State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission
Sankar Lal vs Dr.Mumtaj on 9 February, 2021
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tkap fjiksVZ djokus ij izFke ckj yhoj bQsDVsM gksuk 'kq: gqvk FkkA fnukad
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doj gks x;kA esMhdy lkbUl ds vuqlkj euq"; dh vksfIVd uOtZ@psrU;
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dkj.k ls gh Msest gks tkus ls mldh vka[kksa dh jks'kuh pyh tkuk izrhr gksrh
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iphZ fnukafdr 22-07-2011 esa vafdr fd;k gSA
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;g izdj.k fpfdRlh; vlko/kkuh dk gS bl laca/k
esa [1957] 1 WLR 582 Bolam V Friern Hospital Management
Committee esa fuEu fu/kkZfjr fd;k gS%&
7
Mr Bolam was a voluntary patient at Friern Hospital, a
mental health institution run by the Friern Hospital
Management Committee. He agreed to undergo electro-
convulsive therapy. He was not given any muscle relaxant,
and his body was not restrained during the procedure. He
flailed about violently before the procedure was stopped, and
he suffered some serious injuries, including fractures of
the acetabula. He sued the committee for compensation. He
argued they were negligent for:
1.not issuing relaxants
2. not restraining him
3. not warning him about the risks involved.
At this time, juries were still being used for tort cases in England and Wales, so the judge's role would be to sum up the law and then leave it for the jury to hold the defendant liable or not.
McNair J at the first instance noted that expert witnesses had confirmed, much medical opinion was opposed to the use of relaxant drugs, and that manual restraints could sometimes increase the risk of fracture. Moreover, it was the common practice of the profession to not warn patients of the risk of treatment (when it is small) unless they are asked. He held that what was common practice in a particular profession was highly relevant to the standard of care required. A person falls below the appropriate standard, and is negligent, if he fails to do what a reasonable person would in the circumstances. But when a person professes to have professional skills, as doctors do, the standard of care must be higher. "It is just a question of expression", said McNair J.
"I myself would prefer to put it this way, that he is not guilty of negligence if he has acted in accordance with a practice accepted as proper by a responsible body of medical men skilled in that particular art. I do not think there is much difference in sense. It is just a different way of expressing the same thought. Putting it the other way round, a man is not negligent, if he is acting in accordance with such a practice, merely because there is a body of opinion who would take a contrary view. At the same time, that does not mean that a 8 medical man can obstinately and pig-headedly carry on with some old technique if it has been proved to be contrary to what is really substantially the whole of informed medical opinion. Otherwise you might get men today saying: ―I do not believe in anaesthetics. I do not believe in antiseptics. I am going to continue to do my surgery in the way it was done in the eighteenth century.‖ That clearly would be wrong."[2] In this case, the jury delivered a verdict in favour of the defendant hospital. Given the general medical opinions about what was acceptable electro-shock practice, they had not been negligent in the way they carried out the treatment. That passage is quoted very frequently, and has served as the basic rule for professional negligence over the last fifty years.
bl lac/a k esa (2005) 6 Supreme Court Cases 1 JACOB MATHEW Vs STATE OF PUNJAB AND AN OTHER esa ekuuh; loksZPp U;k;ky; us fuEu fu/kkZfjr fd;k gS %& J. Tort -Negligence - Medical Negligence -When actionable - Test for Approach to be taken in dealing with cases of - Rationable for differential treatment of medical profession, discussed in extenso - Duties undertaken by doctors enumerated - Held, in a claim of medical negligence, it is enough for defendant to show that standard of care and skill attained was that of the ordinary competent medical practitioner exercising an ordinary degree of professional skill
- Test for medical negligence laid down in Balam case, (1957) 2 All ER 118, 121 D-F [set out in para 19 herein], held, applicable in india -Further explained in detail when deviation from normal medical practice would amount to evidence of medical negligence - various issues clarified as to (1) state of knowledge by which standard of care is to be determined, (2) Standard of care in case of charge of failure (a) to use some particular equipment, or (b) to take some precaution, (3) enquiry to be made when alleged negligence is (a) due to an accident, or (b) due to an error of judgment in choice of a procedure or its execution--Considerations to be kept in mind by any forum trying issue of medical negligence, specified - Medical Practitioners 9 K. Tort -Negligence - Professional negligence-- when actionable--Test for--Held, a professional may be held liable for negligence either (1) wnen he was not possessed of the requisite skill which he professed to have possessed, or (2) when he did not exercise, with reasonable competence in the given case, the skill which he did possess--Standard to be applied would be that of an ordinary competent person exercising ordinary skill in that profession--Test for professional negligence laid down in Bolam case, (1957) 2 All ER 118, 121 D-F [set out in para 19 herein], held, applicable in India - Professional negligence distinguished from occupational negligence.
N. Tort -Negligence-Definition and meaning (jurisprudential and forensic), discussed in estenso -Words and phrases The jurisprudential concept of negligence defies any precise definition. In current forensic speech, negligence has three meanings. They are: (i) a state of mind, in which it is apposed to intention; (ii) careless conduct; and (iii) the breach of a duty to take care that is imposed by either common or stature law. All three meanings are aplicable in different circumstances but any one of them does not necessarily exclude the other meanings. (paras 10 and 11 ) Negligence is the breach of a duty caused by omission to do domething which a reasonable man guided by those considerations which ordinarily regulate the conduct of human affairs would do, or doing something which a prudent and reasonable man would not do. Negligence becomes actionable on account of injury resulting from the act or omission amounting to negligence attributable to the person sued. The essential components of negligence, as recognised, are three:
"duty", "breach" and "resulting damage", that is to say:
(1) the existence of a duty to take care, which is owed by the defendant to the complainant; (2) the failure to attain that standard of care, prescribed by the law, thereby committing a breach of such duty; and 10 (3) damage, which is both causally connected with such breach and recognised by the law, has been suffered by the complainant.
If the Claimant satisfies the court on the evidence that these three ingredients are made out, the defendant should be held liable in negligence.
Åij of.kZr fpfdRlh; vlko/kkuh ij ,sfrgkfld fu.kZ;ksa dh jks'kuh esa fpfdRlh; vlko/kkuh ds fy, nks fcUnqvksa ij fopkj djuk gksrk gSA (1) Skill ,oa (2) Care bl izdj.k dh tks dgkuh crk;h x;h gS fd ifjoknh ds flj esa nnZ gqvk ftl ij fnukad 16-03-2011 dks foi{kh ds gkWfLiVy esa HkrhZ gqvk vkSj fnukad 22-04-2011 dks fMLpktZ gqvk] ysfdu ifjoknh ds dksbZ QdZ ugha iM+k] fnukad 16-05-2011 dks C.T. LdSu djok;k x;k ftlesa Moderate communicating hydrocephalus ik;k x;k] mlds ckn ejht MkW0 th0,u0 lDlSuk ds ;gkWa HkrhZ jgk ftlus ifjoknh ds Tubercilar Meningetis Communicative hydrocephalus dk bZykt fd;k] fQj PBM gkWfLiVy esa HkrhZ gqvk ogkWa Hkh Åij of.kZr chekjh ds fy, HkrhZ gqvk ejht ds czsu esa ikuh Fkk tks fudkyk x;k Fkk ejht ds T.B. Fkh ftldh nokbZ;kWa ckn esa ljdkjh Lrj ij xkao esa gh nh x;h ejht ds flj dk ikuh fudkyk x;k ejht ds czsu esa mDr ikuh gksus ds dkj.k ejht dh nksuksa vkW[kksa dh jks'kuh pyh x;h rFkk ejht iw.kZr% va/kk gks x;kA foi{kh ds ;gkWa tks bZykt gqvk] foi{kh u rks Vh0ch0 Lis'kfyLV gS u U;wjksyksftLV gS rFkk u gh vkbZ Lis'kfyLV gS] blds ckotwn yxHkx ,d eghus 6 fnu HkrhZ j[kk x;k gS] tc fd ejht dh chekjh ds laca/k esa Skill gh ugha Fkk A foi{kh us bldk [k.Mu fd;k gS rFkk mlus dgk gS fd ejht 16-03- 2011 dks HkrhZ ugha gqvk Fkk flQZ fn[kkus vk;k Fkk ftls lk/kkj.k nokbZ;kWa ns nh x;h Fkh mlds ckn fnukad 22-04-2011 dks iqu% vk;k rc mls HkrhZ fd;k x;k rFkk 28-04-2011 dks NqV~Vh ns nh x;hA bl lac/a k esa bUMksj jftLVj is'k gqvk gS tks 15-03-2011 ls 'kq: gksuk n'kkZ;k x;k gS blds ist la[;k 15 rd voyksdu djsa rks [kqyh vkWa[k ls ;g Li"V gks jgk gS fd ,d lkFk ,d gh gS.MjkbZfVax ls ,d gh O;fDr }kjk rS;kj fd;k gqvk gSA ek= izfof"V la[;k 34 ls 39 dkyh 11 L;kgh ls gSA nwljk tks b.Mksj jftLVj is'k gqvk gS og 20-03-2010 dks 'kq:
gqvk gS rFkk izfof"V la[;k 791 ij 31-03-2011 dks cUn gqvk gS] tc fd blesa dkQh iUus ekStwn Fks ;fn foRrh; o"kZ ls jftLVj cnyrs gS gks rks 21-03-2010 ls 31-03-2010 rd 15 izfof"V Fkh mlds ckn ;k rks jftLVj cnyk tkrk ;k de ls de ist cnydj u;s foRrh; o"kZ ls 'kq: gksrk] bl jftLVj dh izfof"V la[;k 757 ls 763 dk voyksdu djsa rks izfof"V la[;k 757] 758] 759 13-03- 2011 dh gS 760 14-03-2011 dh gS 761 15-03-2011 dh gS 762 iqu% 13-03-2011 dh gks tkrh gS rFkk mlds ckn 763 15-03-2011 dh gks tkrh gS] tks bl ckr dh bafxr djrh gS fd ;g fu;fer jftLVj ugha gS] ckn esa rS;kj gqvk jftLVj gSA foi{kh dh vksj ls nks nLrkost is'k gq, gS ,d fMLpktZ dkMZ gS ftlds vuqlkj ifjoknh 21-04-2011 ls 28-04-2011 rd HkrhZ jgk rFkk blds vafre i`"B ij ejht ds gk;j lsUVj esa fn[kkus dh lykg nh ;h gSA ;g nLrkost foi{kh dh vksj ls is'k gqvk gS tc fd ;g nLrkost ejht dh vksj ls is'k gksuk pkfg, D;ksa fd ejht ds ikWaoj ,.M its'ku dk gh nLrkost gS] foi{kh ds ikl rks Bed Head fVfdV gksrk gS fMLpktZ fVfdV ejht ds ikl gksrk gS nwljk nLrkost esMhdy fjdkMZ ls lacfa /kr gS] ;g nLrkost mlh gLrfyfi esa gS ftl gLrfyfi esa jftLVj la[;k 1 dh izfof"V;kWa Fkh rFkk ,d lkFk fy[kk gqvk izrhr gksrk gS] L;kgh ds laca/k esa blfy, dqN ugha dgk ldrk D;ksa fd ;g QksVks LVsV izfr gSA bl nLrkost ds vafre ist dk voyksdu djsa rks ;g lknk dkxt Fkk bl ij ejht ds firk ds gLrk{kj gS rFkk ;g bl nLrkost dh vafre rhu ykbZu ls izrhr gksrk gS fd ejht ds firk ls igys gLrk{kj djok;s x;s rFkk ;g nLrkost ckn esa fy[kk x;kA bl izdkj foi{kh us tks nLrkost is'k fd;s gS og Li"Vr% QthZ rS;kj fd;s gq, gS] tc fd 16-03-2011 foi{kh fpfdRlky; dh iphZ gS rFkk 22-04- 2011 dh iphZ gS tc ejht 22-04-2011 dks vLirky esa HkrhZ gks x;k Fkk rks ;g fLyi fy[kus dh D;k vko';drk Fkh fQj rks Bed Head fVfdV gh lSfQf'k;sUV Fkk] blls ifjoknh dk ;g rF; fl) gksrk gS fd ifjoknh 16-03-2011 dks HkrhZ gqvk rFkk 22-04-2011 dks fMLpktZ gqvkA vc ifjoknh dh chekjh ds laca/k esa fopkj djsxs]a ifjoknh flj nnZ o cq[kkj esa HkrhZ gqvk Fkk ftldk fpfdRlk foKku fuEu izdkj gS%& Headache and Fever :12
Headache and fever are common symptoms of a variety of medical conditions. Sometimes people may experience a headache and a fever together.
Sometimes, having a headache and a fever at the same time can be serious, so people experiencing both may wish to consult a doctor for a diagnosis.
Some people may also have concerns about whether they have contracted SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, as both of these symptoms have an association witth covid 19 However, several other conditions can cause a headache and fever together.
Keep reading to learn more about the different causes and treatments for headache and fever, including some prevention tips.
Stay informed with live updates on the current COVID-19 outbreak and visit our coronavirus hub for more advice on prevention and treatment.
The following are some potential causes of a fever and headache:
Meningitis Meningitis is a bacterial or viral infection that causes inflammation of the meninges, which are membranes that surround the brain. If the meninges become inflamed, a person can develop a headache. Meningitis can be life-threatening.
Other symptoms of meningitis often include:
a fever a headache neck pain or stiffness light-sensitivity dizziness confusion nausea and vomiting Flu
The seasonal flu occurs between October and March in the Northern Hemisphere and between April and August in the Southern Hemisphere. Influenza viruses travel from person to person through respiratory droplets from coughing, sneezing, and talking.13
When a person catches the flu, they may experience the following Symptoms:
a fever a headache a cough a sore throat muscle aches and pains a runny nose congested eyes light sensitivity shortness of breath Sinus infection Sinus infections are one of the most common infections treated in doctor's offices. People with acute sinusitis typically experience a sudden or gradual onset of symptoms lasting less than 4 weeks. People with chronic sinusitis may experience symptoms for 3 or more months.
The symptoms of sinus infections include:
a headache a fever facial pain and pressure nasal congestion excessive fatigue bad breath dental pain a cough Ear infection When the fluid within the middle ear becomes infected, a person may develop an ear infection. Ear infections are the second most common reason that children visit the pediatrician. Most ear infections occur in children between 6 and 24 months.
Bacteria or viruses can cause ear infections. Pain is one of the most common symptoms, but some babies and young children may experience non-specific symptoms, including:
a fever a headache disturbed sleep 14 poor feeding irritability vomiting diarrhea Heatstroke Heatstroke typically occurs when a person's body temperature rises above 40°C (104°F) after prolonged exposure to heat. People may also develop heatstroke by physical overexertion in high temperatures. Neurological symptoms, such as seizures and confusion, typically accompany heatstroke.
Heatstroke is a serious condition that can be life- threatening if left untreated. Anyone who experiences any symptoms of heatstroke must seek medical attention immediately.
Heatstroke can develop progressively. Sometimes, a person may not notice the symptoms of heat-related illnesses developing, as they can appear very similar. However, the illness may progress from heat exhaustion, heat injury, to life-threatening heatstroke. Symptoms may include:
a headache cramping fatigue dizziness nausea vomiting Once the heat-related illness affects the organs or central nervous system, the person has likely progressed to heatstroke.
Vaccinations According to the U.S. Department of Health and Humans Services, some people may experience mild side effects soon after getting vaccinated. These may include:
a headache a mild fever chills fatigue pain, swelling, and redness on the affected area muscle aches 15 joint aches These side effects are likely to disappear quickly without medical intervention or medication.
Medications Some people may experience flu-like symptoms when starting a new medication. Flu-like symptoms may include:
a fever
a headache
chills
muscle aches
a cough
sore throat
runny nose
fatigue
nausea
vomiting
diarrhea
Some anticancer medications, such as interferon and interleukin, can cause flu-like symptoms. Other drugs that may cause flu-like symptoms include the tuberculosis medications rifapentine and isoniazid. Flu-like symptoms may last for a few hours or a few days.
Cancer Cancer has many different symptoms, but not everyone will experience all of them. Sometimes cancer can occur without any symptoms at all. Some signs and symptoms of cancer may include:
pain, including a headache a fever unexplained weight loss fatigue skin changes a cough changes in bowel or bladder function persistent sores that do not heal white patches on the tongue unusual bleeding or discharge a lump 16 Specific types of cancers may present with other symptoms.
Treatment The treatment for headache and fever depends on its cause.
Meningitis If a person has bacterial meningitis, the doctor may prescribe antibiotics. Other treatments involve supportive care to make the person feel more comfortable. Some people may require:
airway management oxygenation intravenous fluids antipyretics to control fever Flu
In most situations, the flu will go away without medical intervention. Some people may wish to take medications, such as antipyretics, to reduce their fever. Antipyretics, such as acetaminophen, are also pain relievers and can help reduce headaches. People usually do not require antiviral medications.
Some people may require treatment or prevention with antivirals. When an outbreak occurs in a healthcare facility, such as a long-term care facility, doctors may prescribe antivirals to all residents.
Sinus infection Doctors may recommend that people with sinus infections use humidifiers, nasal washes, and nasal decongestants to reduce symptoms. Some people, however, may require topical or oral steroids to reduce inflammation in the nasal passages.
Depending on the severity of the infection, the symptoms, and a variety of other factors, doctors may prescribe antibiotics.
Ear infections Doctors may not always prescribe antibiotics for children with ear infections. Some doctors suggest watchful waiting at first and only prescribe an antibiotic treatment if the ear infection does not resolve.17
To control pain and fever, doctors will likely recommend pain relievers, such as acetaminophen or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs), such as aspirin and ibuprofen.
If a healthcare provider decides antibiotics are necessary, they will choose the appropriate one based on a person's allergies, the severity of the infection, the presence of other symptoms or infections, and any resistance that might be present in their area.
Heatstroke To treat heatstroke, a medical team will check the person's airway, breathing, and circulation. They will then provide rapid cooling to prevent further damage to internal organs. In most cases, doctors will ensure the individual is hydrated.
ifjoknh ds flj esa nnZ Fkk bldk fpfdRlh; foKku fuEu izdkj gS%& Headache Basics Headaches can be more complicated than most people realize. Different kinds can have their own set of symptoms, happen for unique reasons, and need different treatments.
Once you know the type of headache you have, you and your doctor can find the treatment that's most likely to help and even try to prevent them.
Common Types of Headaches There are over 150 types of headaches, but the most common types include:
Tension Headaches Tension headaches are the most common type of headache among adults and teens. They cause mild to moderate pain and come and go over time. They usually have no other symptoms.
Migraine Headaches Migraine headaches are often described as pounding, throbbing pain. They can last from 4 hours to 3 days and usually happen one to four times a month. Along with the pain, people have other symptoms, such as sensitivity to light, noise, or smells; nausea or vomiting; loss of appetite; and upset stomach or belly pain. When a child has a migraine, they may look pale, feel dizzy, and have blurry vision, fever, and an upset stomach. A small number of children's migraines include digestive symptoms, like vomiting, that happen about once a month.
Cluster Headaches 18 These headaches are the most severe. You could have intense burning or piercing pain behind or around one eye. It can be throbbing or constant. The pain can be so bad that most people with cluster headaches can't sit still and will often pace during an attack. On the side of the pain, the eyelid droops, the eye reddens, pupil gets smaller, or the eye makes tears. The nostril on that side runs or stuffs up.
They're called cluster headaches because they tend to happen in groups. You might get them one to three times per day during a cluster period, which may last 2 weeks to 3 months. Each headache attack lasts 15 minutes to 3 hours. They can wake you up from sleep. The headaches may disappear completely (your doctor will call this remission) for months or years, only to come back later. Men are three to four times more likely to get them than women.
Chronic Daily Headaches You have this type of headache 15 days or more a month for longer than 3 months. Some are short. Others last more than 4 hours. It's usually one of the four types of primary headache:
Chronic migraine Chronic tension headache New daily persistent headache Hemicrania continua Sinus Headaches With sinus headaches, you feel a deep and constant pain in your cheekbones, forehead, or on the bridge of your nose. They happen when cavities in your head, called sinuses, get inflamed. The pain usually comes along with other sinus symptoms, like a runny nose, fullness in the ears, fever, and a swollen face. A true sinus headache results from a sinus infection so the gunk that comes out of your nose will be yellow or green, unlike the clear discharge in cluster or migraine headaches.
Posttraumatic Headaches Posttraumatic stress headaches usually start 2-3 days after a head injury. You'll feel:
A dull ache that gets worse from time to time Vertigo Lightheadedness Trouble concentrating Memory problems Tiring quickly Irritability Headaches may last for a few months. But if it doesn't get better within a couple of weeks, call your doctor.
Less Common Headaches Exercise Headaches 19 When you're active, the muscles in your head, neck, and scalp need more blood. Your blood vessels swell to supply them. The result is a pulsing pain on both sides of your head that can last anywhere from 5 minutes to 48 hours. It usually hits while you're active or just afterward, whether the activity is exercise or sex.
Hemicrania Continua Hemicrania continua is a chronic, ongoing headache almost always affects the same side of your face and head. Other symptoms include:
Pain that varies in severity Red or teary eyes Runny or stuffy nose Droopy eyelid Contracted iris Responds to the pain medication indomethacin Worse pain with physical activity Worse pain with drinking alcohol Some people also notice migraine symptoms like:
Nausea and vomiting Sensitivity to light and sound There are two types:
Chronic: You have daily headaches. Remitting: You have headaches for 6 months. They go away for a period of weeks or months and come back.
Hormone Headaches You can get headaches from shifting hormone levels during your periods, pregnancy, and menopause. The hormone changes from birth control pills and hormone replacement therapy can also trigger headaches. When they happen 2 days before your period or in the first 3 days after it starts, they're called menstrual migraines.
New Daily Persistent Headaches (NDPH) These may start suddenly and can go on for 3 months or longer. Many people clearly remember the day their pain began.
Doctors aren't sure why this type of headache starts. Some people find that it strikes after an infection, flu-like illness, surgery, or stressful event.
The pain tends to be moderate, but for some people, it's severe. And it's often hard to treat.
Symptoms can vary widely. Some are like tension headaches. Others share symptoms of migraine, such as nausea or sensitivity to light.
Call your doctor if your headache won't go away or if it's severe.20
Rebound Headaches You might also hear these called medication overuse headaches. If you use a prescription or over-the-counter pain reliever more than two or three times a week, or more than 10 days a month, you're setting yourself up for more pain. When the meds wear off, the pain comes back and you have to take more to stop it. This can cause a dull, constant headache that's often worse in the morning.
Rare Headaches Ice Pick Headaches These short, stabbing, intense headaches usually only last a few seconds. They might happen a few times a day at most. If you have one, see the doctor. Ice pick headaches can be a condition on their own, or they can be a symptom of something else.
Spinal Headaches Talk to your doctor if you get a headache after you have a spinal tap, a spinal block, or an epidural. Your doctor might call it a puncture headache because these procedures involve piercing the membrane that surrounds your spinal cord. If spinal fluid leaks through the puncture site, it can cause a headache.
Thunderclap Headaches People often call this the worst headache of your life. It comes suddenly out of nowhere and peaks quickly. Causes of thunderclap headaches include:
Blood vessel tear, rupture, or blockage Head injury Hemorrhagic stroke from a ruptured blood vessel in your brain Ischemic stroke from a blocked blood vessel in your brain Narrowed blood vessels surrounding the brain Inflamed blood vessels Blood pressure changes in late pregnancy Take a sudden new headache seriously. It's often the only warning sign you get of a serious problem.
ifjoknh ds ok;jy Qhoj Fkk bldk fpfdRlh; foKku fuEu izdkj gS%& Most people have a body temperature\r\nof about 98.6°F (37°C). Anything a degree above this is considered a fever. Fevers are often a sign that your body is fighting off some type of bacterial\r\nor viral infection. A viral fever is any fever that's caused by an underlying viral illness.21
A variety of viral infections can affect humans, from the common cold to the flu. A low-grade fever is a symptom of many viral infections. But some viral infections, such as dengue fever, can cause a higher fever.
Read on to learn more about viral fevers, including common symptoms and treatment options.
Symptoms of a viral fever Viral fevers can range in temperature from 99°F to over 103°F (39°C), depending on the underlying virus.
If you have a viral fever, you might have some of these general symptoms:
chills sweating dehydration headache muscle aches and pains a feeling of weakness loss of appetite These symptoms usually only last for a few days at most.
Causes a viral fever A viral fever is caused by infection with a virus. Viruses are very small infectious agents. They infect and multiply within the cells of your body. A fever is your body's way of fighting off a virus. Many viruses are sensitive to shifts in temperature, so a sudden increase in your body temperature makes you less hospitable to viruses.
There are many ways that you can become infected with a virus, including:
Inhalation. If someone with a viral infection sneezes or coughs near you, you can breathe in droplets containing the virus. Examples of viral infections from inhalation include the flu or common cold.
Ingestion. Food and drinks can be contaminated with viruses. If you eat them, you can develop an infection. Examples of viral infections from ingestion include norovirus and enteroviruses.
Bites. Insects and other animals can carry viruses. If they bite you, you can develop an infection. Examples of viral infections that result from bites include dengue fever and rabies.
Bodily fluids. Exchanging bodily fluids with someone who has a viral infection can transfer the illness.Examples of this type of viral infection include hepatitis B and HIV.
Viral fever diagnosis 22 Both viral and bacterial infections often cause similar symptoms. To diagnose a viral fever, a doctor will likely start by ruling out a bacterial infection. They can do this by considering your symptoms and medical history, as well as taking any samples to test for bacteria.
If you have a sore throat, for example, they might swab your throat to test for bacteria that causes strep throat. If the sample comes back negative, you likely have a viral infection.
They can also take a sample of blood or other bodily fluid to check for certain markers that might indicate a viral infection, such as your white blood cell count.
Viral Fevers treatment In most cases, viral fevers don't require any specific treatment. Unlike bacterial infections, they don't respond to antibiotics.
Instead, treatment usually focuses on providing relief from your symptoms. Common treatment methods include:
taking over-the-counter fever reducers, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen, to reduce a fever and its symptoms resting as much as possible drinking plenty of fluids to stay hydrated and replenish fluids lost while sweating taking antiviral medications, such as oseltamivir phosphate (Tamiflu), when applicable ifjoknh us foi{kh gkWfLiVy ls NqV~Vh gksus ds ckn C.T. LdSu djok;k C.T. LdSu esa flj esa ikuh Hkjk gqvk ik;k x;k tks chekjh ds laca/k esa fpfdRlk foKku fuEu izdkj gS %& Hydrocephalus Hydrocephalus is a condition in which an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) occurs within the brain.[1] This typically causes increased pressure inside the skull. Older people may have headaches, double vision, poor balance, urinary incontinence, personality changes, or mental impairment. In babies, it may be seen as a rapid increase in head size. Other symptoms may include vomiting, sleepiness, seizures, and downward pointing of the eyes.
Hydrocephalus can occur due to birth defects or be acquired later in life.[1] Associated birth defects include neural tube defects and those that result in aqueductal stenosis.[1][4] Other causes include meningitis, brain tumors, traumatic brain injury, intraventricular hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. The four types of hydrocephalus are communicating, noncommunicating, ex 23 vacuo, and normal pressure. Diagnosis is typically made by physical examination and medical imaging.[1] Hydrocephalus is typically treated by the surgical placement of a shunt system.[1] A procedure called a third ventriculostomy is an option in some people.[1] Complications from shunts may include overdrainage, underdrainage, mechanical failure, infection, or obstruction.[1] This may require replacement.[1] Outcomes are variable, but many people with shunts live normal lives.[1] Without treatment, death or permanent disability may occur.
ifjoknh us fglkj fn[kk;k] jksgrd fn[kk;k] chdkusj esa fn[kk;k t;iqj fn[kk;k ifjoknh ds Meningitis, Tuberculous Fkh ftldk fpfdRlh; foKku fuEu izdkj gS%& Meningitis, Tuberculous Synonyms of Meningitis, Tuberculous TBM Tuberculous Meningitis General Discussion Tuberculous Meningitis (TBM) is a form of meningitis characterized by inflammation of the membranes (meninges) around the brain or spinal cord and caused by a specific bacterium known as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In TBM, the disorder develops gradually. Treatment with antibiotics and other drugs is usually effective against the infection.
Signs & Symptoms Tuberculous Meningitis involves the central nervous system. Headaches and behavioral changes may be noticed initially. Fever, headache, a stiff neck, and vomiting may also occur. Symptoms among older children and adults may progress from irritability to confusion, drowsiness, and stupor, possibly leading to coma.
Untreated, this disorder can lead to seizures, hydrocephalus (accumulation of fluid in the brain cavity), deafness, mental retardation, paralysis of one side of the body (hemiparesis) and other neurological abnormalities. (For more information on this disorder, choose ―hydrocephalus‖ as your search term in the Rare Disease Database). Diagnosis is made by examination of the cerebrospinal fluid. Causes Tuberculous Meningitis is a rare complication that occurs in some patients who have or have had tuberculosis (TB), especially miliary tuberculosis. It can also occur in people who have been exposed to the bacteria that causes TB.
This form of meningitis is caused by a specific bacteria known as Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. (For more information on tuberculosis, choose ―tuberculosis‖ as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
24Affected Populations TBM is usually found in children aged one to five years although it may occur at any age.
Related Disorders Symptoms of the following disorders may resemble those of Tuberculous Meningitis. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
In general, Meningitis is characterized by inflammation of the membranes (meninges) around the brain or spinal cord. This inflammation may be caused by different types of bacteria, viruses, fungi, malignant tumors, or reactions to certain injections into the spinal canal. (For more information on other forms of meningitis, choose ―meningitis‖ as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.) Encephalitis is an infection of the brain which is brought on by one of several different types of viruses. Encephalitis may also be caused by hypersensitivity initiated by some other non-viral, foreign protein. Many of the symptoms are similar to those of TBM, such as a stiff neck, altered reflexes, confusion, speech disorders, convulsions, paralysis and coma. (For more information choose ―Encephalitis‖ as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.) bl izdkj ifjoknh ds T.B. Fkh rFkk flj esa ikuh Hkjk gqvk Fkk bl chekjh dk lcls Åij fooj.k fn;k tk pqdk gSA blds ifj.kkeLo:i ifjoknh dh Optic Neuropathy gks x;h Fkh ftldk fpfdRlh; foKku fuEu izdkj gS %& Optic Neuropathy Optic neuropathy is damage to the optic nerve from any cause. Damage and death of these nerve cells, or neurons, leads to characteristic features of optic neuropathy. The main symptom is loss of vision, with colors appearing subtly washed out in the affected eye. On medical examination, the optic nerve head can be visualised by an ophthalmoscope. A pale disc is characteristic of long-standing optic neuropathy. In many cases, only one eye is affected and patients may not be aware of the loss of color vision until the doctor asks them to cover the healthy eye.
Optic neuropathy is often called optic atrophy, to describe the loss of some or most of the fibers of the optic nerve. In medicine, "atrophy" usually means "shrunken but capable of regrowth", so some argue that "optic atrophy" as a pathological term is somewhat misleading and the term "optic neuropathy" should be used instead.
In short, optic atrophy is the end result of any disease that damages nerve cells anywhere between the retinal ganglion cells and the lateral geniculate body (anterior visual system).25
blds ifj.kkeLo:i ifjoknh dh nksuksa vkW[kksa dh jks'kuh pyh x;h Vision Loss ds laca/k esa fpfdRlh; foKku fuEu izdkj gS %& What is vision loss?
Vision is our most precious special sense. Nearly half of the human brain is engaged in vision-related activities. Vision loss is any reduction in the ability to see, including blurred vision, cloudy vision, double vision, blind spots, poor night vision, and loss of peripheral vision (tunnel vision). Vision loss may affect one or both eyes, it may occur gradually or suddenly, and it may be partial or complete. Vision changes may originate in the eyes themselves or may be caused by many different conditions that affect the brain or even the whole body.
The path of light rays, which form all the images we perceive, begins at the cornea, the clear ―window‖ in the front of the eye. The iris, which is the colored part of the eye, controls the pupil size and allows light rays to enter the eye and pass through the lens. This helps to focus the rays onto the retina, which is the light-sensitive layer on the inner surface of the eye. Damage caused by trauma, infection, inflammation, or other changes in these structures can reduce vision. The shape of the eye is maintained by the pressure of the fluid inside the eye against the sclera, the white part of the eye, and the cornea. Conditions that affect the clarity or pressure of the fluid in the eye can also affect vision.
The optic nerve organizes the visual impulses from the retina and transmits them to the brain for interpretation. Damage to the nerve due to inflammation, autoimmune disease, or decreased blood supply can lead to vision loss, as can conditions that affect the brain either generally or in the specific locations of the brain that interpret vision.
Some common causes of vision loss include eye trauma, clouding of the lens (cataract), increased eye pressure (glaucoma), retinal damage due to diabetes (diabetic retinopathy), breakdown of the central portion of the retina (age-related macular degeneration), retinal detachment, inflammation of the optic nerve (optic neuritis), and stroke. Some medications can also affect vision.
Vision loss can be permanent and may be a symptom of a serious medical condition. Seek prompt medical care for any type of vision loss. Seek immediate medical care (call
911) for sudden vision changes, trauma, eye pain or redness, double vision, partial or complete blindness, or vision loss that occurs like a shade dropping or a curtain closing.
Immediate medical care is also necessary if vision loss is accompanied by a severe headache, sudden weakness or numbness on one side of the body, altered level of consciousness, dizziness, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, or loss of sensation. Even temporary vision loss should be treated as an emergency.
esMhdy cksMZ ds izek.k&i= ds vuqlkj ifjoknh 'kr izfr'kr va/kk gks x;kA 26 bl izdkj foi{kh ds ikl Åij of.kZr chekfj;ksa dh u rks Skill FkhA ifjoknh 16-03-2011 ls 22-04-2011 rd HkrhZ jgk ijUrq foi{kh us fnukad 21-04- 2011 ls 28-04-2011 rd dk fjdkMZ cuk;k ftlds ckjs esa Åij foospu fd;k tk pqdk gSA tks ,d izdkj ls QkYl ,.M QsfczdsVsM nLrkost gSA ifjoknh ds tks chekjh Fkh mldk bZykt gh ugha fd;k x;kA fLFkfr esa ;gh ekuk tk;sxk fd ifjoknh dh chekjh dh dksbZ Care gh ugha dh x;hA ifjoknh dks Åij of.kZr chekfj;ksa ds fy, gk;j lsUVj esa jSQj ugha fd;k x;k tc fd foi{kh dk drZO; Fkk fd ifjoknh dks gk;j lsUVj esa jsQj djrs cfYd mlds LFkku ij ckn esa QkYl ,.M QsfczdsVSM nLrkost cuk;k x;kA ejht dks le; ij jSQj u djus ds lac/a k esa dkuwuh fLFkfr fuEu izdkj gS%& bl laca/k esa II (2018) CPJ 111 (NC) PUSHPA VYAS Vs. DR. SAJJAN DAGA & ANR. esa ekuuh; jk"Vªh; vk;ksx us iSjk la[;k 20] 21 esa fu/kkZfjr fd;k gS fd%& 20. Even for the sake of arguments, if we take into consideration the submission of the Respondents that the Sonography machine was not functioning on the date, immediately the trauma patient should have been referred to the nearest appropriate trauma center or a higher management Hospital for better care and management. In this case though it was recognized that the patient had injuries on account of accidental trauma and even the basic sonography test machine was not functioning, the act of the Opposite Parties of not taking immediate action by arranging for transfer of the patient to the nearest hospital amounts to negligence and deficiency of service.
21. In the aforenoted judgement of the Hon'ble Supreme Court the fourth responsibility of a doctor towards the patient was not to undertake any procedure beyond his control. The Hospital could have referred the patient immediately to a higher management center if, their basic equipment like the Ultrasound machine was not functioning. At the cost of repetition, the patient was suffered abdominal injuries from accidental trauma and because of lack of diagnostic tests like USG and CT Scan performed at the proper time and because of delayed reference to a higher management center, a young patient of 50 Years of age and a 27 non-diabetic expired on account of rapture of liver and contusion of both lungs arising from the injuries, for which act of negligence the Respondents are liable to compensate the Appellant.
II (2015) CPJ 578 (NC) VIJAY HEALTH CENTRE Vs. CHANDRA DAS & ORS. AND CHANDRA DAS VS.
CHENNAI WILLINGDON CORPORATE FOUNDATION & ORS. esa ekuuh; jk"Vªh; vk;ksx us fuEu fu/kkZfjr fd;k gS%& Consumer Protection Act, 1986 Section 2 (1) (g), 14 (1)(d), 21 (a) (ii) - Medical Negligence - Laparoscopic Adhesiolysis - Surgery conducted - Severe infection - Lack of care - Delay in referral - Mental agony and physical pain - Deficiency in service - State Commission allowed complaint
- Hence appeal - OP 4 delayed to perform Resection Anastomosis - He would have performed resection anastomosis after one or two surgical interventions--There was also delay in referring patient - OP 2 and OP 4 doctors failed in their duty of care - Op 3 Hospital has not maintained any medica records about treatment given by OP 4 - Hospitals OPs 1 and 3 also vicariously liable - OPs 1 to 4 directed to pay compensation @ Rs. 6,00,000 jointly and severally to complainant - Litigation cost @ Rs. 20,000 paid.
bl izdkj ifjoknh foi{kh ds gkWfLiVy esa 16-03-2011 dks HkrhZ gqvk 22-04-2011 dks NqV~Vh nh x;h ifjoknh ds tks chekjh Fkh mldk bZykt gh ugha fd;k x;k] u gh foi{kh ifjoknh dh chekfj;ksa dk fo'ks"kK Fkk] ifjoknh dks le; ij jsQj fd;k tkuk pkfg, tks ugha fd;k x;k cfYd ckn esa QkYl ,.M QsfczdSVsM nLrkost gk;j lsUVj esa tkus ds fy, rS;kj fd;s x;sA foi{kh ds fo:) fpfdRlh; vlko/kkuh dk dsl izekf.kr gSA fo)ku ftyk eap us tks ifjokn [kkfjt fd;k gS] og iw.kZr% rF;ksa ds fo:) o fof/k fo:) gS lkjghu] Hkkjghu] vk/kkjghu gS tks vikLr ;ksX; gS] vikLr fd;k tkrk gS] rFkk ifjoknh us ftl le; ifjokn is'k fd;k vo;Ld Fkk blfy, vius firk fyPNqjke ds tfj;s ifjokn is'k fd;k ijUrq orZeku esa o;Ld gks pqdk gS fLFkfr esa ifjoknh dks 17]00]000@&:- ¼v{kjs l=g yk[k ½ fnyok;s tkus mfpr gS] blesa ls 2]00]000@&:- ¼v{kjs nks yk[k ½ 'kadjyky dks ftl 28 ij ifjokn izLrqfr fnukad 17 vxLr] 2011 ls 9 izfr'kr okf"kZd dh nj ls C;kt lfgr udn vnk fd;s tk;sa rFkk 15]00]000@&:- ¼v{kjs iUnzg yk[k ½ ij ifjokn izLrqfr fnukad 17 vxLr] 2011 ls vkt fnukad rd dk 9 izfr'kr okf"kZd dh nj ls C;kt tksM+dj tks jkf'k curh gS ml jkf'k dh 10 o"kZ ds fy, F.D. cuk;h tk;sxh] ftldk izfr ekg C;kt ifjoknh izkIr dj ldsxk] ckn esa feyus okys :i;ksa dk D;k djsa ;g ifjoknh 'kadjyky dh bPNk ij fuHkZj djsxkA bl izdj.k esa ;g rF; lkeus vk;k gS fd foi{kh us QkYl ,.M QsfczdsVsM nLrkost rS;kj djds ftyk vk;ksx esa is'k dj fn;k rFkk mldk mi;ksx dj fy;k ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i foi{kh ifjokn [kkfjt djkus esa dke;kc jgkA vr% ftyk vk;ksx pw: dks funsZ'k fn;k tkrk gS fd foi{kh ds fo:) /kkjk 340 lh0vkj0ih0lh0 ds rgr~ dk;Zokgh [kksydj vyx ls tkWap djsaA bl vk;ksx ds fMIVh jftLVªkj dks ;g funsZ'k fn;k tkrk gS fd v/khuLFk eap ds fjdkMZ esa layXu nksuksa jftLVj rFkk foi{kh }kjk is'k nLrkost Mh&12@1 ls ysdj Mh&17@1 vyx ls lhy djds ftyk eap pw: dks fjdkMZ ds lkFk HkstasA vkns'k vr% ifjoknh dk ifjokn Lohdkj dj foi{kh dks vkns'k fn;k tkrk gS fd ifjoknh 'kadjyky dks 2]00]000 ¼v{kjs nks yk[k ½ ifjokn izLrqfr fnukad 17 vxLr] 2011 ls 9 izfr'kr okf"kZd dh nj ls C;kt lfgr udn vnk djsa rFkk 15]00]000@&:- ¼v{kjs iUnzg yk[k ½ ij ifjokn izLrqfr fnukad 17 vxLr] 2011 ls vkt fnukad rd dk 9 izfr'kr okf"kZd dh nj ls C;kt tksM+dj tks jkf'k curh gS ml jkf'k dh 10 o"kZ ds fy, F.D. cuk;h tk;s] ftldk izfr ekg C;kt ifjoknh izkIr dj ldsxk 10 o"kZ ds ckn ifjoknh 'kadjyky feyus okys :i;ksa dk D;k djsa ;g ifjoknh 'kadjyky dh bPNk ij fuHkZj djsxkA ftyk miHkksDrk fookn izfrrks"k vk;ksx pw: dks funsZ'k fn;k tkrk gS fd foi{kh ds fo:) /kkjk 340 lh0vkj0ih0lh0 ds rgr~ dk;Zokgh [kksydj vyx ls tkWap djsAa bl vk;ksx ds fMIVh jftLVªkj dks ;g funsZ'k fn;k tkrk gS fd v/khuLFk eap ds fjdkMZ esa layXu nksuksa jftLVj rFkk foi{kh }kjk is'k nLrkost Mh&12@1 ls ysdj Mh&17@1 vyx ls lhy djds ftyk eap pw: dks fjdkMZ ds lkFk HkstasA 29 ¼ 'kksHkk flag ½ ¼ dey dqekj ckxMh ½ lnL; lnL; ¼U;kf;d½ @ikBd@ 30