law. In this regard, the preparation of an individual care plan and post release plan gain immense significance and a Probation Officer has an important role to play in this.
76. Once again, it is of great importance that a Probation Officer should be given adequate training, sensitization and awareness of his or her duties and responsibilities. NALSA has made a significant contribution in this regard by preparing a training module for Probation Officers. We expect all the State Governments as well as MWCD to ensure that training is given to Probation Officers on the lines suggested by NALSA with improvements being made in adult learning techniques, training methodology, the curriculum and the course content in due course of time.
77. The submissions made by learned counsel for all the parties and our views and conclusions pertaining to the JJBs are equally applicable to the CWCs and it is not necessary to repeat them. However, it might be noted that it is not always necessary for the State Legal Services Authority to appoint legal aid lawyers to assist W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 41 of 62 the CWC - this would depend on a case to case basis and only as an Amicus Curiae for the purpose of advising the CWC on a question of law, should the need arise.
78. We were informed, somewhat unfortunately, that Child Welfare Committees are sometimes treated as ‗second class bodies' and that payment of honorarium is not made to them on a regular basis. In addition, they are compelled to hold their sittings in buildings with very poor infrastructure facilities. This is a sad commentary on the working of the JJ Act for which the full responsibility rests on the shoulders of the concerned State Governments who must remedy the situation.
(iv) Use of technology
79. The use of technology, both by the JJBs as well as by the CWCs is extremely important and we are disheartened to note from the affidavits and submissions made by MWCD that there is an acute shortage of computers and peripherals with the JJBs and CWCs. Technology is important not only for the effective functioning of the JJBs and CWCs, but also to deal with issues that would arise from time to time concerning the tracing and tracking of missing children, the rescue of children working in hazardous industries, trafficked children, children who leave the Child Care W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 42 of 62 Institutions, victims of child sexual abuse and follow-up action, among several other requirements. It is well-known that our country is a technological power-house and if we are unable to take advantage of the resources available with us and fully utilize the benefits of technology through computers and the internet for the benefit of children, our status as a technological power-house would be in jeopardy and would remain only on paper. Data, particularly of the magnitude of the kind that we are concerned with, can be easily collected through the use of computers and the internet. This would be of great assistance in planning and management of resources and MWCD and others concerned with child rights must take full advantage of this.
80. That apart, there can be no doubt that the use of computers and peripherals would make an immense contribution to the administrative functioning of the JJBs and CWCs. Both the Government of India and the State Governments need to look into this and provide necessary software and hardware to the JJBs and the CWCs for obvious reasons. We were informed by learned counsel that the Police authorities in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh in consultation with the Juvenile Justice Committee of the High Court have made considerable use of information and W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 43 of 62 communication technology and we are of the view that innovative steps must be encouraged. Similarly, the use of video conferencing could also be considered in appropriate cases where some inconvenience to the juvenile in conflict with law necessitates the use of video conferencing facilities.
81. In the context of the use of technology, MWCD must be complimented for bringing out an online Central Level Monitoring System. We have been told by the learned Additional Solicitor General that this online system is working rather effectively although it would need upgrading from time to time as the months go by. The unfortunate part is that there does not seem to be much active cooperation extended by the State Governments in updating the information on the Central Level Monitoring System. In one of the affidavits filed by MWCD and adverted to above, it was stated that while almost every State Government has filled up the relevant information for the year 2014-15, but the response was rather lukewarm with regard to the period 2015-16. Needless to say, updating information is extremely important so that there can be efficient planning which will ultimately lead to better management of issues concerning children. We may mention that the State Governments are required to fill up the information on the Central W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 44 of 62 Level Monitoring System once a quarter and surely that cannot be a difficult task.
(v) Role of Police
82. An extremely important stake-holder in the effective implementation of the JJ Act is the local police. Section 107 of the JJ Act mandates the appointment of a Child Welfare Police Officer (for short ‗CWPO') and a Special Juvenile Police Unit (for short ‗SJPU') in each district. The SJPU must also include two social workers having experience of work in the field of child welfare, one of them being a woman. The responsibility for appointment lies on the State Government. Section 107 of the JJ Act reads as follows:
―107. Child Welfare Police Officer and Special Juvenile Police Unit. -- 1. In every police station, at least one officer, not below the rank of assistant sub-inspector, with aptitude, appropriate training and orientation may be designated as the child welfare police officer to exclusively deal with children either as victims or perpetrators, in co-ordination with the police, voluntary and non-governmental organisations.
2. To co-ordinate all functions of police related to children, the State Government shall constitute Special Juvenile Police Units in each district and city, headed by a police officer not below the rank of a Deputy Superintendent of Police or above and consisting of all police officers designated under sub-section (1) and two social workers having experience of working in the field of child welfare, of whom one shall be a woman.
W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 45 of 62
3. All police officers of the Special Juvenile Police Units shall be provided special training, especially at induction as child welfare police officer, to enable them to perform their functions more effectively.
4. Special Juvenile Police Unit also includes Railway police dealing with children.‖
83. We have been given to understand by learned counsel for the parties that many States have actually appointed CWPOs and set up SJPUs. Unfortunately, their duties and responsibilities have not been clearly identified but are generally stated in Rule 86 of the Model Rules. We have also been given to understand that no system of effective training for CWPOs and SJPUs has evolved and many of them exist only symbolically and only because the law requires them to exist. Since the duties and responsibilities of the CWPOs and SJPUs have not been specified or identified, it is high time in our opinion, that the Bureau of Police Research & Development and the National Police Academy in consultation with the State Police Academies identify the functions, duties and responsibilities of the CWPOs and SJPUs. In this regard, we may note that NALSA has prepared Guidelines for Training Juvenile/Child Welfare Officers attached to every police station and members of the Special Juvenile Police Unit. Perhaps this could be a starting point for their training through the Bureau of W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 46 of 62 Police Research & Development and the Police Academies.
84. The importance of training can be appreciated from the allegations made before the Patna High Court in The Matter of Letter of Sanat Kumar Sinha (Chief Co-ordinator), Bal Sakha v. The State of Bihar through the Chief Secretary, Govt. of Bihar and Ors.6 It was alleged in that case that a child was handcuffed by policemen in uniform during his transit from the Police Station to the Civil Court for his appearance before the Chief Judicial Magistrate. Additionally, it was alleged that contrary to the provisions of the Act of 2000 the identity of the child was disclosed. Of course, the Patna High Court took up the issue with due seriousness but such a situation ought not to have occurred at all and could have been avoided through proper training and sensitization.
85. With regard to the Police generally, it was submitted that due to the policy of rotation, it often happens that soon after a police officer completes his or her training that officer is transferred out to another department. This is a waste of effort and one of the ways of resolving problems arising out of transfers is for every State Police Academy to conduct regular training programmes under the 6 MANU/BH/0384/2008 W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 47 of 62 guidance of senior police officials of the State and for the State Government to optimally utilize the services of its officers.
86. Similarly, the Government of India is required to involve Railway Police for dealing with children. No information or data is forthcoming in this regard and learned counsel for the parties were unable to assist us insofar as this aspect is concerned. We expect the Government of India through the Railways to look into the matter with some degree of urgency. We were told by learned counsel that a large number of runaway children and children on drugs are found in railway stations (and other places) working as rag-pickers or performing other menial activities. It was submitted before us that even otherwise, there is rampant drug abuse among such children. Efforts must be made to establish de-addiction centres especially for such children and also generally for juveniles in conflict with law and children in need of care and protection.
(vi) Child Care Institutions
87. There is a lot to be said with regard to Child Care Institutions. Many of them are housed in run-down buildings and are hardly conducive to comfortable living even to a minimum degree. State Governments must appreciate that they are not doing any charity by putting up children in Child Care Institutions - they W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 48 of 62 are merely performing their statutory and constitutional obligations. There is, therefore, an urgent need to make an evaluation and assessment of all the Child Care Institutions in every State to ascertain their condition, the infrastructure requirements and staffing requirements. Children live in these Institutions, not because they want to but because they have no other option, since most of them are children in need of care and protection. The obligation of society is to provide solace and comfort to these children and adherence to the minimum standards of care. Model Rules contain details for improved Child Care Institutions and their requirements. The State Governments have merely to adhere to these minimum requirements. The condition of some State managed Child Care Institutions is best illustrated by the observations made by the Punjab and Haryana High Court in Court on its own motion v. State of Punjab (supra) to the following effect:
―....The sordid state of the said Observation Home depicted that Observation Home at Sonepat had two barracks and a front side courtyard with high walls. The entry gate was similar to jail gate. The Home was having no source of recreation facilities or playground for the juveniles housed therein. The courtyard was filled with stagnated water due to blockage of drainage system and there was hardly any place for going out of barrack for using courtyard. Enquiry revealed that there was no arrangement for potable water. The bathrooms and kitchen W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 49 of 62 were also in deplorable condition. The Observation Home was managed by a single teacher who, besides performing job of a teacher, was also looking after the overall administration of the Home. In this manner, no meaningful education was being imparted to the children. The Observation Home was found to be worse than a prison. Observation Home at Hoshiarpur (Punjab) was found to be no better with almost similar dilapidated conditions.....‖
88. There are, of course, additional duties and responsibilities obligated by the Constitution on the State Governments such as providing education, health-care (both physical and psychological) and adequate nutrition. These are huge areas that need to be looked into with all sincerity by the bodies and institutions established under the Commissions for Protection of Child Rights Act, 2005 and the JJ Act. Concerned citizens like Sampurna Behura can only highlight the systemic implementation lapses and flaws and hope that the State Governments and the various bodies constituted under statutes enacted by Parliament perform their duties and functions. But, in such exceptional circumstances, the courts are constitutionally obliged to issue a continuing mandamus in public interest for implementation of the laws enacted by Parliament, which is essentially the primary responsibility of the Executive. If the Executive ignores the mandate of Parliament with continuing callousness, it will only be to the detriment of the children of our country.
W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 50 of 62
89. In this context, we may add that MWCD has made considerable efforts in ensuring that Child Care Institutions run and managed by individuals and NGOs are registered in accordance with the provisions of the JJ Act. We are quite surprised that there has been some resistance to registration from some institutions, as informed by the learned Additional Solicitor General, and therefore we must make it clear that the law has to be obeyed as long as it exists on the statute books. It might be uncomfortable for those who manage some of these Child Care Institutions, but registration is compulsory and in public interest to ensure that minimum standards of care are maintained and the children in those Institutions are well looked after. We may note that occasionally there are allegations originating from Child Care Institutions of trafficking and child sexual abuse, some of which may be unverified, but to avoid any such shameful allegations it is necessary that their registration, their management and functioning are strictly monitored by the State Governments and by MWCD.
90. It was suggested by learned counsel that in all Child Care Institutions, there should be a segregation of children in terms of age and wherever applicable segregation based on the nature of the offence allegedly committed so that the possibility of sexual abuse W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 51 of 62 or any other kind of violence is eliminated. Additionally, all such institutions should be advised to provide vocational or continuing education with a view to re-settling children in conflict with law and children in need of care and protection by reintegrating and mainstreaming them in society. All these are issues of serious concern and need to be addressed by the State Governments and SCPCRs.
91. It was emphasized that there should be adequate staff available in all Child Care Institutions so that they are able to perform their duties efficiently. It was also suggested that the location of the JJBs and CWCs should be in close proximity of the Child Care Institutions to avoid children having to travel long distances for their appearance before these statutory bodies. All these suggestions and recommendations made by learned counsel are issues of concern and must be dutifully addressed by the State Governments and the SCPCRs.
92. One of the submissions made with regard to Child Care Institutions was that District Legal Services Authorities may make unscheduled visits to them to ascertain whether they are in fact functioning as they should. We are of opinion that this ‗Visitor' W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 52 of 62 system is definitely worth implementing and we expect NALSA to go ahead with the suggestion given. In fact, the Chief Justices Conference in 2006 had specifically adverted to the appointment of Visitors to Child Care Institutions and in the Chief Justices Conference in 2013 and 2015 improving the living conditions in Child Care Institutions was also adverted to. NALSA and the District Legal Services Authorities must respect the views expressed in the Chief Justices Conferences.
(vii) Juvenile Justice Fund
93. The JJ Act provides for the constitution of a Juvenile Justice Fund. The learned Additional Solicitor General placed before us figures relating to the contribution of the State Governments in the Juvenile Justice Fund. We are quite distressed to note that some of the State Governments have not even set up the Juvenile Justice Fund while one or two State Governments have set up the Fund with an embarrassing amount of only a few thousand rupees. We wonder how the welfare of children can be looked after by these State Governments with such a pittance in the kitty. Obviously, these State Governments are not seriously concerned about the welfare of children, which is a pity. This is yet another example of official apathy to the rights of children and a cause for worry.
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(viii) Evaluation and assessment
94. Finally, it would be appropriate if some sort of an evaluation or social audit is carried out every six months for the next couple of years to monitor and supervise the implementation of the JJ Act. More than sufficient time has already elapsed since the Act of 2000 was enacted by Parliament and certainly the children of our country deserve much better and cannot wait for another 15 or 16 years for the effective implementation of the JJ Act. Most of the children who were born when the Act of 2000 was enacted are nearing adulthood and many of them have not had the benefit of the provisions of the Act of 2000. This mistake, a serious one at that, cannot be repeated in the implementation of the JJ Act. It is said that children are the future of the country and if they are not looked after, it is the future of the country that is at stake. Conclusions and Directions
95. Keeping in mind the concerns expressed by all learned counsel and the need to invigorate the juvenile justice system in the country, we are of the view that the following directions ought to be given and we do so.
1. The Ministry of Women and Child Development in the Government of India and the State Governments should W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 54 of 62 ensure that all positions in the NCPCR and the SCPRs are filled up well in time and adequate staff is provided to these statutory bodies so that they can function effectively and meaningfully for the benefit of the children.
2. The NCPCR and the SCPCRs should take their duties, functions and responsibilities with great earnestness keeping in mind the faith reposed in them by Parliament. A position in these statutory institutions is not a sinecure. These bodies have a very significant and proactive role to play in improving the lives of children across the country.
3. The State level Child Protection Societies and the District level Child Protection Units have an enormous responsibility in ensuring that the JJ Act is effectively implemented and Child Care Institutions are managed and maintained in a manner that is conducive to the well being of children in all respects including nutrition, education, medical benefits, skill development and general living conditions. These two bodies would be well advised to take the assistance of NGOs and civil society to ensure that the JJ Act serves the purpose for which it is enacted by Parliament.
4. The State Governments must ensure that all positions in the W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 55 of 62 JJBs and CWCs are filled up expeditiously and in accordance with the Model Rules or the Rules framed by the State Government. Any delay in filling up the positions might adversely impact on children and this should be avoided.
5. The JJBs and CWCs must appreciate that it is necessary to have sittings on a regular basis so that a minimal number of inquiries are pending at any given point of time and justice is given to all juveniles in conflict with law and social justice to children in need of care and protection. This is a constitutional obligation.
6. The NCPCR and the SCPCRs must carry out time-bound studies on various issues, as deemed appropriate, under the JJ Act. Based on these studies, the State Governments and the Union Territories must take remedial steps.
7. In particular the NCPCR and the SCPCRs must carry out a study for estimating the number of Probation Officers required for the effective implementation of the JJ Act. Based on this study, the State Government must appoint the necessary number of Probation Officers. It must be emphasised that the role of a Probation Officer is critical for W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 56 of 62 the rehabilitation and social reintegration of a juvenile in conflict with law and due importance must be given to their duties as postulated in the Model Rules and Rules, if any, framed by the State Governments and the Union Territories.
8. The MWCD must continue to make creative use of information and communication technology not only for the purpose of collecting data and information but also for other issues connected with the JJ Act such as having a database of missing children, trafficked children and for follow up of adoption cases etc. With the utilization of technology to the fullest extent, administrative efficiency will improve considerably, which in turn will have a positive impact on the lives of children.
9. It is important for the police to appreciate their role as the first responder on issues pertaining to offences allegedly committed by children as well as offences committed against children. There is therefore a need to set up meaningful Special Juvenile Police Units and appoint Child Welfare Police Officers in terms of the JJ Act at the earliest and not only on paper. In this context, it is necessary to clearly identify the duties and responsibilities of such Units and W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 57 of 62 Officers and wherever necessary, guidance from the available expertise, either the National Police Academy or the Bureau of Police Research and Development or NGOs must be taken for the benefit of children.
10. The National Police Academy and State Police Academies must consider including child rights as a part of their curriculum on a regular basis and not as an isolated or sporadic event.
11. The management of Child Care Institutions is extremely important and State Governments and Union Territories would be well advised to ensure that all such institutions are registered so that children can live a dignified life in these Institutions and issues of missing children and trafficking are also addressed.
12. State Governments and Union Territories would be well advised to appoint eminent persons from civil society as Visitors to monitor and supervise the Child Care Institutions in all the districts. This will ensure that the management and maintenance of these Institutions are addressed. We have no doubt that the State Legal Service Authorities and the District Legal Service Authorities will extend full assistance W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 58 of 62 and cooperation to the government authorities in this venture as well as to the Visitors.
13. The JJ Fund is a bit of an embarrassment with an absence of an effective response from the State Governments and the Union Territories. If financial resources are not made available for the welfare of the children we shudder to think what could be better utilization of the funds.
14. NALSA has done a remarkable job in collecting data and information relating to the JJ Act, as evidenced by the three part Report prepared by it. We request NALSA to carry forward the exercise and complete a similar Report preferably before 30th April, 2018 to assist all the policy making and decision taking authorities to plan out their affairs.
15. The importance of training cannot be over-emphasized. It is vital for understanding and appreciating child rights and for the effective implementation of the JJ Act. All authorities such as JJBs and CWCs, Probation Officers, members of the Child Protection Societies and District Child Protection Units, Special Juvenile Police Units, Child Welfare Police Officers and managerial staff of Child Care Institutions must W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 59 of 62 be sensitized and given adequate training relating to their position. A very positive step has been taken in this regard by NALSA and we expect the NCPCR with the assistance of the SCPCRs to carry forward this initiative so that there is meaningful implementation of the JJ Act.
16. Since the involvement of the State Governments and the Union Territories is critical to child rights and the effective implementation of the JJ Act, it would be appropriate if each High Court and the Juvenile Justice Committee of each High Court continues its proactive role in the welfare of children in their State. To make the involvement and process more meaningful, we request the Chief Justice of every High Court to register proceedings on its own motion for the effective implementation of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 so that road-blocks if any, encountered by statutory authorities and the Juvenile Justice Committee of the High Court are meaningfully addressed after hearing the concerned governmental authorities. A copy of this judgment and order should be sent by the Secretary General of this Court to the Registrar General of each High Court for being placed before the Chief Justice of W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 60 of 62 every High Court for initiating suo motu proceedings.
96. Finally, we request and urge the Chief Justice of each High Court to seriously consider establishing child friendly courts and vulnerable witness courts in each district. Inquiries under the JJ Act and trials under other statutes such as the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012, the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006, trials for sexual offences under the Indian Penal Code and other similar laws require to be conducted with a high degree of sensitivity, care and empathy for the victim. It is often said that the experience in our courts of a juvenile accused of an offence or the victim of a sexual offence is traumatic. We need to have some compassion towards them - even juveniles in conflict with law, since they are entitled to the presumption of innocence - and establishing child friendly courts and vulnerable witness courts is perhaps one manner in which the justice delivery system can respond to ease their pain and suffering. Another advantage of such child friendly courts and vulnerable witness courts is that they can be used for trials in which adult women are victims of sexual offences since they too are often traumatized by the not so friendly setting and environment in our courts.
97. We record our appreciation for Sampurna Behura for W.P. (C) No.473 of 2005 Page 61 of 62 highlighting the issues raised in this Public Interest Litigation and to learned counsel for the appearing parties in not making this an adversarial proceeding, but a constructive effort for the benefit of the children of our country.
98. The petition stands disposed of.
99. The Registry should list the matter on 13th March, 2018 for directions after obtaining a response from the Registrar General of each High Court.
...........................J
(Madan B. Lokur)
..........................J
New Delhi; (Deepak Gupta)
February 9, 2018
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