State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission
Narayan Builders And Developers vs Rajesh Sharma S/O Satyandra Sharma on 2 March, 2020
1 jkT; miHkksDrk fookn izfrrks"k vk;ksx] cSap la- 1] jkt0] t;iqj ifjokn la[;k %& 25@2017 ekLVj lkSE; xkSM tfj;s laj{kd ¼ ekrk ½ Jherh uhrk 'kekZ iq=h Jh dUgS;k yky 'kekZ] vk;q 40 o"kZ fuoklh Mh&59] egs'k uxj] t;iqj ifjoknh cuke 01- fpfdRlk foHkkx] lfpoky; t;iqj tfj;s fpfdRlk lfpo 02- MkWa0 dYiuk esgrk] ,l-,l- ¼ lg vkpk;Z ½ L=h ,oa izlfw r jksx foHkkx] orZeku bZ&22@61] mEesn gkWfLiVy ifjlj] 'kfupj th dk Fkkuk] tks/kiqjA foi{khx.k le{k % ekuuh; Jh dey dqekj ckxMh] lnL; ¼U;kf;d½ ekuuh; lnL; Jherh ehuk esgrk mifLFkr %& ifjoknh dh vksj ls Jh mes'k ukxiky vf/koDrk foi{kh la[;k 2 dh vksj ls Jh ;w0ds0 oekZ vf/koDrk fu.kZ; fnukad 18 Qjojh] 2020 jkT; vk;ksx jktLFkku t;iqj ¼}kjk Jh dey dqekj ckxM+h] lnL;] ¼U;kf;d½ ;g ifjokn ekLVj lkSE; xkSM dh vksj ls fpfdRlk foHkkx ,oa vU; ds fo:) bl vk;ksx esa fnukad 14-02-2017 dks is'k fd;kA izdj.k ds rF; bl izdkj gS fd i{kdkj la[;k 1 leLr jkT; esa fpfdRldksa dh fu;qfDr djrk gS] rFkk bl laLFkk ds vUrxZr vkus okys leLr fpfdRldksa dk leLr lapkyu O;; vkfn djus dh O;oLFkk djrk gSA 2 buds }kjk fu;qDr fpfdRldksa dh ykijokgh ls dksbZ d`R; dkfjr gksrk gS rks mlds fy;s nksuksa i{kdkj la;qDr ,oa i`Fkd i`Fkd :i ls ftEesnkj gSA ifjokfnuh dks feyh tkudkjh ds vuqlkj foi{kh la[;k 1 }kjk vius fpfdRldksa dh ykijokgh ls gksus okys d`R;ksa ls lqj{kk ds fy;s ,d chek ikWfylh ys j[kh gS] mDr ikWfylh t;iqj ls tkjh djokbZ xbZ] ftls foi{kh }kjk i{kdkj cukus vFkok chek daiuh dk uke mYysf[kr djus ij i{kdkj cuk;k tkosxkA ifjokfnuh orZeku esa t;iqj esa fuokl dj jgh gS] D;ksa fd mlds cPps ds ikyu iks"k.k ,oa f'k{kk o vU; dk;ksZ dh lqfo/kk,Wa t;iqj esa gh vklkuh ls miyC/k gSA bl dkj.k ls mls t;iqj fuokl djuk iM+ jgk gSA ifjokfnuh ds t;iqj fuokl djus ds dkj.k ,oa foi{kh la[;k 1 }kjk] foi{kh la[;k 2 dk lapkyu fd;k tkuk rFkk /kuh; {ks=kf/kdkfjrk ds vk/kkj ij ifjokfnuh mDr izdj.k ekuuh; jkT; vk;ksx esa izLrqr dj jgh gSa] fnukad 08-09-2014 dks ifjokfnuh us foi{kh la[;k 2 ds fuokl ij lEidZ fd;k] foi{kh la[;k 2 }kjk ifjokfnuh dks ?kj ij ns[kus dk 'kqYd 200@&:- olwy fd;k x;kA foi{kh la[;k 2 }kjk ifjokfnuh ds fn[kkus ij mldh ,d tkWap iphZ cukbZ xbZ] ml iphZ ij ifjokfnuh dh leLr tkudkjh vafdr dh xbZA ifjokfnuh us foi{kh dks ;g crk fn;k Fkk fd ifjokfnuh FkkbZjkbZM dh chekjh ls xzflr gS vkSj orZeku esa blls lacfa /kr nokbZ;ksa dk lsou dj jgh gSaA ifjokfnuh us viuh vk;q ds laca/k esa Hkh foi{kh la[;k 2 dks Li"V crk fn;k FkkA tkWap ds i'pkr~ foi{kh fpfdRld us ;g ik;k fd ifjokfnuh us 16 ls 18 lIrkg dk xHkZ /kkj.k dj j[kk gSA blds vuqlkj ifjokfnuh dks ftl izdkj ds fn'kk funsZ'k iznku fd;s x;s] ifjokfnuh us mu fn'kk funsZ'kksa dk v{kj'k% ikyu fd;kA tc tc foi{kh fpfdRld }kjk ifjokfnuh dks tkWap ds fy;s cqyk;k x;k] ifjokfnuh fu;ekuqlkj fpfdRld ds le{k mifLFkr gqbZ rFkk leLr tkWapas funsZ'kkuqlkj djokbZA fnukad 20-02-2015 dks ifjokfnuh us ,d iq= dks tUe fn;k] tUe ds le; cPps dk otu 2-8 fdyks Fkk] ysfdu ;g cPpk fn[kus esa nwljs cPpksa ls fHkUu FkkA ifjokfnuh us bldk dkj.k iwNk rks ogkWa mifLFkr fdlh Hkh O;fDr us bldk dksbZ larks"ktud tokc ugha fn;kA 3 ifjokfnuh ds ckj ckj iwNus ij ifjokfnuh ds cPps dks f'k'kq fo'ks"kK ds ikl fHktok;k x;k] ogkWa mifLFkr fpfdRld us cPps dks ns[krs gh ;g crk;k fd ;g cPpk Mkmu flUMªkse uke dh chekjh ls ihfM+r gSA ifjokfnuh us bl fo"k; esa foLr`r tkudkjh pkgh rks ifjokfnuh dks crk;k fd bl izdkj ds cPpks dk ekufld fodkl vkB ;k uks o"kZ ds cPps dh ekufldrk ds cjkcj gh gks ikrk gS rFkk thou i;ZUr cPps dks vkfJr jguk iM+sxkA bl chekjh dk dksbZ bZykt ugha gSA blds fy, mUgsa jkst cPps dh fpfdRlk djokuh iM+sxhA ifjokfnuh us foi{kh ls bl fo"k; esa tkudkjh pkgh fd fdl dkj.k ls ;g leLr mRiUu gqbZ gS\ bl ifjokfnuh dks ;g crk;k x;k fd 30 o"kZ dh vk;q ds i'pkr~ ,oa bl mez esa fdlh izdkj dh chekjh gksus ij xHkkZ/kku gksus ij bl rjg dk [krjk mRiUu gksus dh laHkkouk gksrh gSA ifjokfnuh us foi{kh la[;k 2 ls lEidZ fd;k rFkk bl fo"k; esa tkudkjh pkgh fd tc ifjokfnuh us foi{kh fpfdRld dks viuh leLr ifjfLFkfr ls voxr djok fn;k Fkk rks ;g nkf;Ro foi{khx.k dk Fkk fd foi{khx.k fpfdRlk 'kkL= esa miyC/k fu;eksa ds vuqlkj ifjokfnuh dk bZykt djrsA tc foi{kh dks ;g irk Fkk fd ifjokfnuh dh vk;q 38 o"kZ gS] vkSj ifjokfnuh FkkbZjkbM dh chekjh ls xzflr gS vkSj blls lacfa /kr funku dh nokbZ;kWa ifjokfnuh ys jgh gS rks ,slh voLFkk esa foi{kh dks ifjokfnuh dk fVªiy VsLV djokuk pkfg, Fkk] bl VsLV esa xHkkZoLFkk ds nkSjku cPps ds fodkl dh tkudkjh izkIr dh tkrh gSA ;g ,d jDr ifj{k.k gS] mldk m)s'; U;wjy V~;wc nks"k ds fy, Ldzhu djus ds fy, flMkse vkSj Vªhlkseh 18 cPps ds fodkl ds uhps gS] vYQk Hkzw.k izksfVu ekuo dksfj;ksfud xksukfMMªksfVu ,LVªksy iz;ksx'kkyk esa jDr dh tkap dj ;g tkudkjh izkIr dh tkrh gSa fd cPps ds fodkl dh izfdz;k D;k gS\ ;g ijh{k.k mu xHkZ/kkjd fL=;ksa ds fy;s vko';d gksrk gS ftudh vk;q 30 o"kZ ls vf/kd gks vFkok og fdlh izdkj dh chekjh ls ihfM+r gks] bl tkWap ls cPps ds fodkl dh izfdz;k dk irk py tkrk gSA bl izdj.k esa ;fn ;g tkap djokbZ tkrh rks cPps ds fnekxh :i ls iw.kZ fodkflr uk gksus dh tkudkjh mlh le; izkIr gks ldrh FkhA cPps ds fodkl dh tkudkjh feyus ij ifjokfnuh dks dkuwuh :i ls mDr xHkZ dks xHkZikr djkus dk vf/kdkj izkIr FkkA blds vfrfjDr cPps ds fodkl dh tkudkjh lksuksxzkQh vFkok dyj MkWiyj }kjk Hkh izkIr dh tk ldrh gS] ysfdu bl izdj.k esa foi{khx.k }kjk dgha Hkh bl izdkj dh dksbZ tkudkjh izkIr djus ds fy;s fdlh VsLV dks djokus dk 4 funsZ'k ugha fn;k] ftl dkj.k ls ifjokfnuh ds xHkZ ls vfodflr cPps us tUe fy;kA bl fo"k; esa foi{kh fpfdRld ls lEidZ fd;k] foi{kh }kjk ifjokfnuh dks Li"V :i ls ;g dgk x;k fd fpfdRld us viuh bl izdkj ds d`R;ksa ls lqj{kk ds fy;s chek ikWfylh ys j[kh gS] ifjokfnuh dks dksbZ Hkh f'kdk;r gS rks ifjokfnuh bl laca/k esa l{ke U;k;ky; esa tkdj dk;Zokgh dj ldrh gSA ifjokfnuh dh fLFkfr Bhd ugha gksus rFkk iksdj.k esa fo'ks"kK fpfdRld dh miyC/krk uk gksus ds dkj.k Hkkjh vkfFkZd ,oa ekufld ijs'kkuh dk lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk gS rFkk vUrr% ifjokfnuh dks iksdj.k ls vius cPps dh fpfdRlk ,oa LokLF; ds e/; utj viuk O;olk; NksMd + j t;iqj esa 5000@&:- esa dejk fdjk;s ij ysdj jguk iM+ jgk gS rkfd mlds chekj cPps dks rRdky fpfdRlk lqfo/kk fey ldsAa D;ksa fd iksdj.k ls tks/kiqj tkus esa djhc 6 ?kaVs yx tkrs gSa] bl nkSjku vugksuh ugha gks tk;sa bldk Mj ges'kk cuk jgrk gSA ifjokfnuh ds lkFk ifjokfnuh dh cfPp;ksa dh f'k{kk dh ijs'kkuh vk jgh gSA ifjokfnuh vius :X.k cPps dks le; le; ij fpfdRld ds ikl tkWap ,oa ijke'kZ gsrq ys tkuk iM+ jgk gS rFkk nokbZ;kWa vkfn ij Hkh dkQh [kpZ djuk iM= jgk gSA fpfdRldksa ds ijke'kkZuqlkj cPps dks ukfj;y dk ikuh] ngh] vukj] iihrk] lSd] xk; dk nw/k] bR;kfn izfrfnu vyx vyx izdkj ls nsus dk funs'k fn;k gS rkfd cPpk LoLFk jgs rFkk cPps esa vU; chekfj;kWa u gks rFkk [kw u dh deh uk gks] ftl ij ifjokfnuh dks fnu&izfrfnu dkQh :i;s [kpZ djus iM+ jgs gS] tks fd ifjokfnuh ds vkfFkZd fLFkfr ds izfrdwy gS] blds ckotwn dkQh [kpZ djuk iM+ jgk gSA ifjokfnuh ds ikl orZeku esa dksbZ vk; dk lk/ku ugha gSa] mlds ckotwn yxHkx 10]000@&:- izfr fnu ifjokfnuh dks cPps ds LokLF; ds [kkfrj [kpZ djus iM+ jgs gSA vius :X.k cPps ds dkj.k ifjokfnuh viuh cfPp;ksa dh f'k{kk ij [kpZ ugha dj ik jgh gS ifjokfnuh dh cfPp;ksa dks vkxs f'k{kk fnykus dHkh laHkkouk [kRe gksrh tk jgh gSA ifjokfnuh ds cPps ds 'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld fodkl iw.kZ :i ls ugha gksus ij mls fo'ks"k ;ksX;rk okys Ldwy ,oa lsUVj esa i<+kuk iM+x s k] ftl ij ifjokfnuh dks vgenkckn tkdj mldk nkf[kyk djokuk iM+x s k] ftl 5 ij Hkfo"; esa dkQh [kpZ djuk iM+x s kA vr% ifjokn esa pkgs x;s vuqrks"k fnyok;s tk;saA ifjokfnuh dh vksj ls ifjokn ,oa lk{; ds leFkZu esa Lo;a ,oa eqds'k xkSM+ dk 'kiFk&i= ,oa izn'kZ&1 yxk;r izn'kZ&32 nLrkost izLrqr fd;sA foi{kh dh vksj ls tokc esa dFku fd;k x;k fd ifjokfnuh Jherh uhrk 'kekZ us laj{kd ds ukrs tks ifjokn ekuuh; vk;ksx esa is'k fd;k gSa] og egt gSjku ijs'kku djus dh cnfu;rh ls is'k fd;k x;k gS vU;Fkk mDr ifjokn ds eqrfyd lEiw.kZ okndj.k tks/kiqj esa mRiUu gqvk vkSj ekuuh; vk;ksx dh lfdZV cSap] tks/kiqj esa lquokbZ djrh gSA foi{kh la[;k 2 tks/kiqj esa MkWDVj lEiw.kkZuUn esMhdy dkWyst esa lsokjr gSa vkSj mDr dkWyst Hkh tks/kiqj esa fLFkr gSaA Lo;a ifjokfnuh iksdj.k dh fuoklh gS tks fd mEesn vLirky ds fMLpktZ dkMZ ij mldk irk ntZ gSa] foi{kh la[;k 2 dks uktk;t rjhds ls gSjku ijs'kku dj uktk;t jde ,saBus dh cnfu;rh ls ekStwnk ifjokn ekuuh; vk;ksx esa is'k fd;k x;k gSaA ekStwnk ekeys esa foi{kh la[;k 1 ds :i esa fpfdRlk foHkkx t;iqj dks tfj;s fpfdRlk vf/kdkjh i{kdkj cuk;k x;k gSa] foi{kh la[;k 2 rRl;e tks/kiqj esa lg vkpk;Z ds in ij rSukr Fkh vkSj mlh gSfl;r ls mlus Jherh uhrk 'kekZ dk ijh{k.k fd;k mlds }kjk fdlh izdkj dh dksbZ Qhl dh jlhn is'k ugha dh xbZ vr% O;fDrxr :i ls foi{kh la[;k 2 dks i{kdkj cukus dk dksbZ vkSfpR; ugha gS vkSj ekStwnk ifjokn blh vk/kkj ij [kkfjt gksus ;ksX; gSA foi{kh la[;k 2 }kjk fdlh izdkj dh dksbZ Qhl ifjokfnuh ls ugha yh xbZ vkSj u gh ,slh jlhn is'k dh xbZ gS ,slh fLFkfr esa ifjokfnuh u rks miHkksDrk gS vkSj u gh foi{kh la[;k 2 drbZ lfoZl izksokbZMj gSa ,slh fLFkfr esa ekStwnk ifjokn drbZ pyus ;ksX; ugha gSaA ekStwnk ifjokn Jherh uhrk 'kekZ us vius iq= ekLVj lkSE; dk tUe fnukad 20-02-2015 dks gksuk crk;k vkSj ekStwnk ;kfpdk mDr cPps ds tUe ij Mkmu fl.Mªkse uked chekjh ls xzflr gksuk crk;k vkSj bl chekjh dh tkudkjh mlds tUe ls gksuk mYysf[kr fd;k x;k gSA ekStwnk ifjokn nks o"kZ ckn is'k fd;k x;k gS tks fe;kn ckgj gksus ls blh vk/kkj ij [kkfjt gksus ;ksX; gSA ifjokfnuh us tkucw>dj ifjokn esa vk/ks v/kqjs rF; ntZ fd;s gSa] lgh fLFkfr dks tkucw>dj fNik;k gSaA ifjokfnuh loZizFke tqykbZ ds f}rh; lIrkg esa 6 foi{kh la[;k 2 dks tks ml le; lg vkpk;Z ds in ij lEiw.kkZuUn esMhdy dkWyst ls tqM+s mEesn vLirky esa dk;Zjr Fkh viuk ijh{k.k djok;k] ml le; mldk xHkZ 2 ekg dk Fkk vkSj ml le; ifjokfnuh dh vk;q 38 o"kZ Fkh] vkSj mlds nks cPps Fks] igys nksuksa cPps LoLFk iSnk gq, Fks vkSj ejht dh lksuksxzkQh iw.kZr% ukeZy Fkh] rc Hkh ejht dh mez dks ns[krs gq, mldks MCcy ekdZj ,oa ,UVh Ldsu djokus dh lykg nh xbZA foi{kh la[;k 2 us ifjokfnuh dks crk;k fd ;g VsLV MCcy ekdZj ,oa ,UVh Ldsu ;g tkap 11 ls 13 lIrkg ds xHkZ esa djokbZ tk ldrh gSA ;g ,d [kwu dh tkap gS ftl ls xHkZorh efgyk ds xHkZ esa iyus okys Hkzw.k esa fdlh izdkj ds fodkj tSls Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrom ) Edwards syndorm and Trisomy 18, Trisomy 13 ds fjLd gksus dh {kh.k laHkkouk (Remote Possibility) dk vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gS vxj bl tkWap esa ,slh laHkkouk vkrh gS rks gesa bl tUe tkr fodkj dks dUQeZ djus ds fy, dqN tfVy tkWap djuh iM+sxh tSls djks;ksfud foyl lSEifyax ;k ,eU;kslsuVsfll (amniocentesis) vkSj ml le; ifjokfnuh dks ;g crk fn;k x;k fd ;s lHkh tkWaps ¼ ljdkjh vLirky ½ foi{kh la[;k 2 mEesn gkWfLiVy esa dk;Zjr gSa] mEesn gkWfLiVy tks fd ,l-,u- esMhdy dkWyst ls tqM+k gqvk gS esa miyC/k ugha gSA ifjokfnuh dks tc budh VsLV dh dher vkSj tfVyrkvksa ds ckjs esa crk;k x;k tSls fd bu VsLV dh izkbZosV gkWfLiVy esa dher djhc chl ls rhl gtkj :i;s gS vkSj bu VsLV fd tfVyrkvksa ds ckjs esa Hkzw.k dh tku dks [krjk ds ckjs esa crk;k vkSj ;g crk;k fd vxj bl tUetkr fodzfr dk vuqeku gks Hkh tkrk gS rks Hkh bldk dksbZ bZykt laHko ugha gS D;ksa fd ;g ,d tUetkr fodkj gS dksbZ chekjh ugha vkSj ;g Hkh laHko gS bu VsLV esa [kjkch vkus ij Hkh cPpk iw.kZr LoLFk ;g fcYdqy de fodkj dk iSnk gks ldrk gSA ;g lc tkuus ds ckn ihfM+rk us dgk os brus dherh VsLV dsoy laHkkouk irk djus ds fy, ugha djok ldrh mls crk;k x;k fd cPpk ;fn lk/kkj.k ugha gks vkSj Down Syndrom jksx ls ihfM+r gks rks mldk xHkZikr djok nsrs gS] ysfdu ifjokfnuh us crk;k mlds igys ls nks cPps gS vkSj os nksuksa cPps ukWeZy gS vkSj mu nksuksa cPpksa dk tUe Hkh ifjokfnuh dh vk;q 30 o 32 o"kZ Fkh rc gqvkA blfy;s og dnkfi xHkZikr ugha djok;sxh blds miajkr Hkh ifjokfnuh dks mDr tkWap djokus dh lykg nh xbZ ysfdu ifjokfnuh us og izslfdzI'ku tkucq>dj fNik yh gSA 7 ekStwnk ifjokn nk;j djus ls iwoZ tc ifjokfnuh ds cPps dh vk;q 1 o"kZ gks xbZ mlds i'pkr~ og foi{kh la[;k 2 ds ?kj ij vius ifr ds lkFk vkbZ vkSj crk;k fd mldk Down Syndrom jksx ls ihfM+r gS vkSj foi{kh la[;k 2 ifjokfnuh dks 1]00]000@&:- dk Hkqxrku dj ns]a vU;Fkk ifjokfnuh mlds fo:) eqdnek djsxh] foi{kh la[;k 2 us mls cgqr le>kus dk iz;kl fd;k vkSj ifjokfnuh dks dgk fd bl izdkj dh feF;k c;kuh D;ksa dj jgs gks]a eSus tkap djokus dh fgnk;r nh Fkh ysfdu vkius euk dj fn;k ysfdu tc foi{kh la[;k 2 ifjokfnuh dh /kedh esa ugha vkbZ vkSj mldh uktk;t ekax dh iwfrZ ugha dh rks egt foi{kh la[;k 2 dks gSjku ijs'kku djus ds fy;s ekuuh; vk;ksx ds le{k iw.kZr;k feF;k ifjokn nk;j fd;k x;k gSaA foi{kh la[;k 2 us ifjokfnuh dks Hkzw.k dh fLFkfr irk yxkus ds fy, lksuksxzkQh dh lykg nh (Sonography for feetal well being or usg for fwb) bl lksuksxzkQh Hkwz.k esa dksbZ Hkh fodkj ugha Fkk lksuksxzkQh esa Down Syndrom ls ihfM+r Hkzw.k esa fuEu y{k.k ik;s tkrs gSa 1. Absent Nasal Bone 2. Dillated Brain Ventricle 3. Bright Spots in Heart 4. Shorting of Arm Bone & Thigh Bone etc. lksus ksxzkQh fjiksVZ iw.kZr% ukWeZy Fkh ifjokfnuh ds nksuksa cPps LoLFk Fks vkSj blfy, bl fLFkfr esa Triple Test djokus dh dksbZ t:jr ugha Fkh D;ksa fd ;g CyM VsLV ,d {kh.k laHkkouk (Remote Possibility) dk irk pyrk gS ¼ fVªiy VsLV drbZ ';ksj VsLV ugha gS vfirq ek= izkscscfyVh og Hkh dbZ ekeyks esa 60 esa 1] 100 esa 1] 500 esa 1] vkSj bl ls VsLV ds iksftfVo ;k usxsfVo gksus ds dkj.k Hkzw.k fd voLFkk dk iw.kZr% irk ugha yxk;k tk ldrk bl VsLV ds iksftfVo gksus ij tfVy tkWap djk;ksfud foyl lSEifyax ;k ,eU;kslsuVsfll (amniocentesis) djokuh iM+rh gS vkSj vxj tkap Hkzw.k esa fodkj vkrk gS rks Hkh D;ksa fd mldk dksbZ bZykt laHko ugha gS D;ksa fd ;g ,d tUe tkr fodkj gS dksbZ chekjh ugha gS vkSj pwafd nwljk cPpk fltsfj;u ds }kjk iSnk gqvk Fkk blfy, 4 ekg ds le; esa xHkZikr djokuk vR;Ur eqf'dy gksrk gS vkSj lkFk gh xHkZikr djokus ls Li"V :i ls badkj dj fn;k vkSj xHkZikr djokus dh lykg Hkh mlds thou ds fy, ?kkrd Hkh gks ldrk Fkk mldks enn~sutj j[krs gq, xHkZikr dh lykg ugh nh tk ldrh Fkh ifjokfnuh us mEesn vLirky esa viuk ijh{k.k fnukad 31-10-2014 dks ,d vU; L=h jksx fo'ks"kK tks ml oDr M~;wVh ij dk;Zjr Fkk dks Hkh viuk izf'k{k.k djok;k ,oa ml L=h jksx fo'ks"kK us Hkh lksuksxzkQh fjiksVZ ukseZy gksus dh 8 otg ls Triple Test djokus dh lykg ugha nh D;ksa fd ;g gh ,d lkekU; izfdz;k gS vr% ifjokfnuh dh ml izslfdzI'ku esa fVªiy VsLV dh lykg ,MokbZl ugha djus ds vk/kkj ij tks ifjokn nk;j fd;k gS] og iw.kZr;k xyr gS] drbZ ekuus ;ksX; ugha gSA pwfa d gj lwjr esa fVªiy VsLV drbZ ';ksj VsLV ugha gSa cfYd og Hkh cgqr Remote Probability gh iznRr djrk gS vr% ,slh fLFkfr esa ek= tc ifjokfnuh ls ijh{k.k djok;k x;k] ek= ml izsfLfdzI'ku esa bldh lykg ugha nh tkuk drbZ fdlh izdkj dh ykijokgh esa 'kqekj ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ekStwnk ifjokn egt foi{kh la[;k 2 ls uktk;t jkf'k Extort djus ds fy, is'k fd;k x;k gS vkSj ifjokfnuh rF;ksa dks fNikus dh nks"kh gSA Lo;a ifjokfnuh }kjk is'k fd;s x;s nLrkostksa ls Li"V gS fd ifjokfnuh }kjk rhu ckj lksuksxzkQh fnukad 13-07-2014 mlds i'pkr~ fnukad 03-10-2014 o 09-01-2015 dks djokbZ xbZ ysfdu mDr fjiksVZ~l esa Mkmu fl.Mªkse dh vk'kadk izdV ugha gqbZ vkSj tSlk fd Åij fuosnu fd;k x;k fd ifjokfnuh fnukad 08- 09-2014 dks yxHkx 4 ekg dk xHkZ Fkk vkSj ml fLFkfr esa xHkZikrk djokuk ekuo thou ds fy;s ?kkrd gksrk gSA ifjokfnuh xHkZikr djokus dh bPNqd ugha Fkh vkSj mlus ;g crk;k fd mlds nks cPps ukWeZy gS tc rhu erZck ifjokfnuh }kjk lksus ksxzkQh djokbZ xbZ vkSj mu lksuksxzkQh esa ,slh dksbZ vk'kadk izdV ugha dh xbZA ifjokfnuh dh fMyhojh Qjojh esa gqbZ vkSj lksuksxzkQh fjiksVZ~l tuojh rd izkIr gks pqdh Fkh vkSj mlesa Mkmu fl.Mªkse jksx ckcr~ dksbZ vk'kadk gh ugha crkbZ xbZ mlls foi{kh la[;k 2 ij fVªiy VsLV ugha djokus ds funsZ'k fn;s tkus dh otg ls dksbZ ykijokgh cjrh xbZ] blds foijhr tc rhu lksuksxzkQh fjiksVZ~l tks vyx vyx le; vyx vyx xHkZ dh voLFkk esa dh xbZ vkSj mlesa drbZ Mkmu fl.Mªkse dh vk'kadk izdV ugha dh xbZ rks ,slh fLFkfr esa ;fn dksbZ pwd gSa rks lksuksxzkQh fjiksVZ cukus okys dh pwd gSa ysfdu ifjokfnuh dk ,slk dksbZ dFku ugha gSa fd lksuksxzkQh dh fjiksVZ nsus okys us dksbZ ykijokgh cjrhA ifjokfnuh us foi{kh ls pSdvi djok;k rc fdlh Hkh izdkj ls fVªiy VsLV djokus dh lykg ugha nh tk ldrh gSA foi{kh }kjk dksbZ ykijokgh ugha dh xbZ gSaA ekStwnk ekeys esa fdlh izdkj dh dksbZ ykijokgh foi{kh la[;k 2 }kjk ugha cjrh xbZ gSa vkSj u gh foi{kh la[;k 2] ifjokfnuh dh lsok iznkrk gS vkSj u gh ifjokfnuh miHkksDrk gSaA foi{kh la[;k 2 }kjk fdlh izdkj dh dksbZ ykijokgh cjrh gh ugha xbZ cfYd viuh iw.kZ {kerk o rRijrk ls ifjokfnuh dk ijh{k.k fd;k x;kA 9 ifjokfnuh us tkucw>dj c<+k p<+kdj ncko Mkyus ds fy, ekStwnk ifjokn is'k fd;k x;k gS rkfd foi{kh la[;k 2 ifjokfnuh ds ncko esa vk tk;sa vkSj uktk;t jde foi{kh la[;k 2 ls ifjokfnuh ,sBa lds]a ;g drbZ xyr gSa fd ifjokfnuh us foi{kh la[;k 2 ls ?kj ij lEidZ fd;k gks vkSj foi{kh la[;k 2 us 'kqYd 200@&:- izkIr fd;k gksA ijh{k.k djus ij tkap iphZ cukbZ tkrh gSa rnuqlkj tkWap iphZ vo'; cukbZ xbZ ysfdu 08-09-2014 ls iwoZ ifjokfnuh dk ijh{k.k tqykbZ 2014 esa Hkh fd;k x;k] ifjokfnuh us og iphZ fNik yh vkSj blds vykok tqykbZ vxLr dh iphZ dks Hkh mlus fNik fy;k gSaA xHkZikr djokuk xHkZorh efgyk ds thou ds fy;s ?kkrd gksrk gSaA mEesn vLirky esa gj cPps dk tUe (LSCS) gksus ij mls cPps ds MkWDVj dks rqjUr fn[kk;k tkrk gS vkSj cPps ds lk/kkj.k ;k ,cukWeZy gksus ij ml ckcr~ rRdky voxr djok;k tkrk gS vkSj mlh ekfQd ifjokfnuh dks Hkh ml fLFkfr ls voxr djok;k x;k vkSj ifjokfnuh us tkucw>dj mDr ifjokn nks o"kZ ds Hkhrj is'k ugha fd;k gSa Mkmu fl.Mªkse ls cPpk xzflr gSa ;g tkudkjh ifjokfnuh dks cPps dk tUe gksrs gh gks xbZ FkhA foi{kh la[;k 2 ij fVªiy VsLV ugha djokus ds laca/k esa >wBk nks"kkjksi.k dj jgh gSaA ifjokfnuh tc mldk xHkZ 11 ls 13 lIrkg dk Fkk] ml le; tc og ijh{k.k djokus vkbZ rc ifjokfnuh dh mez dks ns[krs gq, mls Double Marker and NT Scan advise fd;k] rc ifjokfnuh us mDr VsLV djokus dk dkj.k iwNk rks mls crk;k fd ;fn cPpk lk/kkj.k ugha gS vkSj Mkmu fl.Mªkse ls ihfM+r gSa rks xHkZikr djok;k tk ldrk gSa rc ifjokfnuh us Li"V crk;k fd og xHkZikr ugha djok;sxh] foi{kh ds ikl dksbZ Hkh chek ikWfylh ugha Fkh blds foijhr lgh fLFkfr ;g gSa fd ifjokn nk;j djus ls iwoZ tc ifjokfnuh ds cPps dh vk;q 1 o"kZ gks xbZ mlds i'pkr~ og foi{kh la[;k 2 ds ?kj ij vius ifr ds lkFk vkbZ vkSj ;g crk;k fd mldk cPpk Mkmu fl.Mªkse ls ihfM+r gS vkSj foi{kh la[;k 2 ifjokfnuh dks 100]000@&:- dk Hkqxrku dj ns]a vU;Fkk ifjokfnuh mlds fo:) eqdnek djsxhA fpfdRldksa ds ijke'kZ ds vuqlkj bl in esa ntZ vuqlkj cPps dks Qykgkj o vU; T;wl] lsd bR;kfn fiykus dk dgk x;k gSa rks mlds fy;s foi{kh la[;k 2 drbZ ftEesnkj ugha gSaA ifjokfnuh u rks drbZ miHkksDrk gS vkSj ugh foi{kh la[;k 2 drbZ lsok iznk;nkrk dh Js.kh esa vkrh gSa ,slh fLFkfr esa mDr inksa esa ntZ rF; xyr gSaA foi{kh la[;k 2 }kjk drbZ dksbZ O;kikj ugha fd;k x;k vkSj 10 u gh ifjokfnuh dks Qhl izkIr dj drbZ dksbZ pSdvi dj lykg nh xbZ ,slh fLFkfr esa vuqfpr O;kikj izFkk dh Js.kh esa vkus dk dFku vius vki esa xyr gSaA foi{kh dh vksj ls tokc ,oa lk{; ds leFkZu esa MkWa0 dYiuk esgrk dk 'kiFk&i= ,oa izn'kZ&,@1 yxk;r izn'kZ&10 nLrkostkr izLrqr fd;sA i{kdkjku vf/koDrkk dh cgl lquh ,oa foi{kh la[;k 2 dh vksj ls izLrqr fyf[kr cgl ,oa i=koyh dk voyksdu fd;kA foi{kh dh vksj ls fuEu U;kf;d fu.kZ; izLrqr fd;s%&
01. AIR SUPREME COURT 4625 Civil Appeal No. 3971 of 2011 D/- 1-10-2018 Dr. S.K. Jhunjhunwala V Mrs. Dhanwanti Kumar and another
02. AIR 2010 SUPREME COURT 1050 Civil Appeal No. 1385/2001, D/- 10-02-2010. Kusum sharma and ors. Vs. Batra Hospital and Medical Research Centre and ors.
03. AIR 2005 SUPREME COURT 3180 Criminal Appeal Nos. 144-145 of 2004, D/- 5.8.2005 Jacob Mathew Vs. State of Punjab and another.
04. AIR 1971 PUNJAB & HARYANA 437 Letter Patent Appeal No 594 of 1970 D/- 17.02.1971 Salig Ram and another V. Shiv Shankar and others.
05. AIR 2004 PUNJAB AND HAYRANA 93 R.S.A. NO 1083 OF 2000 D/- 13.08.2003 Mehnga Singh and others Vs. Gurdial Singh and others.
bl izdj.k esas dqN dkuquh vkifRr;kWa mBk;h x;h gS igys mldks fuf.kZr fd;k tk jgk gS] blds ckn vkxs fopkj fd;k tk;sxkA foi{kh dh izFke vkifRr ;g gS fd okn vk/kkj tks/kiqj esa iSnk gqvk blfy, ifjokn tks/kqij cSap esa is'k gksuk pkfg, ifjoknh o mldh lajf{kdk ekrk orZeku esa t;iqj esa fuokl dj jgs gS ftlds }kjk ifjokn is'k fd;k x;k gS rFkk ifjoknh cPps dk Down Syndrom dk bZykt djk jgs gSA jktLFkku jkT; miHkksDrk 11 vk;ksx dk eq[;ky; t;iqj esa gS ek= lfdZV cSap tks/kiqj esa gS lfdZV cSap [kqyus ls eq[;ky; dk {ks=kf/kdkj ckgj ugha gks tkrk gSA fLFkfr esa foi{kh dh ;g vkifRr vk/kkjghu gSA foi{kh dh nwljh fof/kd vkifRr ljdkjh fpfdRlky; esa dk;Zjr gksus ds dkj.k ifjoknh miHkksDrk dh Js.kh esa ugha vkrkA ifjoknh viuh IyhfMax esa gh dg dj vk;k gS fd izsxsusUV efgyk us foi{kh la[;k 2 ds fuokl ij fn[kk;k] 200@&:- Qhl nh tgkWa rd Qhl dh jlhn dk iz'u gS ljdkjh fpfdRld tc vius jsthMsUl ij ns[krk gS rks jlhn ugha nsrk ijUrq ifjokfnuh dk bl laca/k esa 'kiFk&i= gS rFkk izn'kZ&1 nLrkost ls ;g izrhr gksrk gS fd ;g foi{kh la[;k 2 ds ySVj isM ij fy[kk gS ;kfu xHkZorh efgyk us foi{kh la[;k 2 dks ?kj ij Qhl nsdj fn[kk;k gS] rHkh ysVj isM ij fizfLdzI'ku fy[kk x;k ;fn gkWfLiVy esa fn[kk;k tkrk] rks ljdkjh iphZ ij fizfLdzI'ku gksrkA fLFkfr esa foi{kh la[;k 2 dh ;g vkifRr Hkh lkjghu gSA foi{kh la[;k 2 dh vkifRr ;g Hkh gS fd ifjoknh dk tUe 20-02-2015 dks gqvk Fkk mlh fnu ;g tkudkjh gks x;h Fkh fd ekLVj lkSE; Down Syndrom dk f'kdkj gS] ifjokn fnukad 14-02-2017 dks is'k fd;k gS tks /kkjk 24A miHkksDrk laj{k.k vf/kfu;e ds rgr~ fe;kn ckgj gSA bl laca/k esa ;g mYys[k fd;k tkrk gS fd uhrk 'kekZ us foi{kh la[;k 2 ds ?kj ij 200@&:- Qhl nsdj fn[kk;k ifjoknh i{k dk ;g vkjksi gS fd mldh leqfpr tkWap ugha djok;h ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i Down Syndrom dk cPpk iSnk gqvk] Down Syndrom dk dksbZ bZykt ugha gS rFkk Down Syndrom ds ifj.kkeLo:i cPps dks thou i;ZUr Hkqxrku iM+sxk rFkk cPps ds ekrk&firk dks cPps ds thou i;ZUr ikyuk iks"k.k djuk gksxkA fLFkfr esa ifjoknh i{k dks fujUrj okn vk/kkj izkIr gS foi{kh la[;k 2 dh ;g vkifRr Hkh vLohdkj dh tkrh gSA nwljh tks vkifRr;kWa gS og rF;ksa ls lacaf/kr gS ftldk foospu vkxs fd;k tk jgk gSA bl izdj.k esa foi{kh la[;k 2 us tokc esa ;g vo'; dgk gS fd mlus uhrk 'kekZ dks VsLV o mldh fjLd ds ckjs esa crk fn;k Fkk rFkk mlus euk dj fn;k Fkk tc fd izn'kZ&1 fizfLdzI'ku fLyi ij bl VsLV ckcr~ dqN Hkh vafdr ugha fd;k u gh ;g vafdr fd;k gS fd Jherh uhrk 'kekZ dks mlus VsLV ds fy, 12 fy[kk] dgk rFkk mlus badkj dj fn;k ekSf[kd lk{; ds eqdkcys nLrkosth lk{; dk egRo T;knk gksrk gS blfy, ;gh ekuk tk;sxk fd foi{kh la[;k 2 us VsLV ckcr~ dqN dgk gh ugha A fnukad 08-09-2014 dks uhrk 'kekZ us foi{kh la[;k 2 dks fn[kk;k ml le; uhrk 'kekZ dh vk;q 38 o"kZ Fkh rFkk ftl fnu fn[kk;k x;k ml fnu uhrk 'kekZ ds 16&18 lIrkg dk xHkZ Fkk rFkk uhrk 'kekZ FkkW;jkbZM dh chekjh ls xzflr Fkh ftldh tkudkjh mlus foi{kh la[;k 2 dks ns nh Fkh Down Syndrom ds ckjs esa Ross & Willson Antomy and Physiology in Health and Illness 13th Edition ds ist la[;k 485 esa fuEu crk;k x;k gS %& Down Syndrom In this disorder, there are three copies of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21), meaning that an extra chromosome is present, caused by failure of chromosomes to separate normally during meiosis. Individuals with down's syndrome are usually short of stature, with pronounced eyelid folds and flat, round faces. The tongue may be too large for the mouth and habitually protrudes. Learning disability is present, ranging from mild to severe. Life expectancy is shorter than normal, with a higher than a average incidence of cardiovascular and respiratory disease, and a high incidence of early dementia. Down's syndrome is associated with increasing maternal age, especially over 35 years.
blh izdkj Harsh Mohan PATHOLOGY quick review ds ist la[;k 161 esa
Down Syndrom ds ckjs esa fuEu crk;k x;k gS%&
Down Syndrom
There is trisomy 21 in about 95% cases of
Down's syndrome due to nondisjunction during meiosis in one of the parents. Down syndrome is the most common chromosomal disorder and is the commonest cause of mental retardation. The incidence of producing oofspring with Down's syndrome rises in mothers over 35 years of age.
13Black's Medical Dictionary ds ist 181 ij Down Syndrom ds ckjs esa fuEu crk;k x;k gS%& Down Syndrom Down's (Down) SYNDROME A genetic Disorder in which the affected person usually carrier as extra chromosome - 47 instead of the usual 46. The extra chromosome occurs in the no. 21 group, hence the disorder is described as trisomy 21. The condition was named after Dr. J. L. H. Down, the London doctor who first described it in 1866. The incidence is around I in 600 births; as some of those affected die in infancy, the incidence in the community as a whole is lower. The early deaths unually occur because of a range of congenital defects such as malformations of the heart. The disorder is characterized by learning difficulties, with the affected individuals having INTELLIGNECE QUOTIENTS ranging from 30 to 80 (normal is 100). Most people with the syndrome have eyes that slope up at the outer corners with skin folds that cover the inner ones. The face and features are smaller trhan normal, while the tongue is larger; the back of the head is flattened and the hands are usually short and broad. The facial features led to the syndrome being described as 'mongolism' a term that is no loger used.
Childeren the Down's syndrome are usually friendly and fit in well with the family. Despite their learning disabilities, some learn to read and, if they have appropirate educational and envioronmental stimulation can make the most of their abilities.
A heart defect is present is around 25 percent of the children at birth. and deafness and acute LEUKAEMIA Occur more frequently than in unaffected youngesters. Those with the syndrome are particularly prone to developing ear infections. ATHEROSCLEROSIS Often develops early in adults and ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE tends to occur as early as 40 years of age. A friendly home enviroment helps them to enjoy life but some individuals with the syndrome may require institutional care Until the latter part of the 20th century 14 most affected children did not live beyond their teens, succumbing either to infections or the effects of their congenital defects. Improved social and medical care means that many now live until early middle age.
The disorder cannot be cured but its conse-
quences can be alleviated by appropriate care. Babies with Down's syndrome are more often born to women aged over 40 frequency is about one in 40 for such mothers. Routine screening tests early in pregnangy - including AMNIOCENTESIS, Chorionic villus sampling (see PRENATAL SCREENING) - Can identify fetuses likely to develop the disorder and, if a sample of fetal cells confirms the chromosome defect -triple marker test (see PREGNANCY AND LABOUR) - The parents may consider termination of the pregnancy. When younger parents have a child with Down's syndrome the chances of a subsequent child with the disorder are relatively high. So they may wish to discuss with their medical advisers the question of further pregnancies.
Parents who have a child with Down's syndrome will understandably feel a combination ofstrong emotions, including anger and guilt, and constructive counselling can be valuable. Among societies offering advice and support is the Down's Syndrome Association. (See APPENCIX 2: ADDRESSES) Åij of.kZr rhuksa iqLrdksa esa tks Down Syndrom ds ckjs esa crk;k x;k gS mlesa ;fn fizxusUV efgyk dh vk;q 35 o"kZ gks rFkk iq:"k dh vk;q 40 o"kZ ls T;knk gks rks fpfdRld dks Down Syndrom ls lacaf/kr tkWp djok;h tkuh pkfg, Lohd`r :i ls vYVªklkm.M ds vykok dksbZ tkWap ugha gqbZ] Lohd`r :i ls fnukad 20-02-2015 dks uhrk 'kekZ ds iq= ekLVj lksE; 'kekZ iSnk gqvk rFkk og Down Syndrom dk f'kdkj FkkA bl laca/k esa BD Chaurasia's Human Anatomy Volume 4 ds ist uacj 19 esa fuEu crk;k x;k gS%& Down Syndrome: Down syndrome (DS) is a set of physical and mental traits caused by a gene problem which happens before birth. The affected persons may have some degree of intellectual disability. Normally, a 15 person has 46 chromosomes. But, a person with DS has 47 chromosomes having extra or abnormal chromosomes changes the way the brain and body develops.
Clinical features: Flat face, small ears, slanting eyes, small mouth, short neck, arms and legs, low muscles tone, loose joints, and below average intellignece.
blesa cPps ds Dyhfudy Qhpj Hkh crk;s x;s gS ftldk f'kdkj cPpk thou i;ZUr jgsxkA fLFkfr esa ifjoknh dks ftruk fl) djuk Fkk mlus fl) dj fn;k vc foi{khx.k dks bldk [k.Mu djuk gSA bl laca/k esa II (2009) CPJ 61 SC NIZAM INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES Vs. PRASANTH S. DHANANKA esa ekuuh; loksZPp U;k;ky; us fuEu fu/kkZfjr fd;k gS %&
(ii) Medical Negligence--Burden of Proof -- Initial burden to prove medical negligence discharged by complainant - Burden shifts on hospital/attending doctors to satisfy Court that there was no lack of care or deligence.
(2004) 8 SCC page 56 SAVITA GARG (SMT) Vs. DIRECTOR, NATIONAL HEART INSTITUTE esa ekuuh; loksZPp U;k;ky; us fuEu fu/kkZfjr fd;k gS %& D. Consumer Protection Act, 1986 - Ss. 22, 18, 12 and 13 -Mecical negligence -- Burden of proof -Held, once aclaim petition is filed and the complainant has successfully discharged the initial burden that the hospital/clinic/doctor was negligent, and that as a result of such negligence the patient died, then in that case the burden lies on the hospital and the doctor concened who treatedthe patient to show that there was no negligence involved in the treatment - Reasons for, given - Torts - Medical negligence--Burden of proof ekuuh; loksZPp U;k;ky; }kjk fu/kkZfjr fl)kUrksa dks ns[krs gq, foi{kh la[;k 2 ,d fo'ks"kK fpfdRld gS og gh lc dqN tkurh gS blfy, mls ;g fl) djuk gS fd D;k uhrk 'kekZ dk fizxusUlh ds nkSjku iw.kZ Skill & care ls tkWap 16 djok;h rFkk bZykt fd;kA ;g izdj.k fpfdRlh; vlko/kkuh dk gSA bl lac/a k esa ekuuh; loksZPp U;k;ky; us fpfdRlh; vlko/kkuh ds ekeys esa fuEu fu/kkZfjr fd;k gS %& bl lac/a k esa (2005) 6 Supreme Court Cases 1 JACOB MATHEW Vs STATE OF PUNJAB AND AN OTHER esa ekuuh; loksZPp U;k;ky; us fuEu fu/kkZfjr fd;k gS %& J. Tort -Negligence - Medical Negligence -When actionable - Test for Approach to be taken in dealing with cases of - Rationable for differential treatment of medical profession, discussed in extenso - Duties undertaken by doctors enumerated - Held, in a claim of medical negligence, it is enough for defendant to show that standard of care and skill attained was that of the ordinary competent medical practitioner exercising an ordinary degree of professional skill - Test for medical negligence laid down in Balam case, (1957) 2 All ER 118, 121 D-F [set out in para 19 herein], held, applicable in india -Further explained in detail when deviation from normal medical practice would amount to evidence of medical negligence - various issues clarified as to (1) state of knowledge by which standard of care is to be determined, (2) Standard of care in case of charge of failure (a) to use some particular equipment, or (b) to take some precaution, (3) enquiry to be made when alleged negligence is (a) due to an accident, or (b) due to an error of judgment in choice of a procedure or its execution--Considerations to be kept in mind by any forum trying issue of medical negligence, specified - Medical Practitioners K. Tort -Negligence - Professional negligence--when actionable--Test for--Held, a professional may be held liable for negligence either (1) wnen he was not possessed of the requisite skill which he professed to have possessed, or (2) when he did not exercise, with reasonable competence in the given case, the skill which he did possess--Standard to be applied would be that of an ordinary competent person exercising ordinary skill in that profession--Test for professional negligence laid down in Bolam case, (1957) 2 All ER 118, 121 D-F [set out in para 19 herein], held, applicable in 17 India - Professional negligence distinguished from occupational negligence.
N. Tort -Negligence-Definition and meaning (jurisprudential and forensic), discussed in estenso -Words and phrases The jurisprudential concept of negligence defies any precise definition. In current forensic speech, negligence has three meanings. They are: (i) a state of mind, in which it is apposed to intention; (ii) careless conduct; and (iii) the breach of a duty to take care that is imposed by either common or stature law. All three meanings are aplicable in different circumstances but any one of them does not necessarily exclude the other meanings. (Paras 10 and 11) Negligence is the breach of a duty caused by omission to do domething which a reasonable man guided by those considerations which ordinarily regulate the conduct of human affairs would do, or doing something which a prudent and reasonable man would not do. Negligence becomes actionable on account of injury resulting from the act or omission amounting to negligence attributable to the person sued. The essential components of negligence, as recognised, are three:
"duty", "breach" and "resulting damage", that is to say:
(1)the existence of a duty to take care, which is owed by the defendant to the complainant;
(2)the failure to attain that standard of care, prescribed by the law, thereby committing a breach of such duty; and (3)Damage, which is both causally connected with such breach and recognised by the law, has been suffered by the complainant.
(4) If the Claimant satisfies the court on the evidence that these three ingredients are made out, the defendant should be held liable in negligence.
2010 (I) RLW 722 (SC) Kusum sharma & ors. Vs. Batra Hospital & Medical Research Centre & ors. esa fpfdRlh; ykijokgh ds laca/k esa ekuuh; loksZPp U;k;ky; us fuEu fn'kk&funsZ'k fn;s gS%& "On scrutiny of the leading cases of medical negligence both in our country and other countries 18 specially the United Kingdom, some basic principles emerge in dealing with the cases of medical negligence. While deciding whether the medical professional is guilty of medical negligence following well known principles must be kept in view:
I. Negligence is the breach of a duty exercised by ommission to do somethingwhich a reasonable man, guided by those considerations which ordinarily regulate the conduct of human affairs, would do, or doing something which a prudent and reasonable man would not do.
II. Negligence is an essential ingredient of the offence. The negligence to be established by the prosecution must be culpable or gross and not the negligence merely based upon an error of judgment.
III. The medical professional is ecpected to bring a reasonable degree of skill and knowledge and must exercise a reasonable degree of care. Neither the very highest nor a very low degree of care and competence judged in the light of the particular circumstances of each case is what the law requires.
IV. A medical practitioner would be liable only where his conduct fell below that of the standards of a reasonable competent practitioner in his field.
V. In the realm of diagnosis and treatment there is scope for genuine difference of opinion and one professional doctor is clearly not negligent merely because his conclusion differs from that of other professional doctor.
VI. The medical professional is often called upon to adopt a procedure which involves higher element of risk, but which he honestly believes as providing greater chances of success for the patient rather than a procedure involving lesser risk but highest chances of failure. Just because a professional looking to the gravity of illness has taken higher element of risk to redeem the patient out of his/her suffering which did not yield the disired result may not amount to negligence.19
VII. Negligence cannot be attributed to a doctor so long as he performs his duties with reasonable skill and competence. Merely because the doctor chooses one course of action in preference to the other one available, he would not be liable if the course of action chosen by him was acceptable to the medical profession. VIII. It would not be conducive to the effciency of the medical profession if no doctor could administer medicine without a halter round his neck. IX. It is our bounden duty and obligation of the civil society to ensure that the medical professionals are not unnecessarily harassed or humiliated so that they can perform their professional duties without fear and apprehension.
X. The medical practitioners at times also have to be saved from such a class of complainants who use criminal process as a tool for pressurising the medical professionals/hospitals, particularly private hospitals or clinics for extractine uncalled for compensation. Such malicious proceedings deserve to be discarded against the medical practitoners.
XI. The medical professionals are entitled to get protection so long as they perform their duties with reasonable skill and competence and in the interest of the patients. The interest and welfare of the patients have to be paramount for the medical professionals.
ekuuh; loksZPp U;k;ky; }kjk Åij of.kZr fu/kkZfjr fl)kUrksa dh jks'kuh esa vk;ksx dks ns[kuk gS fd D;k foi{kh la[;k 2 us Skill and Care ls bZykt fd;k\ Down Syndrom ds y{k.k fizxusUlh ds nkSjku tkWaps fuEu izdkj gS %& Down Syndrome Medically reviewed by Karen Richardson Gill, MD, FAAP, specialty in pediatrics, on November 14, 2017 - Written by The Health line Editor4ial Team What is Down syndrome?20
Down syndrome (sometimes called Down's syndrome) is a condition in which a child is born with an extra copy of their 21st chromosome - hence its other name, trisomy 21. This causes physical and mental developmental and disabilities.
Many of the disabilities are lifelong, and they can also shorten life expectancy. However, people with Down syndrome can live healthy and fulfilling lives. Recent medical advances, as well as cultural and institutional support for people with Down syndrome and their families, provides many opportunities to help overcome the challenges of this condition.
What causes Down syndrome?
In all cases of reproduction, both parents pass their genes on to their children. These genes are carried in chromosomes. When the baby's cells 46 chromosomes total. Half of the chromosomes are from the mother, and half are from the father.
In children with Down syndrome, one of the chromosomes doesn't separate properly. The baby ends up with three copies, or an extra partial copy, of chromosome 21, instead of two. This extra chromosome causes problems as the brain and physical features develop.
According to the National Down Syndrome Society (NDSS), about 1 in 700 babies in the United States is born with Down syndrome. It's the most common genetic disorder in the United States.
Types of Down syndrome There are three types of Down syndrome:
Trisomy 21 Trisomy 21 means there's an extra copy of chromosome 21 in every cell. This is the most common form of Down syndrome.
Mosaicism Mosaicism occurs when a child is born with an extra chromosome in some but not all of their cells. People with mosaic Down syndrome tend to have fewer symptoms than those with trisomy 21 21 Translocation In this type of Down syndrome, children have only an extra part of chromosome 21. There are 46 total chromosomes. However, one of them has an extra piece of chromosome 21 attached.
Will my child have Down syndrome?
Certain parents have a greater chance of giving birth to a child with Down syndrome. According to the Centers for Disease and Prevention, mothers aged 35 and older are more likely to have a baby with Down syndrome than younger mothers. The probability increases the older the mother is.
Research shows that paternal age also has an effect. One 2003 study found that fathers over 40 had twice the chance of having a child with Down syndrome.
Other parents who are more likely to have a child with Down syndrome include:
People with a family history of Down syndrome People who carry the genetic translocation It's important to remember that no one of these factors mean that you'll definitely have a baby with Down syndrome. However, statistically and over a large population, they may increase the chance that you may. What are the symptoms of Down syndrome? Though the likelihood of carrying a baby with Down syndrome can be estimated by screening during pregnancy, you won't experience any symptoms of carrying a child with Down syndrome.
At birth, babies with Down syndrome usually have certain characteristic signs, including:
Flat facial features Small head and ears Short neck Bulging tongue Poor muscle tone 22 An infant with Down syndrome can be born an average size, but will develop more slowly than a child without the condition.
People with Down syndrome usually have some degree of developmental disability, but it's often mild to moderate. Mental and social development delays may mean that the child could have:
Impulsive behavior Poor judgment Short attention span Slow learning capabilities Medical complications often accompany Down syndrome. These may include:
Congenital heart defects Hearing loss Poor vision Cataracts (clouded eyes) Hip problems, such as dislocations Leukemia Chronic constipation Sleep apnea (interrupted breathing during sleep) Dementia (thought and memory problems) Hypothyroidism (low thyroid function) Obesity Late tooth growth, causing problems with chewing Alzheimer's disease late in life People with Down syndrome are also more prone to infection. They may struggle with respiratory infections, urinary tract infections, and skin infections. Screening for Down syndrome during pregnancy Screening for Down syndrome is offered as a routine part of prenatal care in the United States. If you're a woman over 35, your baby's father is over 40, or there's a family history of Down syndrome, you may want to get an evaluation.
First trimester 23 An ultrasound evaluation and blood tests can look for Down syndrome in your fetus. These tests have a higher false-positive rate than tests done at later pregnancy stages. If results aren't normal, your doctor may follow up with an amniocentesis after your 15th week of pregnancy.
Second trimester An ultrasound and quadruple marker screen (QMS) test can help identify Down syndrome and other defects in the brain and spinal cord. This test is done between 15 and 20 weeks of pregnancy.
If any of these tests aren't normal, you'll be considered at high risk for birth defects.
Additional prenatal tests Your doctor may order additional tests to detect Down syndrome in your baby. These may include: Amniocentesis. Your doctor takes a sample of amniotic fluid to ---------------
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS). Your doctor will take cells from your placenta to analyze fetal chromosomes. This test is done between the 9th and 14th week of pregnancy. It can increase your risk of a miscarriage, but according to the Mayo Clinic, only by less than 1 percent.
Percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS, or cordocentesis).
Your doctor will take blood from the umbilical cord and examine it for chromosomal defects. It's done after the 18th week of pregnancy. It had a higher risk of miscarriage, so it's performed only if all other tests are uncertain.
Some women choose not to undergo these tests because of the risk of miscarriage. They'd rather have a child with Down syndrome than lose the pregnancy. Down Syndrom ds VsLV ds laca/k esa fopkj djus ls igys Fetus ds ckjs esa ns[ksxsa ;g Black's Medical Dictionary ds ist 234&235 ij crk;k x;k gS%& FETUS The name given to the unborn child after the eighth week of development. Humans like all animals. begin as a single cell, the ovum, in the ovary. After 24 fertilization with a sperma-tozoon the the ovum becomes embedded in the mucous membrane of the decidua. Increase in size is more marked. The original cell divides repeatedly to form new cells, and these become arranged in three layers, known as the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. The first produces the skin, brain and spinal cord, and the nerves; the second the bones, muscles, blood-vessels, and connective tissues; while the third develop0s into the lining of the digestive system and the various glands attached to it.
The embryo develops upon one side of the ovum, its first appearance consisting of a groove, the edges of which grow up and join to form a tube, which in turn develops into the brain and spinal cord. At the same time, a part of the ovum beneath this is becoming pinched off to form the body, and within this the endoderm forms a second tube, which in time is changed in shape and lengthened to form the digestive canal. From the gut there grows out very early a process called the allantois, which attaches itself to the wall of the UTERUS, developing into the PLACENTA (afterbirth), a structure well supplied with blood vessels, which draws nourishment from the mother's circulation via the wall of the womb. (See PLACENTA.) The remainder of the ovum, which within two weeks of conception has increased to about 2 mm (1/12 inch) in size, splits into an outer and inner shell, from the outer of which are developed two covering membranes, the chorion and amnion, while the inner constitutes the yolk sac, attached by a pedicle to the developing gut of the embryo. From two weeks after conception onward, the various organs and limbs appear and grow. The human embryo at this stage is almost indistinguishable in appearance from the embryo of other animals. After, usually, the middle of the second month, it begins to show a distinctly human form and then is called the fetus. The property of 'life' is present from the very 25 beginning, although the movements of the fetus are not felt by the mother till the fifth month. During the first few days after conception the eye begins to be formed, beginning as a cup shaped outgrowth from the mid-brain, its lens being formed as a thickening in the skin. It is very soon followed by the beginnings of the nose and ear, both of which arise as pits on the surface, which increase in complexity, and are joined by nerves that grow outward from the brain. These three organs of sense have practically their final appearance as early as the beginning of the second month. The body closes in from behind forward, the sides growing forward from the spinal region. In the neck, the growth takes the form of five arches, similar to those which bear gills in fishes. From the first of these the lower jaw is formed, from the second the hyoid bone, all the arches uniting, and the gaps between them closing up by the end of the second month. At this time the head and neck have assumed quite a human appearance.
The digestive canal begins as a simple tube running from end to end of the embryo, but it grows in length and becomes twisted in various directions to form the stomach and bowels. The lungs and the liver arise from this tube as two little buds, which quickly increase in size and complexity. The kidneys also appear very early, but go through several changes before their final form is reached.
The genital organs appear late. The swellings, which form the ovary in the female and the testicle (or testis) in the male, are produced in the region of the loins, and gradually descend to their final positions. The external genitals are similar in the two sexes till the end of the third month, and the sex is not clearly distinguishable till late in the fourth month.
The blood-vessels appear in the ovum even before the embryo. The heart, originally double, forms as a dilatation upon the arteries which later produce the aorta. These two hearts later fuse into one. (For the 26 circulation in the fetus, see diagram in colour section, page 15.) The limbs appear about the end of the third weeks as buds which increase quickly in length and split at their ends into five parts, for fingers or toes. The bones at first are formed of cartilage, in which true bone begins to appear during the third month. The average period of human gestation is 266 days - or 280 days from the first day of the last menstrual period. The average birth weight of an infant born of a healthy mother (in the UK) is 3200 g (see table).
The following table gives the average size and weight of the fetus at different periods:
bldh tkWapsa Fetoscopy ls gksrh gS bldk Black's Medical Dictionary ds ist 234 ij crk;k x;k gS %& FETOSCOPY Inspection of a fetus by passing a fibreoptic instrument called a fetoscope through the abdominal wall of a pregnant woman into her UTERUS. The procedure is usually conducted in the 18th to 20th week of pregnancy to assess the fetus for abnormalities and to take blood samples to preclude diseases such as HAEMOPHILIA, DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY and SICKLE-CELL ANAEMIA. The procedure should be used only if there is a serious possibility of abnormality, the presence of which will usually have been indicated by other screening tests such as ULTRASOUND and tests of blood obtained by (intrauterine) cordocentesis (withdrawal of blood by syringe inserted into the umbilical cord).
35 o"kZ ls Åij xHkZorh efgyk dk loZizFke vYVªklkm.M gksuk pkfg, tks fd;k x;k ijUrq mlesa dksbZ Down Syndrom ds ckjs esa vafdr ugha fd;k x;k vYVªklkm.M Cysd ,.M OgkbZV djok;k x;k tc fd ,sls ekeyks esa Fkzh Mh ;k Qksj Mh vYVªklkm.M jaxhu djuk pkfg, ftlls fLFkfr Li"V gks lds ijUrq ,slk ugha fd;k djok;k x;k] ek= lkekU; vYVªklkm.M djokdj bfrJh dj nh x;hA 27 nwljh tks tkWapas gS og AMNIOCENTESIS ftlds ckjs esa Black's Medical Dictionary ds ist 24 ij crk;k x;k gS %& AMNIOCENTESIS A diagnostic procedure for detecting abnormalities of the FETUS. Usually done between the 16th and 18th weeks of pregnancy, amniocentesis is performbed by piercing the amniotic sac in the pregnant uterus with a hollow needle and withdrawing a sample of AMNIOTIC FLUID for laboratory analysis. As well as checking for the presence of abnormal fetal cells the procedure can show the sex of the fetus.
The risk of early rupture of the fetal membrances or of miscarriage is low (around 0.5 per cent).
AMNIOSCOPY ds ckjs esa Hkh Black's Medical Dictionary ds ist 24 ij crk;k x;k gS %& AMNIOSCOPY The insertion of viewing instrument (amnioscope) through the abdominal wall into the pregnant uterus to examine the inside of the amniotic sac. The growing fetus can be viewed directly and its condition and sex assessed without disturbing the pregnancy. The amniotic sac may also be viewed late in pregnancy through the cervix or neck of the womb using an instrument called the fetoscope.
ijUrq ;g tkWap Hkh ugha djok;h x;hA rhljh tkWap Chorionic villus sampling ftlds ckjs esa Illustrated Medical Dictionary ds ist uacj 128 ij fuEu crk;k x;k gS%& Chorionic villus sampling A method of diagnosing genetic abnormalities in a fetus using a small sample of tissue taken from the chorionic villi at edge of the placenta. Because the cells have the same chromosome makeup as those in the fetus, they can be used to detect genetic abnormalities. Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is performed between the 10th and 13th weeks in women who are at a higher-than-normal risk of having a child with a chromosomal disorder, such as Down's syndrome, or a genetic disease, such as thalassaemia. Chromosome analysis of the villi cells takes place in the 28 laboratory. CVS slightly increases the risk of miscarriage.
vafre tkWap Percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling (PUBS), also called Cordocentesis, fetal blood samling, is a diagnostic genetic test that examines blood from the fetal umbilical cord to detect fetal abnormalities.[1] Fetal and maternal blood supply are typically connected in utero with one vein and two arteries to the fetus. The umbilical vein is responsible for delivering oxygen rich blood to the fetus from the mother; the umbilical arteries are responsible for removing oxygen poor blood from the fetus. This allows fro the fetus' tissues to properlyperfuse. PUBS provides a means of rapid chromosome analysis and is useful when information cannot be obtained through amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling, or ultrasound (or if the results of these test were inconclusive); this test carries a significant risk of complication and is typically reserved for pregnancies determined to be at high risk for [2] genetic defect. It has been used with mothers with immune thrombocytopenic purpura.[3] ;g tkWap rc djok;h tkrh gS tc vU; tkWapksa ls ';ksj ugha gks] ;|fi ;g tkWap fjLdh gS] ijUrq Jherh uhrk 'kekZ dks voxr djokdj ;g tkWap djok;h tk ldrh FkhA vYVªklkm.M ds vykok vU; dksbZ tkWap djok;h gh ugha x;h Fkh] rks] bl fjLdh tkWap dk iz'u gh mRiUu ugha gksrk gSA pregnancy VsLV ds ckjs esa Black's Medical Dictionary ds ist 505 esa fuEu crk;k x;k gS%& PREGNANCY TESTS There are several tests for pregnancy in its early stages, and these can be done on blood or urine; some of the urine tests may be carried out at home. Most tests are based on the detection of human chorionic GONADOTROPHIN (HCG) in the woman's urine. They are nearly 100-per cent accurate and may show positive as early as 30 days after the first day of the last normal period.
The haemagglutination inhibition test This, and the subsequent test to be mentioned, are known as immunological tests. They arer based upon the effect of the urine from a pregnant woman upon the interaction of red-blood cells, which have been sensitized to human GONADOTROPHIN and anti-
29gonadotrophin serum. They have the great practical advantage of being performed in a test-tube or even on a slide. Because of their ease and speed of performance, a result can be obtained in two hours.
Enzyme-linked immuno assay (ELISA) is the basis of many of the pregnancy-testing kits obtainable from pharmacies. It is a highly sensitive antibody test and can detect very low concentrations of human chorionic gonadotrophin. Positive results show up as early as 10 days after fertilization -namely 4 days before the first missed period.
Ultrasound The fetal sac can be detected by ULTRASOUND From five weeks and a fetal echo around six or seven weeks. (See also PREGNANCY AND LABOUR; PRENATAL SCREENING.) ijUrq flQZ vYVªklkm.M ds vykok vU; dksbZ VsLV ugha djok;k x;kA ifjokfnuh FkkW;jkbZM dh chekjh ls xzflr Fkh mldk bZykt Hkh ys jgh Fkh ;g ckr foi{kh la[;k 2 dks crk nh x;h Fkh bl laca/k esa fLFkfr fuEu izdkj gS %& Thyroid Conditions in Down Syndrome Thyroid disease has been recognized as the most common endocrine problem associated with Down syndrome. Some of the thyroid conditions associated with Down syndrome include:
Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT): HT is an autoimmune disease in which the body makes antibodies (immune proteins) that attack the thyroid gland. HT usually causes hypothyroidism. If you have Down syndrome and HT, it may begin at any age between infancy and in early adulthood. With Down syndrome, HT can manifest with hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism in the early years after diagnosis, and then may progress to Grave's disease in later years.
Grave's disease: Grave's disease is an autoimmune disorder of the thyroid gland, which usually manifests with hyperthyroidism. It can also cause protrusion of the eyes or vision changes. Grave's disease may produce serious symptoms, especially if left untreated, including a severe episode of hyperthyroidism called thyroid storm.30
Thyroid dysgenesis: Sometimes the thyroid gland does not form properly in infants with Down syndrome, a condition described as thyroid dysgenesis. This usually causes congenital hypothyroidism, which is diagnosed at birth. [1] Recognizing Thyroid Disease in Down Syndrome With Down sdrome, thyroid disease can be present at birth or it can develop later. Some signs to look for include:
Fatigue: Tiredness, lack of energy, and a need for excessive sleep are all characteristic of hypothyroidism. As your baby is growing, it can be tough to gauge how much sleep is normal. If your child begins to have altered sleep habits or seems to have less energy or more energy (a sign of hyperthyroidism), be sure to discuss these changes with your child's doctor. Temperature intolerance: Hyperthyroidism can make a person intolerant of warm temperatures, and hypothyroidism can make a person feel cold all the time. Unusual responses to temperature often warrant thyroid testing. [2] Weight changes: Down syndrome is characterized by a short, stocky appearance and a full appearing face. This can make it difficult to recognize unusual weight gain, which occurs with hypothyroidism. If you or your child have Down syndrome, be aware that weight changes, including weight loss (a sign of hyperthyroidism), can signal thyroid disease. [1] Trouble concentrating: All types of thyroid disease can interfere with concentration. Because Down syndrome is associated with learning difficulties, it can be difficult to recognize this concern. As with many of the other symptoms of thyroid disease, new symptoms can be a tip-off that you need to look deeper into the cause. [2] Kids are still developing physically and mentally. A child's mood, energy level, appetite, and need for sleep can all vary during growth spurts and at different stages during adolescence.
Some characteristics of Down syndrome can distract from thyroid symptoms.31
Children may not be able to effectively communicate how they are feeling.
Bring up any concerns you have, even if you feel they could be tied to Down syndrome rather than another diagnosis, with a doctor. [3] Subclinical Thyroid Disease If you or your child has Down syndrome, you may notice the symptoms of thyroid disease, or you can have subclinical thyroid disease, which is characterized by abnormalities in thyroid hormone levels without obvious symptoms. Subclinical thyroid disease can cause long-term complications if it is left untreated. This means that it is important to be aware of the risk and to regularly follow screening recommendation, which can identify the problem at an early stage before complications develop. [4] Learn More: Why Subclinical Hypothyroidism May Increase Heart Disease Risk Screening Most infants in the United States, with and without Down syndrome, are screened for congenital hypothyroidism at birth through a newborn screening program. If the newborn thyroid screening test is positive (abnormal), or if you or your doctor sees any signs of thyroid disease in you newborn, your baby may need further diagnostic tests.[2]
----Year, and every year after that for life.
Related: How to Understand Thyroid Function Tests and Normal Ranges In addition to blood tests, your child may also need to have imaging studies of the thyroid gland, such as ultrasound, computerized tomography (CT) scan, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to determine if there is a problem with the growth and development of the thyroid gland. [2] 32 Treatment Medical treatment for thyroid disease includes thyroid replacement medications, or antithyroid medications, depending on whether the problem is hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism.
Treatment is generally effective, but, as your child grows, medication doses need to be adjusted periodically to accommodate changes in metabolism, weight, and thyroid function. [5] ijUrq bl ij Hkh /;ku ugha fn;k x;kA bl izdkj foi{kh la[;k 2 ftlus dh Jherh uhrk 'kekZ dh tkWap dh rFkk fMyhojh rd bZykt fn;k uhrk 'kekZ dh 38 o"kZ dh mez Fkh rFkk FkkW;jkbZM dh chekjh ls xzflr Fkh flQZ lk/kkj.k vYVªklkm.M djok;h x;h u rks 3D ;k 4D dh jaxhu vYVªklkm.M djok;h x;h u gh Mkmu fl.Mªksea cPpk iSnk gksus ds [krjs ls lacfa /kr VsLV ftldk Åij foospu fd;k x;k gS] djok;s x;s gSA uhrk 'kekZ ds ekLVj lkSE; 20-02-2015 dks iSnk gqvk tks thou i;ZUr bldk f'kdkj jgsxk] rFkk bldk dksbZ bZykt ugha gSA ;fn le; ij tkWap djok yh tkrh rFkk Mkmu fl.Mªkse dk irk py tkrk rks] PREGNANCY REMOVE djok;h tk ldrh Fkh] ftlls nks"kiw.kZ cPpk iSnk ugha gksrk] u rks cPps dks iwjh mez Hkqxruk iM+rk u gh ekW&cki dks cPps ds ikyu&iks"k.k esa rdyhQ jgrhA foi{kh la[;k 2 us fcuk Skill & Care ds bZykt fd;k] tc fd og L=h ,oa izlqfr jksx fo'ks"kK esa M.S. FkhA bl lc d`R; ds fy, foi{kh la[;k 2 ftEesnkj gSA tgkWa rd foi{kh la[;k 1 dk iz'u gSA foi{kh la[;k 1 jkT; ljdkj gS jkT; ljdkj us mEesn vLirky esa fMyhojh ds dksbZ pktsZt ugha fy;s gSA ljdkjh vLirky gS ek= foi{kh la[;k 2 muds ;gkW dk;Zjr Fkh bl dkj.k ls foi{kh la[;k 1 dks ftEesnkj ugha Bgjk;k tk ldrkA fLFkfr esa foi{kh la[;k 1 ds fo:) ifjoknh [kkfjt fd;s tkus ;ksX; gSA foi{kh la[;k 2 ds fo:) ifjokn Lohdkj fd;s tkus ;ksX; gSA vc iz'u mRiUu gksrk gS Quantum dk ifjoknh ekLVj lkSE; tks Mkmu fl.Mªkse dk f'kdkj gS mls lkjh mez fo'ks"k MkbZV ysuh iM+sxh ekW&cki dks mldk lkjh mez ikyu&iks"k.k djuk gksxk mldh cqf) dk fodkl 9 o"kZ ds cPps ls T;knk ugha gksxkA bu reke ifjLFkfr;ksa dks ns[krs gq, ifjoknh dks ,d eq'r 25]00]000@&:- ¼ v{kjs iPphl yk[k :0- ½ fnyok;k tkuk mfpr gS rFkk 33 ifjokn nk;j djus dh fnukad 14-02-2017 ls 9 izfr'kr okf"kZd dh nj ls C;kt fnyok;k tkuk mfpr gSA vkns'k vr% ifjoknh dk ifjokn Lohdkj dj foi{kh la[;k 2 dks vkns'k fn;k tkrk gS fd oks ifjoknh dks ,d eq'r 25]00]000@&:- ¼v{kjs iPphl yk[k :½ ifjokn nk;j djus dh fnukad 14-02-2017 ls 9 izfr'kr okf"kZd dh nj ls C;kt lfgr vkns'k dh rkjh[k ls nks ekg esa vnk djsaA ¼ ehuk esgrk ½ ¼ dey dqekj ckxMh ½ lnL; lnL; ¼U;kf;d½ @ikBd@ 34 35